Type Synthesis of Fully Decoupled Three Translational Parallel Mechanism with Closed-Loop Units and High Stifness

In order to solve the problem of weak stifness of the existing fully decoupled parallel mechanism, a new synthesis method of fully decoupled three translational (3T) parallel mechanisms (PMs) with closed-loop units and high stifness is proposed based on screw theory. Firstly, a new criterion for the full decoupled of PMs is presented that the reciprocal product of the transmission wrench screw matrix and the output twist screw matrix of PMs is a diagonal matrix, and all elements on the main diagonal are nonzero constants. The forms of the transmission wrench screws are determined by the criterion. Secondly, the forms of the actuated and unactuated screws can be obtained according to their relationships with the transmission wrench screws. The basic decoupled limbs are generated by combination of the above actuated and unactuated screws. Finally, a closed-loop units construction method is investigated to apply the decoupled mechanisms in a better way on the high stifness occasion. The closed-loop units are constructed in the basic decoupled limbs to generate a high-stifness fully decoupled 3T PM. Kinematic and stifness analyses show that the Jacobian matrix is a diagonal matrix, and the stifness is obviously higher than that of the coupling mechanisms, which verifes the correctness of the proposed synthesis method. The mechanism synthesized by this method has a good application prospect in vehicle durability test platform.

On the Unit of Translation

The unit of translation has been the focus of debate through the history of translation. Barkhudarov suggests six levels of UT, each level could serve as unit of different levels of translation. Many Chinese translators also expressed their opinions on this issue, but there is no settled answer yet. This paper tends to make a distinction between different texts: ordinary and special. Ordinary ones can adopt the UT of paragraph, while special ones should adopt special UTs according to their own characteristics.

Cognitive Translation:On UT and Translation Steps from the Perspective of Cognitive Psychology

The unit of translation(UT thereafter) is a significant and controversial issue in the study of translation theories and practice.It is generally acknowledged that the UT is dynamic rather than static,and translator's cognitive role is of great account.This thesis has been devoted to a brief glimpse of the UT from the perspective of cognitive psychology,and proposes the operable translation steps.

Translational Techniques as a Teaching Tool Using Culture-Specific Units： The Case of French-English Proverbs

Given the fact that cultures are a distinct way of identifying the mores and customs of a people, culture-specific units such as proverbs could serve as veritable teaching tools to pass on otherwise difficult language concepts to students, especially in the context of acquiring a foreign language. Proverbs can actually be viewed as succinct sayings that convey semantically-laden units expressing a people＇s worldview. In this paper, an attempt is made to illustrate the effectiveness of using culture-specific units like French proverbs to teach challenging grammatical features to English-speaking students in a French class. For example, grammatical aspects like verb conjugation French syntax, etc., can be effectively tackled. Translational techniques could then serve as pedagogical tools to bring about a better grasp of the foreign language being acquired, and in the process, exposure to a larger world culture would be achieved

Translation of Long Sentences from English into Chinese Sense Groups as Units

随着经济全球化的发展,这个世界越来越需要文化交流.翻译是促进不同国家间文化交流的重要手段.一般而言,翻译是双语言之间的交换活动.翻译理论家奈达认为＂所谓的翻译是指在译语中使用自然而又最确切的对等语再现原语信息,首先在语义上,其次在文体上.＂因为英汉两种语言存在差异,所以这两种语言的转化不太容易.尽管关于翻译方面的书籍不少,但仍有深入研究的空间.这篇论文的目的就是拓展英语长句汉译的方法.这篇论文中的翻译法是在以意群为翻译单位的基础上发展而来的.

Translation and piloting of the Chinese Mandarin version of an intensive care-specific pressure injury risk assessment tool(the COMHON Index)

Objective:To translate an intensive care-specific pressure injury risk assessment tool(the COMHON Index)from English into Chinese Mandarin.Methods:A four-step approach to instrument translation was utilised:1)English-Mandarin forward-translation by three independent bilinguists;2)Mandarin-English back-translation by two other inde-pendent bilinguists;3)comparison of forward and back-translations,identification of discrepancies,with required amendments returned to step one;and 4)piloting of the translated instrument.The pilot study was undertaken in a Chinese surgical intensive care unit with a convenience sample of 20 nurses.A five-point ordinal scale(1=very difficult;5=very easy)was used to assess ease-of-use and understanding.Translations were retained where medians4 indicated use and understanding was easy to very easy.Results:Five iterations of steps 1 to 3,and two sets of amendments to the original English instrument,were required to achieve translation consensus prior to pilot testing.Subscale scoring,sum scoring,and risk categorisation were documented in most pilot assessments(≥80%),but three sum scores were incorrectly tallied.The overall tool and all subscales were easy to use and understand(medians≥4),and most assessments(16/20,80%)took5 min to complete.Thus,translations were retained,with minor amendments made to instrument instructions for scoring and risk categorisation.Conclusions:An easy-to-use Chinese Mandarin intensive care-specific pressure injury risk assessment tool has been introduced through cross-cultural translation.However,it requires further testing of interrater reliability and agreement.A rigorous translation and reporting exemplar is presented that provides guidance for future translations.

CLAUSE AS THE TRANSLATION UNIT IN CHINESE TO ENGLISH TRANSLATION

On the basis of Halliday’s theory, this paper makes it clear that clause as the translation unit is operational in Chinese to English translation and expounds the application of clause as the translation unit with some examples.

基于惯性传感器的输电塔振动特性分析

为有效控制输电塔的有害振动需要了解其振动特性,提出一种惯性测量数据矩阵模式的输电塔振动分析方法。将微惯性测量单元(Micro-Inertia-Measurement-Unit,MIMU)安装在输电塔上通过Kalman滤波预处理三轴原始数据,重构权重奇异值分解(Weighted Singular Value Decomposition,WSVD)后的相干振动分量建立平动/扭动矩阵。提取矩阵序列中的变换矩阵,计算其Frobenius范数度量暂态振动间的变异度来估计幅值与频率。根据幅频参数计算振动耗能,观测输电塔各轴向以及整体的振动情况。最后设计振动台、转台实验验证振动数据处理方法的有效性,并对不同风荷载下的塔线模型与真型风振试验进行特性分析。结果表明输电塔振动以水平方向的平动形式为主,随风向夹角的增大其非线性效应逐渐增强,所提出的数据处理方法能够有效获得振动信息,可为控制有害振动的阻尼器的设计提供参考。

针对深度学习中不规则内存访问的高吞吐内存管理单元

人工智能应用的多样化与复杂化导致了算法模型的不规则内存访问,即集中突发的访问请求与稀疏的访问地址,从而给智能应用在内存资源严格受限的移动端设备的部署带来了挑战。这种不规则的内存访问导致了现有架构中内存管理单元(MMU)的地址转换面临低吞吐和长延迟的问题,使其成为系统访存通路的瓶颈。针对上述问题,本文提出了一种新的高吞吐MMU架构方案(HTMMU),通过多流并行,加强冗余请求的过滤,合理地分配有限的片上存储资源等手段,从而能高吞吐、低延迟地处理不规则访问的地址转换,提升系统访存效率。实验结果表明,在处理人工智能算法内突发的稀疏访存时,相较于当前主流MMU设计方案,HTMMU平均获得了2.43倍的性能提升,而平均访问延迟降低为原先的34.1%,同时将额外面积开销控制在3.0%以内。

关于当今中国亚国家层次民族概念及其英译的新思考(二)——National ethnic unit:我国亚国家层次民族英译的新探索

在当今中国,作为整体的中华民族与亚国家层面的"各民族"都被称呼为民族,这就造成语义的模糊、混用和学界的困扰争鸣;在英文翻译上也难以精准表述,目前的两种译法nationality和ethnic group都引起一些异议。民族概念必须以尊重历史、符合现实、符合我国的族际政治和民族关系为原则。本文试提出当今中国亚国家层次的各民族,包括汉族和各少数民族都应平等地称之为"族元"——即共同形塑中华民族、共同创造中华文化、共同缔造中华人民共和国的具有重要历史意义和贡献的族类单元,英文翻译取用National ethnic unit。文章对"族元"这一概念的意涵进行了阐释,从历史史实、宪法精神、学理层面和国际视野展开了论证。对National ethnic unit进行了英文词语分析,将其与nationality,ethnic group等作了比较论述。

译者主体性视角下《东方医学科学》英译研究

中医药文化的国际传播是中医药事业整体发展中至关重要的一环。某种程度上,中医药在美国的传播是其在全世界传播的一个“风向标”。近年来,中医药在美传播的早期代表人物之一谭富园的著作《东方医学科学》受到学术界越来越多的关注。通过译者主体性的三个层面即译者能动性、受动性和为我性再现该书的编译情况,并总结经验教训,可以为当下中医翻译提供有益的借鉴,助力中医药文化的国际传播。

基于GRU的特征融合在机器翻译中的应用

神经机器翻译模型基本都是编码器和解码器结构,在进行编码之前都需要把文字抽象成数学符号,以词向量的形式传入编码器。大多数对词向量内部信息进行处理的方法都需要用到大量的资源进行训练,并不能够简单而快速的提升机器翻译性能。针对此问题,基于Transformer模型,提出了一种利用门控循环单元(gated recurrent unit,GRU)对词向量过滤的技术,直接用训练数据进行操作。首先将词向量和位置向量相加后传入GRU,把GRU对词向量过滤后的输出与词向量进行拼接,然后把拼接后的特征向量经过线性层深度融合在一起,这样得到的词向量就是经过门控单元过滤后的词向量表征,最后再传入编码器和解码器。实验结果表明:在Multi30k和IWSLT2016这2个数据集和不同的模型中,提出的方法都能够使机器翻译的BLEU值得到提升,取得较好的翻译性能。

Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Readiness for Hospital Discharge Scale-Parent Form in parents of preterm infants

Background: The Readiness for Hospital Discharge Scale (RHDS)-Parent Form shows satisfactory reli-ability and validity to assess the readiness of parents to take care of their children discharged from hospitals in Western countries. However, the reliability and validity of this instrument has not been evaluated in Chinese populations.Objectives: Evaluate the psychometric features of the RHDS-Parent Form among Chinese parents of preterm infants. Methods: The RHDS-Parent Form was translated into a Chinese version following an international in-strument translation guideline. A total of 168 parents with preterm infants were recruited from the neonatal intensive care units of two tertiary-level hospitals in China. The internal consistency of this measure was assessed using the Cronbach's a coefficient;confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to evaluate the construct validity;and Pearson correlation coefficient was used to report the convergent validity. Results: The Chinese version of RHDS (C-RHDS)-Parent Form included 22 items with 4 subscales, ac-counting for 56.71% of the total variance. The C-RHDS-Parent Form and its subscales showed good reliability (Cronbach's a values 0.78-0.92). This measure and its subscales showed positive correlations with the score of Quality of Discharge Teaching Scale. Conclusion: The factor structure of C-RHDS-Parent Form is partially consistent with the original English version. Future studies are needed to explore the factors within this measure before it is widely used in Chinese clinical care settings.

2022世界卫生组织中医国际标准术语与已有中医术语英译标准的比较——脏象术语部分

目的中医术语英译标准化是中医药国际传播的基础。因此在本研究中,探讨了2022世界卫生组织中医国际标准术语(WHO22)与已有的世界中医药联合会的《中医基本名词术语中英对照标准》(ISNTCM)与世界卫生组织的《西太地区传统医学名词术语国际标准》(ISTTM)在脏象术语的异同,希望通过本研究能进一步完善中医术语的英译标准。方法收集已有的术语标准的电子版,提取脏象部分术语,转换为Excel表格;提取2022世界卫生组织中医国际标准术语中的脏象术语,做同样的处理。比较WHO22与ISNTCM、ISTTM的异同。结果WHO22标准中,脏腑术语共有170条。ISTTM中共收录脏象术语83条,ISNTCM收录了215条。ISTTM与WHO2022在常用的脏象术语上一致,但WHO22未单独将五脏、六腑、奇恒之腑的各个脏器的名称列为单独的术语。在ISNTCM与WHO22的比较中,两个标准的脏象术语基本上一致,很多术语的英译也只是稍有差异。结论WHO在2022年所发布的世界卫生组织中医国际标准术语体现了中医英译标准的最新的成果,是中外学者共同探讨和合作的成果。但由于该标准没有明确其翻译原则或选词原则,使得在术语翻译中存在着前后不一致的问题,此外也未在信息技术快速发展的背景下采用新的技术方法。

翻译经验和翻译难度对译者加工翻译单位的影响:一项击键记录实验研究

本研究使用击键记录法开展翻译实验,对比分析学生译者和半职业译者翻译高、低难度文本时使用翻译单位数量和大小方面的差异。研究发现:(1)翻译经验的主效应不显著,学生译者和半职业译者使用的翻译单位数量和大小差异不显著;(2)翻译难度的主效应显著。翻译高难度文本时,翻译单位显著变小,1至6词翻译单位数量显著增加,而≥7词各层次翻译单位数量无显著变化。(3)翻译经验和翻译难度对翻译单位大小的交互影响显著。简单效应分析发现,学生译者翻译高、低难度文本时使用的翻译单位大小差异不显著,而半职业译者翻译高难度文本时使用的翻译单位比翻译低难度文本时显著变小。以上发现为构建翻译单位认知加工模型提供了新的实证数据,对译者认知节奏研究、翻译测试、教材编写与练习内容设计具有一定的启示。

近代遗传单位概念在中国的传播与“gene”的中译

20世纪初,随着遗传学的进步,经典遗传学知识开始传入中国,“gene”一词在出现不久后也进入国人的视野,并产生了若干译名。经过四十余年的积淀,中文“基因”一词最终得到普遍使用。作为一个全新的概念,“基因”一词的中译和演变,是反映近代遗传学知识在中国的建构与本土化过程的典型案例。中国近代遗传学共同体对译名学术性和普及性等要素的反复衡量,也体现了多种因素在科学传播中对概念形成的共同作用。

F5G全光网在转化医学中心应用的研究

传统以太网络接入方案一般采用千兆网线作为传输介质,综合布线一般采用固定布点方式,在转化医学中心规划建设前期中往往容易出现设置错或设置少,后期补点难的问题。另外,不同的专业医疗设备和实验室设备对带宽要求不同,传统以太网络难以适配设备的迭代升级所带来的带宽需求。利用F5G全光网络技术,以单模光纤作为传输介质,采用光纤到房间的综合布线方式,能够通过设置不同的分光比,在不同场景选型适合的ONU,以实现不同场景信息点的灵活部署,并支持对新技术的信息化应用进行调优。

嵌入式GPU存储管理单元的设计与实现

针对嵌入式图形处理器(Graphics Processing Unit,GPU)中存储管理单元工作频率低以及转换后援缓冲区命中率低的问题,设计并实现了一种适用于嵌入式GPU的存储管理单元。存储管理单元采用两级页表匹配的方式,实现从虚拟地址空间到物理地址空间的映射。将存储管理单元中转换后援缓冲区设计为三级流水线结构,以提高存储管理单元的工作频率。使用改进的伪最近最少使用算法,以提高转换后援缓冲区的命中率。基于中芯国际0.13μm工艺库,使用DC(Design Compiler)工具对设计的存储管理单元进行综合,并在VU440开发板上进行系统级验证。结果表明,采用设计的存储管理单元的嵌入式GPU系统可以正常工作,所提设计的最高工作频率可达235 MHz,转换后援缓冲区的命中率有所提高。与相关设计相比,所提设计的工作频率和转换后援缓冲区的命中率较高。

要留心动物的群体量词的汉译英

我们从英汉语比较研究中发现：有关动物群体的量词，英汉两种语言的习惯用法是很不相同的，这在汉译英中要特别注意。本文根据笔者多年留心积累的材料，对汉英动物群体量词作一初步介绍：在汉语中，不管是表示个体，或是群体，凡是用量词的地方，都是数词加量词加名词结构...

32位RISC中存储管理单元的设计

多任务处理要求在处理器中集成片上的存储管理单元 ( MMU) ,支持虚拟存储管理 ,通过硬件 MMU把虚地址转换成物理地址。提出了 32位超标量 RISC微处理器的 MMU体系结构 ,论述了逻辑地址到物理地址转换的 3种机制以及相应的存储保护和异常处理 ;着重讨论 TLB( Translation Lookaside Buffer)的设计原则 ,并对其 3种设计结构进行分析比较 ,优化了 TLB的组织结构 ;给出了 MMU的组成、数据通路、控制通路 ,解决了速度瓶颈 ,满足了芯片的设计要求。整个芯片用 TSMC 0 .2 5μm工艺实现 ,芯片面积为 5 mm× 5 mm,主频为 66MHz。