基于GMM-UBM模型的语言辨识研究

与说话人识别、连续语音识别相比,自动语言辨识是一个相对较新的研究,而且是一项较难的课题。本文给出了一种基于GMM-UBM模型的语言辨识系统,并利用OGI-TS电话语音库对算法的性能进行了测试,然后给出了实验结果。实验结果表明,该算法也是进行语言辨识的一种有效方法。

基于SVM-UBM的语言辨识系统

支持向量机作为强大的理论和计算工具,已成功地应用在模式识别的众多领域中。研究了将支持向量机模型(SVM)应用于语言辨识的理论框架,提出了将Louradour序列核应用于语言辨识,并利用高斯混合模型(GMM)构造全局背景模型(UBM)对其进行了改进,从而导出了基于SVM-UBM的语言辨识系统。相关实验结果表明,该系统的识别率高于经典的高斯混合模型(GMM)和基于广义线性区分性核(GLDS)的支持向量机模型。

联合HMM-UBM与RVM的声纹密码识别算法

针对声纹密码识别中声纹文本信息利用率低和噪音干扰的问题,提出隐马尔科夫模型-通用背景模型(HMM-UBM)融合相关向量机(RVM)的声纹识别算法。利用HMM-UBM对语音信号进行时序建模,使用RVM学习得到每位注册话者语音的分类信息。通过对待识别话者建立HM M模型,并将RVM作为分类器进行判决决策得到分类结果。实验结果表明,与GMM-UBM算法和GMM-SVM算法相比,在无噪声环境下,该算法错误接收概率降低7%～9%,识别正确率提高4%～5%,在低信噪比环境下,其识别正确率提高5%～12%。

基于UBM的发音质量评价算法

将已经成功应用到说话人识别/确认领域中的高斯混合模型和全局背景模型(UBM)引入语音发音质量评价领域,提出一种新的评价英语发音质量的算法。该算法训练出标准发音的全局背景模型。UBM模型描述与音素无关的特征分布,定义段时长归一化的相似度比例对数为音素的发音质量分数,综合得到整旬发音的评分结果。实验证明,在实验室自行采集的非母语语音数据库上,该算法评分与专家评分的相关性达到了0.700,优于其他评分算法。

基于UBM降阶算法的高效说话人识别系统

为了提高基于高斯混合模型-通用背景模型(GMM-UBM)说话人识别系统的运算速度,提出了通用背景模型(UBM)降阶算法,该方法采用极大似然估计法训练一个高阶UBM,再采用UBM降阶算法得到低阶UBM.采用最短距离高斯分量替换空映射集合的方法解决了空映射集问题.通过实验方法分析了3种初始化低阶UBM方法的识别结果,发现不同的初始化方法对结果影响很小.在NIST2001 SRE数据库上的实验显示,该算法使基于GMM-UBM说话人识别系统的运算速度提高了8倍,而等错误率仅上升了4.59%,表明了UBM降阶算法在小幅降低系统识别率的情况下,可大幅度提高GMM-UBM系统的运行效率.

5D World-Universe Model. Multicomponent Dark Matter

5D World-Universe Model (WUM) is based on the decisive role of the Medium of the World com-posed of massive particles: protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and Dark Matter Particles (DMP). The model forecasts the masses of DMP, discusses the possibility of all macroobject cores consisting of DMP (galaxy clusters, galaxies, star clusters, extrasolar systems, and planets), and explains the diffuse cosmic gamma-ray background radiation as the sum of contributions of multicomponent dark matter annihilation. The signatures of DMP annihilation with expected masses of 1.3 TeV, 9.6 GeV, 70 MeV, 340 keV, and 3.7 keV, are found in spectra of the diffuse gamma-ray background and the emission of various macroobjects in the World. The correlation between different emission lines in spectra of macroobjects is connected to their structure, which depends on the composition of the cores and surrounding shells made up of DMP. Consequently, the diversity of Very High Energy (VHE) gamma-ray sources in the World has a clear explanation.

Mathematical Overview of Hypersphere World-Universe Model

The Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) provides a mathematical framework that allows calculating the primary cosmological parameters of the World which are in good agreement with the most recent measurements and observations. WUM explains the experimental data accumulated in the field of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics over the last decades: the age of the World and critical energy density;the gravitational parameter and Hubble’s parameter;temperatures of the cosmic microwave background radiation and the peak of the far-infrared background radiation;the concentration of intergalactic plasma and time delay of Fast Radio Bursts. Additionally, the model predicts masses of dark matter particles, photons, and neutrinos;proposes new types of particle interactions (Super Weak and Extremely Weak);shows inter-connectivity of primary cosmological parameters of the World. WUM proposes to introduce a new fundamental parameter Q in the CODATA internationally recommended values. This paper is the summary of the mathematical results obtained in [1]-[4].

5D World-Universe Model Space-Time-Energy

5D Space-Time-Energy World-Universe Model is a unified model of the World built around the concept of Medium, composed of massive particles (protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and dark matter particles). The Model provides a mathematical framework that enables precise calculation of medium-bound physical parameters: Hubble’s parameter, intergalactic plasma parameters, temperature of microwave background radiation and the rest mass of photons. This paper aligns the World-Universe Model (WUM) with the theoretical framework developed by Prof. P. S. Wesson, albeit assigning a new physical meaning to the fifth coordinate. In the World-Universe Model, the fifth dimension is associated with the total energy of the Medium of the World, and the gravitomagnetic parameter of the Medium serves as the dimension-transposing parameter.

Overview of Hypersphere World-Universe Model

This paper provides an overview of the Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM). WUM unifies and simplifies existing cosmological models and results into a single coherent picture, and proceeds to discuss the origin, evolution, structure, ultimate fate, and primary parameters of the World. WUM explains the experimental data accumulated in the field of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics over the last decades: the age of the world and critical energy density;the gravitational parameter and Hubble’s parameter;temperatures of the cosmic microwave background radiation and the peak of the far-infrared background radiation;gamma-ray background and cosmic neutrino background;macrostructure of the world and macroobjects structure. Additionally, the model makes predictions pertaining to masses of dark matter particles, photons, and neutrinos, proposes new types of particle interactions (Super Weak and Extremely Weak), and shows inter-connectivity of primary cosmological parameters of the world and the rise of the solar luminosity during the last 4.6 Byr. The model proposes to introduce a new fundamental parameter Q in the CODATA internationally recommended values.

Hypersphere World-Universe Model. Tribute to Classical Physics

This manuscript summarizes the results of Classical Physics before Quantum Mechanics and Hypotheses proposed by classical physicists from the 17th until the beginning of 21st century. We then proceed to unify these results into a single coherent picture in frames of the developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM). The Model proposes 5 types of Dark Matter particles and predicts their masses;models the origin, evolution, and structure of the World and Macroobjects;provides a mathematical framework that ties together a number of Fundamental constants and allows for direct calculation of their values.

5D World-Universe Model. Gravitation

5D World-Universe Model is based on the decisive role of the Medium of the World composed of massive particles: protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and dark matter particles. In this manuscript we discuss different aspects of the gravitation: measured values of the Newtonian parameter of Gravitation and different Gravitational effects (gravitational lensing, cosmological redshift, gravitational deflection of light and gravitational refraction, proposed in the present paper). We show inter-connectivity of all cosmological parameters and provide a mathematical framework that allows direct calculation of them based on the value of the gravitational parameter. We analyze the difference between Electromagnetism and Gravitoelectromagnetism and make a conclusion about the mandatory existence of the Medium of the World. This paper aligns the World-Universe Model with the Le Sage’s theory of gravitation and makes a deduction on Gravity, Space and Time be emergent phenomena.

5D World-Universe Model. Neutrinos. The World

In this manuscript we discuss mass-varying neutrinos and propose their energy density to exceed that of baryonic and dark matter. We introduce cosmic Large Grains whose mass is about Planck mass, and their temperature is around 29 K. Large Grains are in fact Bose-Einstein condensates of proposed dineutrinos, and are responsible for the cosmic Far-Infrared Background (FIRB) radiation. The distribution of the energy density of all components of the World (protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and dark matter particles) is considered. We present an overview of the World- Universe Model (WUM) and pay particular attention to the self-consistent set of time-varying values of basic parameters of the World: the age and critical energy density;Newtonian parameter of gravitation and Hubble’s parameter;temperatures of the cosmic Microwave Background radiation and the peak of the cosmic FIRB radiation;Fermi coupling parameter and coupling parameters of the proposed Super-Weak and Extremely-Weak interactions. Additionally, WUM forecasts the masses of dark matter particles, axions, and neutrinos;proposes two fundamental parameters of the World: fine-structure constant α and the quantity Q which is the dimensionless value of the fifth coordinate, and three fundamental physical units: basic unit of momentum, energy density, and energy flux density. WUM suggests that all time-dependent parameters of the World are inter- connected and in fact dependent on Q. We recommend adding the quantity Q to the list of the CODATA-recommended values.

World-Universe Model Predictions

In 2013, World-Universe Model (WUM) proposed a principally different way to solve the problem of Newtonian Constant of Gravitation measurement precision. WUM revealed a self-consistent set of time-varying values of Primary Cosmological parameters of the World: Gravitation parameter, Hubble’s parameter, Age of the World, Temperature of the Microwave Background Radiation, and the concentration of Intergalactic plasma. Based on the inter-connectivity of these parameters, WUM solved the Missing Baryon problem and predicted the values of the following Cosmological parameters: gravitation G, concentration of Intergalactic plasma, relative energy density of protons in the Medium, and the minimum energy of photons, which were experimentally confirmed in 2015-2018. Between 2013 and 2018, the relative standard uncertainty of G measurements decreased x6. The set of values obtained by WUM was recommended for consideration in CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants 2014.

World-Universe Model—Alternative to Big Bang Model

This manuscript provides a comparison of the Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) with the prevailing Big Bang Model (BBM) of the Standard Cosmology. The performed analysis of BBM shows that the Four Pillars of the Standard Cosmology are model-dependent and not strong enough to support the model. The angular momentum problem is one of the most critical problems in BBM. Standard Cosmology cannot explain how Galaxies and Extra Solar systems obtained their substantial orbital and rotational angular momenta, and why the orbital momentum of Jupiter is considerably larger than the rotational momentum of the Sun. WUM is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum. To be consistent with this Fundamental Law, WUM discusses in detail the Beginning of the World. The Model introduces Dark Epoch (spanning from the Beginning of the World for 0.4 billion years) when only Dark Matter Particles (DMPs) existed, and Luminous Epoch (ever since for 13.8 billion years). Big Bang discussed in Standard Cosmology is, in our view, transition from Dark Epoch to Luminous Epoch due to Rotational Fission of Overspinning Dark Matter (DM) Supercluster’s Cores. WUM envisions Matter carried from the Universe into the World from the fourth spatial dimension by DMPs. Ordinary Matter is a byproduct of DM annihilation. WUM solves a number of physical problems in contemporary Cosmology and Astrophysics through DMPs and their interactions: Angular Momentum problem in birth and subsequent evolution of Galaxies and Extrasolar systems—how do they obtain it;Fermi Bubbles—two large structures in gamma-rays and X-rays above and below Galactic center;Diversity of Gravitationally-Rounded Objects in Solar system;some problems in Solar and Geophysics [1]. WUM reveals Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters and calculates their values, which are in good agreement with the latest results of their measurements.

Hypersphere World-Universe Model

Dirac’s themes were the unity and beauty of Nature. He identified three revolutions in modern physics: Relativity, Quantum Mechanics and Cosmology. In his opinion: “The new cosmology will probably turn out to be philosophically even more revolutionary than relativity or the quantum theory, perhaps looking forward to the current bonanza in cosmology, where precise observations on some of the most distant objects in the universe are shedding light on the nature of reality, on the nature of matter and on the most advanced quantum theories” [Farmelo, G. (2009) The Strangest Man. The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom. Basic Books, Britain, 661 p]. In 1937, Paul Dirac proposed the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of the variable gravitational “constant”;and later added the notion of continuous creation of Matter in the World. The developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) follows these ideas, albeit introducing a different mechanism of matter creation. In this paper, we show that WUM is a natural continuation of Classical Physics and it can already serve as a basis for a New Cosmology proposed by Paul Dirac.

Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Evolution of the World

The main objective of this paper is to discuss the Evolution of a 3D Finite World (that is a Hypersphere of a 4D Nucleus of the World) from the Beginning up to the present Epoch in frames of World-Universe Model (WUM). WUM is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum. To be consistent with this Fundamental Law, WUM introduces Dark Epoch (spanning from the Beginning of the World for 0.45 billion years) when only Dark Matter (DM) Macroobjects (MOs) existed, and Luminous Epoch (ever since for 13.77 billion years) when Luminous MOs emerged due to Rotational Fission of Overspinning DM Superclusters’ Cores and self-annihilation of Dark Matter Particles (DMPs). WUM envisions that DM is created by the Universe in the 4D Nucleus of the World. Dark Matter Particles (DMPs) carry new DM into the 3D Hypersphere World. Luminous Matter is a byproduct of DMPs self-annihilation. By analogy with 3D ball, which has two-dimensional sphere surface (that has surface energy), we can imagine that the 3D Hypersphere World has a “Surface Energy” of the 4D Nucleus. WUM solves a number of physical problems in contemporary Cosmology and Astrophysics through DMPs and their interactions: Angular Momentum problem in birth and subsequent evolution of Galaxies and Extrasolar systems—how do they obtain it;Fermi Bubbles—two large structures in gamma-rays and X-rays above and below Galactic center;Missing Baryon problem related to the fact that the observed amount of baryonic matter did not match theoretical predictions. WUM reveals Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters and calculates their values, which are in good agreement with the latest results of their measurements. In 2013, WUM predicted the values of the following Cosmological parameters: gravitational, concentration of intergalactic plasma, and the minimum energy of photons, which were experimentally confirmed in 2015-2018. “The Discovery of a Supermassive Compact Object at the Centre of Our Galaxy” (Nobel Prize in Physics 2020) made by Prof. R. Genzel and A. Ghez is a confirmation of one of the most important predictions of WUM in 2013: “Macroobjects of the World have cores made up of the discussed DM particles. Other particles, including DM and baryonic matter, form shells surrounding the cores”.

Research of whispered speech vocal tract system conversion based on universal background model and effective Gaussian components

Directing to the weakness of the present fixed values mapping methods （method_F）, a vocal tract system conversion method based on the universal background model （UBM） is proposed for improving the performance of the speech conversion system from Chinese whis- pered speech to normal speech. For the numerous components of UBM, the errors produced by the acoustical probability density statistical model can＇t be ignored. Thus an effective Gaus- sian mixture components chosen method based on the posterior probability summation of the minimum spectral distortion is developed to optimizing the system performance. The proposed method （method_U） is analyzed and compared using the performance index （PI） based on Itakura-Saito spectral distortion measure. It is shown experimentally that the performance of method_U is more stability for different speakers and different phonemes than that of method_F. The average PI of method_U is better than method_F. It is shown that by selecting effective Gaussian mixture components, the PI of method_U can be further improved 5.11%. Subjective auditory tests also show that the proposed method can improve the definition and intelligibility of conversion speech.

SMFCC:一种新的语音信号特征提取方法

针对说话人识别系统中存在的有效语音特征提取以及噪声影响的问题,提出了一种新的语音特征提取方法——基于S变换的美尔倒谱系数(SMFCC).该方法是在传统美尔倒谱系数(MFCC)的基础上利用S变换的二维时频多分辨率特性,以及奇异值分解(SVD)方法的二维时频矩阵有效去噪性,并结合相关统计分析方法最终获得语音特征.采用TIMIT语音数据库,将所提的特征和现有特征进行对比实验.SMFCC特征的等错误率(EER)和最小检测代价(Min DCF)均小于线性预测倒谱系数(LPCC)、MFCC及其结合方法 LMFCC,比MFCC的EER和Min DCF08分别下降了3.6%与17.9%.实验结果表明所提方法能够有效去除语音信号中的噪声,提升局部分辨率.

基于声纹识别的智能照明语音识别算法研究

提出了一种基于声纹识别的智能照明语音识别算法。采用短时能量和短时平均过零率判别声控信号;采用基于高斯混合模型-通用背景模型(GMM-UBM)的方法判定声控人的身份;采用基于动态时间规整(DTW)的方法识别语义。通过建立多个身份人和多种声控命令的自适应实时语音训练样本库,采用对数似然分法和矢量累积距离法实现声控人身份认定与声控信号语义识别。仿真实验结果表明:该算法能快速准确判定与识别智能照明声控信号的身份和语义。

嵌入自联想神经网络的高斯混合背景模型说话人确认

提出在高斯混合背景模型中嵌入自联想神经网络的方法,并将它用于说话人确认.该方法利用神经网络和高斯混合背景模型各自的优点,以极大似然概率为训练准则,将两者作为一个整体进行训练,揭示了特征向量的空间信息.嵌入的神经网络起到了数据整形的作用,增强了目标说话人数据的相似性.在背景模型和目标模型的训练中交替更新高斯混合模型和神经网络的参数.实验表明,采用本文提出的模型并结合TNorm方法,比基线系统的确认率提高26%.