Assessing the range of blasting-induced cracks in the surrounding rock of deeply buried tunnels based on the unified strength theory

Blasting-induced cracks in the rock surrounding deeply buried tunnels can result in water gushing and rock mass collapse,posing significant safety risks.However,previous theoretical studies on the range of blasting-induced cracks often ignore the impact of the in-situ stress,especially that of the intermediate principal stress.The particle displacement−crack radius relationship was established in this paper by utilizing the blasthole cavity expansion equation,and theoretical analytical formulas of the stress−displacement relationship and the crack radius were derived with unified strength theory to accurately assess the range of cracks in deep surrounding rock under a blasting load.Parameter analysis showed that the crushing zone size was positively correlated with in-situ stress,intermediate principal stress,and detonation pressure,whereas negatively correlated with Poisson ratio and decoupling coefficient.The dilatancy angle-crushing zone size relationship exhibited nonmonotonic behavior.The relationships in the crushing zone and the fracture zone exhibited opposite trends under the influence of only in-situ stress or intermediate principal stress.As the in-situ stress increased from 0 to 70 MPa,the rate of change in the crack range and the attenuation rate of the peak vibration velocity gradually slowed.

Unified Control Theory from PID to ACPID

To address the challenge of achieving unified control across diverse nonlinear systems, a comprehensive control theory spanning from PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) to ACPID (Auto-Coupling PID) has been proposed. The primary concept is to unify all intricate factors, including internal dynamics and external bounded disturbance, into a single total disturbance. This enables the mapping of various nonlinear systems onto a linear disturbance system. Based on the theory of PID control and the characteristic equation of a critically damping system, Zeng’s stabilization rules (ZSR) and an ACPID control force based on a single speed factor have been designed. ACPID control theory is both simple and practical, with significant scientific significance and application value in the field of control engineering.

Theory and Properties of Atomic Spacetime

Following A. Einsteins aspirations for an atomic theory, a novel theory of spacetime quantization/atomization based on finite Atomic AString Functions evolving since the 1970s is offered. Atomization Theorems allow representing polynomials, analytic functions, and solutions of General Relativity via the superposition of solitonic atoms which can be associated with flexible spacetime quanta, metriants, or elementary distortions. With multiple interpretations discussed, discrete-continuous spacetime is conceptualized as a lattice network of flexible solitonic atoms adjusting locations to reproduce different metrics. The theory may offer some variants of unified field theory under research based on Atomic AString Function where, like in string theory, fields become interconnected having a common mathematical ancestor.

Fundamental Issues Towards Unified Design Theory of Recycled and Natural Aggregate Concrete Components

In the past 20 years,recycled aggregate concrete(RAC),as a type of low-carbon concrete,has become a worldwide focus of research.However,the design methodology for RAC structural components remains a challenge.Consequently,demands for a unified design of natural aggregate concrete(NAC)and RAC components have been presented.Accordingly,this study analyses the necessity of a unified design theory and provides an in-depth demonstration of the strength determination,compressive constitutive relationship,and design method of concrete components.The coefficient of variation of RAC strength is found to be generally higher than that of NAC strength.The compressive and tensile strengths of RAC can be defined and determined using the same method as that used for NAC.The uniaxial compressive constitutive relationship between NAC and RAC has a unified mathematical expression.However,the elastic modulus of RAC decreases,and its brittleness exhibits an increasing trend compared with that of NAC.Finally,to unify the design formulae of RAC and NAC components for bearing capacity,modification factors for RAC components are proposed considering safety and reliability.Additionally,the feasibility of the proposed unified time-dependent design theory is demonstrated in terms of conceptual design and structural measures considering the effects of strength degradation and reinforcement corrosion.It is believed that this study enriches and develops the basic theory of concrete structures.

A Unifying Theory of Dark Energy, Dark Matter, and Baryonic Matter in the Positive-Negative Mass Universe Pair: Protogalaxy and Galaxy Evolutions

This paper modifies the Farnes’ unifying theory of dark energy and dark matter which are negative-mass, created continuously from the negative-mass universe in the positive-negative mass universe pair. The first modification explains that observed dark energy is 68.6%, greater than 50% for the symmetrical positive-negative mass universe pair. This paper starts with the proposed positive-negative-mass 11D universe pair (without kinetic energy) which is transformed into the positive-negative mass 10D universe pair and the external dual gravities as in the Randall-Sundrum model, resulting in the four equal and separate universes consisting of the positive-mass 10D universe, the positive-mass massive external gravity, the negative-mass 10D universe and the negative-mass massive external gravity. The positive-mass 10D universe is transformed into 4D universe (home universe) with kinetic energy through the inflation and the Big Bang to create positive-mass dark matter which is five times of positive-mass baryonic matter. The other three universes without kinetic energy oscillate between 10D and 10D through 4D, resulting in the hidden universes when D > 4 and dark energy when D = 4, which is created continuously to our 4D home universe with the maximum dark energy = 3/4 = 75%. In the second modification to explain dark matter in the CMB, dark matter initially is not repulsive. The condensed baryonic gas at the critical surface density induces dark matter repulsive force to transform dark matter in the region into repulsive dark matter repulsing one another. The calculated percentages of dark energy, dark matter, and baryonic matter are 68.6 (as an input from the observation), 26 and 5.2, respectively, in agreement with observed 68.6, 26.5 and 4.9, respectively, and dark energy started in 4.33 billion years ago in agreement with the observed 4.71 ± 0.98 billion years ago. In conclusion, the modified Farnes’ unifying theory reinterprets the Farnes’ equations, and is a unifying theory of dark energy, dark matter, and baryonic matter in the positive-negative mass universe pair. The unifying theory explains protogalaxy and galaxy evolutions in agreement with the observations.

An Outline of the Grand Unified Theory of Gauge Fields

This paper attempts to propose a grand unified guiding principle of gauge fields from the mathematical and physical picture of fiber bundles: it is believed that our universe may have more fundamental interactions than the four fundamental interactions, and the gauge fields of these fundamental interactions are just a unified gauge potential on the fiber bundle manifold or the components connected to the bottom manifold, that is, our universe;these components can meet the transformation of gauge potential, and even can be transformed from a fundamental interaction gauge potential to another fundamental interaction gauge potential, and can be summarized into a unified equation, namely the expression of the generalized gauge equation, corresponding to the gauge transformation invariance;so gauge transformation invariance is a necessary condition to unify field theory, but quantization of field is not a necessary condition;the four (or more) fundamental interaction fields of the universe are unified into a universal gauge field defined by the connection of the principal fiber bundle on the cosmic base manifold.

Understanding factors affecting non-participants’interest in community-supported agriculture

Community-supported agriculture(CSA)has emerged as a viable solution for addressing the agricultural challenges faced by countries like Indonesia.This study uses the wellestablished unified theory of acceptance and use of technology(UTAUT2)model to examine the interest in CSA of potential customers in Indonesia.A standardized questionnaire was distributed to 1200 respondents,and the data were analyzed using structural equation model-partial least square(SEM-PLS)in SmartPLS 4.0 software.The results capture potential CSA consumer interest and will help to improve CSA development strategies in Indonesia.The model explains 44.4%of customers’intentions,and identifies performance expectancy as the decisive factor in customers’willingness to participate in CSA.Performance expectancy(0.292),hedonic motivation(0.262),social influence(0.259),and facilitating conditions(0.086)positively influence customers’interest in participating in a CSA program.The adoption of CSA programs by both farmers and customers could be increased by implementing regulations that provide tax incentives and subsidies,offering training on sustainable farming practices,facilitating the establishment of distribution channels,and establishing guidelines for fair price and quality standards.This study shows the high potential for the implementation of CSA in Indonesia.It could also be used as a foundation for the development of new policies regarding sustainable agriculture markets in Indonesia.

The Mysterius Fate of Stars (Past, Present and Future of the Universe)

The research on the collapse of stars, due to Gravity, after the depletion of the fusion fuel, engaged a number of famous guys as Eddington, Chandrasekhar, Schwarzschild and Oppenheimer in the years around 1910-1050. During this period, Einstein was writing his field equation of general relativity (1923), Fermi, in a famous letter to Pauli, proposed the neutrino in beta decay theory (1930), Chadwick found the neutron, that granted him the Nobel price (1935) and Hubble (1929) proved that the Universe was expanding. As a result of that golden age, we remain with a lot of unsolved questions, due to the poor knowledge of the nature of the strong Nuclear Interaction of Gravity that controls the whole Universe. We have made an investigation on the nature of nuclear bond and gravitational attraction on the basis of available data and as a follow-up of Fermi famous research on Neutrino. Using this background, we hope to be able to explain or give some light to the evolution of stars, to the strange objects and phenomena captured or perceived by astronomers in the sky and speculated by theoretical physicists.

Analysis of the Electromagnetic Characteristics and the Mechanism Underlying Bio-Medical Function of Longitudinal Electromagnetic (LEM) Waves

Based on theoretical system of current Maxwell’s equations, the Maxwell’s equations for LEM waves concealed in full current law and Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction (Faraday’s law) are proposed. Then, taking them as the fundamental equations, the wave equation and energy equation of LEM waves are established, and a new electromagnetic wave propagation mode based on the mutual induction of scalar electromagnetic fields/vortex magneto-electric fields, which was overlooked in current Maxwell’s equations, are put forward. Moreover, through theoretical derivation based on vacuum LEM waves, the Maxwell’s equations of the gravitational field generated by vacuum LEM waves, the wave equations of the electromagnetic scalar potential/magnetic vector potential and the constraint equation governing the wave phase-velocities between LEM/TEM waves are discovered. Finally, on the basis of these theoretical research results, the electromagnetic properties of vacuum LEM waves are analyzed in detail, encompassing the speed of light, harmless penetrability to the human body, absorption and stable storage by water, the possibility of generating artificial gravitational fields, and the capability of extracting free energy. This reveals the medical functional mechanism of LEM waves and establishes a solid theoretical basis for the application of LEM waves in the fields of medicine and energy.

Between Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity

The origin of elementary particle mass is considered as a function of n-valued graviton quanta. To develop this concept we begin in a cold region of “empty space” comprised of only microscopic gravitons oscillating at angular frequency ω. From opposite directions enters a pair of stray protons. Upon colliding, heat and energy are released. Customarily, this phase and what follows afterward would be described by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). Instead, we argue for an intermediary step. One in which neighboring gravitons absorb discrete amounts of plane-wave energy. Captured by the graviton, the planewave becomes a standing wave, whereupon its electromagnetic energy densities are converted into gravitational quanta. Immediately thereafter an elementary particle is formed and emitted, having both mass and spin. From absorption to conversion to emission occurs in less than 3.7 × 10−16 s. During this basic unit of hybrid time, general relativity and quantum physics unite into a common set of physical laws. As additional stray protons collide the process continues. Over eons, vast regions of spacetime become populated with low-mass particles. These we recognize to be dark matter by its effects on large scale structures in the universe. Its counterpart, dark energy, arises when the conversion of gravitational quanta to particle emission is interrupted. This causes the gravitational quanta to be ejected. It is recognized by its large scale effects on the universe.

Unified Water Gravity Wave Theory and Improved Linear Wave

Based on Least Square Method, this paper presents variational principle for handling various water gravity wave theories and the unified water gravity wave theory was given. By using this variational principle of unified water wave theory, two kinds of improved linear waves were derived. The first one uses the same boundary conditions which were applied to derive 5-order Stokes wave. The second one uses the accurate boundary conditions (Eqs. 11 and 12). The two improved linear waves were compared with the existing linear wave.

On solitary waves.Part 2 A unified perturbation theory for higher-order waves

A unified perturbation theory is developed here for calculating solitary waves of all heights by series expansion of base flow variables in powers of a small base parameter to eighteenth order for the one-parameter family of solutions in exact form, with all the coefficients determined in rational numbers. Comparative studies are pursued to investigate the effects due to changes of base parameters on （i） the accuracy of the theoretically predicted wave properties and （ii） the rate of convergence of perturbation expansion. Two important results are found by comparisons between the theoretical predictions based on a set of parameters separately adopted for expansion in turn. First, the accuracy and the convergence of the perturbation expansions, appraised versus the exact solution provided by an earlier paper [1] as the standard reference, are found to depend, quite sensitively, on changes in base parameter. The resulting variations in the solution are physically displayed in various wave properties with differences found dependent on which property （e.g. the wave amplitude, speed, its profile, excess mass, momentum, and energy）, on what range in value of the base, and on the rank of the order n in the expansion being addressed. Secondly, regarding convergence, the present perturbation series is found definitely asymptotic in nature, with the relative error δ （n） （the relative mean-square difference between successive orders n of wave elevations） reaching a minimum, δm at a specific order, n = n both depending on the base adopted, e.g. nm,α= 11-12 based on parameter α （wave amplitude）, nm,δ = 15 on δ （amplitude-speed square ratio）, and nm.ε= 17 on ε （ wave number squared）. The asymptotic range is brought to completion by the highest order of n = 18 reached in this work.

Unified Theory of Fundamental Interactions

Based on local gauge invariance, four different kinds of fundamental interactions in nature are unified in a theory which has Gravitational Gauge Group gauge symmetry. In this approach, gravitational field, like electromagnetic field, intermediate gauge field, and gluon field, is represented by gauge potential. Four kinds of fundamental interactions are formulated in the similar manner, and therefore can be unified in a direct or semi-direct product group. The model discussed in this paper is a renormalizable quantum model and can be regarded as an extension of the standard model to gravitational interactions, so it can be used to study quantum effects of gravitational interactions.

Unified Field Theory

In the Einstein field equations, the geometry or the curvature of space-time defined as depended on the distribution of mass and energy principally resides on the left-hand side is set identical to a non-geometrical tensorial representation of matter on the right-hand side. In one or another form, general relativity accords a direct geometrical significance only to the gravitational field while the other physical fields are not of space time. They reside only in space time. Less well known, though of comparable importance is Einstein’s dissatisfaction with the fundamental asymmetry between gravitational and non-gravitational fields and his contributions to develop a completely relativistic geometrical field theory of all fundamental interactions, a unified field theory. Of special note in this context and equally significant is Einstein’s demand to replace the symmetrical tensor field by a non-symmetrical one and to drop the condition gik = gki for the field components. Historically, many other attempts were made too, to extend the general theory of relativity’s geometrization of gravitation to non-gravitational interactions, in particular, to electromagnetism. Still, progress has been very slow. It is the purpose of this publication to provide a unified field theory in which the gravitational field, the electromagnetic field and other fields are only different components or manifestations of the same unified field by mathematizing the relationship between cause and effect under conditions of general theory of relativity.

A unified intrinsic functional expansion theory for solitary waves

A new theory is developed here for evaluating solitary waves on water, with results of high accuracy uniformly valid for waves of all heights, from the highest wave with a corner crest of 120 down to very low ones of diminishing height. Solutions are sought for the Euler model by employing a unified expansion of the logarithmic hodograph in terms of a set of intrinsic component functions analytically determined to represent all the intrinsic properties of the wave entity from the wave crest to its outskirts. The unknown coefficients in the expansion are determined by minimization of the mean-square error of the solution, with the minimization optimized so as to take as few terms as needed to attain results as high in accuracy as attainable. In this regard, Stokess formula, F2= tan , relating the wave speed (the Froude number F) and the logarithmic decrement of its wave field in the outskirt, is generalized to establish a new criterion requiring (for minimizing solution error) the functional expansion to contain a finite power series in M terms of Stokess basic term (singular in ), such that 2M is just somewhat beyond unity, i.e. 2M1. This fundamental criterion is fully validated by solutions for waves of various amplitude-to-water depth ratio =a/h, especially about 0.01, at which M=10 by the criterion. In this pursuit, the class of dwarf solitary waves, defined for waves with 0.01, is discovered as a group of problems more challenging than even the highest wave. For the highest wave, a new solution is determined here to give the maximum height hst=0.8331990, and speed Fhst=1.290890, accurate to the last significant figure, which seems to be a new record.

The Universal Grand Unified Theory Based on Life and Thought

The universe is life, which includes galaxies, living beings, society and man-made worlds. The universe is unified in life and thought. The universal grand unified theory is a theory to completely unify all phenomena in the universe with a fundamental mode （structural mode, operational mode, generation mode and evolution mode）. The book of changes of China： The great ultimate - two states - four images - eight hexagrams are life science and thought science theories, which represent the fundamental mode of universal unification, i.e. represent l） structural mode, operational mode, generation mode and evolution mode of life; 2） the four states that life has simultaneously： 0 dimension, ] dimension, 2 dimension, 3 dimension, and these four states have different structural and operational modes respectively; 3） the breathing and four seasonal trajectories of celestial bodies; 4） three generation modes of life： generation by transformation, generation by augmentation, and self-generation; 5） five dynamics systems inside life; 6） the sublimation and degration of life in the universe, the unification of religion and science; 7） the classification mode of the universal being; 8） the derivation mode of life; 9） the transformation between different forms of life in the universe; 10） the unification of six grand forces in the universe. All life systems in the universe： galaxy, organism, society, man-made worlds as well as cognitive science, natural science, social science are all in conform with the mode of the book of changes.

New Asphalt Pavement Failure Criterion Based on Unified Strength Theory

This study aims to introduce an appropriate analytical method for asphalt pavement based upon unified strength theory （UST）. The traditional maximum shear stress strength theory （MSST） cannot describe the marked difference between tension strength and compressive strength or variable intermediate principal stress, which significantly affects the geotechnical materials. Our studies try to find a new asphalt pavement failure criterion that considers the influence of both tension-compression strength ratio and intermediate principal stress of asphalt mixture. In order to select a suitable theory on pavement material, the UST is introduced and compared with the traditional theory. Results show that the tension-compression strength ratio of asphalt mixture, which is used as a material parameter, dramatically affects the stress and stress distribution law in pavement; the pavement stress level increases dramatically after considering the intermediate principal stresses. Therefore, the UST which considers both tension-compression strength ratio and intermediate principal stress is more in line with the material characteristics of asvhalt pavement.

Calculation of the Canonical Rate Constant for the Nonadiabatic Trapping Model Based on Unified Statistical Theory:A Test on The Exchange Reaction H_2+H

A new approach was employed to calculate the canonical (thermal) rate constant basedon unified statistical theory. All information for the calculation was obtained from ab initio meth-ods. The flux integral for any point of reaction coordinate was calculated by counting the numberof quantum states and applied to determine the dividing surfaces along the intrinsic reaction coor-dinate (IRC). The classical exchange reaction H2+H, as an example, was investigated. The IRC forthe reaction has been traced and detailed information of IRC was carried out at the QCISD/6-311 G** level .The calculated rate constants are well consistent with the experimental results.

A NEW MODELLING METHOD FOR EVALUATING EXTERNAL DISTURBING POTENTIAL BASED ON THEORY OF UNIFIED REPRESENTATION OF GRAVITATIONAL FIELD

For a special use a new modelling method of evaluating external disturbing potential is presented in this paper.Being different from classical methods in physical geodesy this method is grounded upon the theory of unified representation of gravitational field.The models created in this way are particularly satisfactory for a high_speed computation of gravitational field in low altitude because they take account of topographic effects and have their kernel functions with simple structure and weak singularity.

A NON-DUALISTIC UNIFIED FIELD THEORY OF GRAVITATION,ELECTROMAGNETISM AND SPIN

The wisdom of classicalunified field theories in the conceptual framework of Weyl, Eddington, Einstein and Schrodinger has often been doubted and in particular there does not appear to be any empirical reason why the Einstein-Maxwell (E-MJ theory needs to be geometrized. The crux of the matter is, however not whether the E-M theory is aesthetically satisfactory but whether it answers all the modern questions within the classical context. In particular, the E-M theory does not provide a classical platform from which the Dirac equation can be derived in the way Schrodinger's equation is derived from classical mechanics via the energy equation and the Correspondence Principle. The present paper presents a non-dualistic unified field theory (UFT) in the said conceptual framework as propounded by M. A. Tonnelat. By allowing the metric form ds2=g,dx dx and the non-degenerate two-form F=(1/2t)rdx dx to enter symmetrically into the theory we obtain a UFT which contains Einstein's General Relativity and the Born-Infeld electrodynamics as special cases. Above all, it is shown that the Dirac equation describing the electron in an 'external' gravito-electromagnetic field can be derived from the non-dualistic Einstein equation by a simple factorization if the Correspondence Principle is assumed.