While Unleaded gasoline has the advantage of eliminating lead from automobile exhaust, its potential to reduce the exhaust gas and particles, merits further examination. In the present studies,the concentrations of hy...While Unleaded gasoline has the advantage of eliminating lead from automobile exhaust, its potential to reduce the exhaust gas and particles, merits further examination. In the present studies,the concentrations of hydrocarbons (HC) and earbon monoxides (CO) in emissions were analyzed on Santana engine Dynamometer under a standard test cycle, and total exhaust particles were collected from engines using leaded and unleaded gasoline. It was found that unleaded gasoline reduced the emissions of CO and HC, and decreased the quantity of vehicle exhaust particulate matters by 60%.With the unlead gasoline, only 23 kinds of organic substances, adsorbed in the particles, were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) while 32 components were detected using the leaded gasoline. The results of in vitro Salmonella/ microsomal test and micronucleus induction assay in CHL cells indicated that both types of gasoline increased the number of histidine-independent colonies and the frequencies of micronucleus induction; no significant differellce was found in their mutagenicity.展开更多
Total suspended particulate mater （TSP） concentrations were monitored for one year from July 2000 and for one year from April 2003 in Jakarta City. Thirteen elemental TSP components, aluminum （Al）, sodium （Na）, ...Total suspended particulate mater （TSP） concentrations were monitored for one year from July 2000 and for one year from April 2003 in Jakarta City. Thirteen elemental TSP components, aluminum （Al）, sodium （Na）, iron （Fe）, lead （Pb）, potassium （K）, zinc （Zn）, titanium （Ti）, manganese （Mn）, bromine （Br）, copper （Cu）, chromium （Cr）, nickel （Ni）, and vanadium （V） were analyzed by a sequential X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Al, Na, Fe, K, and Pb were major components at most of the sampling locations in 2000. However, only Pb in 2003 dramatically decreased to one tenth. The phase-out of leaded gasoline began on July 1, 2001 in Jakarta City and lead content in gasoline decreased to one tenth, too. The decrease in Pb concentration was a result of the phase-out of leaded gasoline, as lead emissions mainly are exhaust gas from vehicles.展开更多
Two microwave digestion procedures were developed for unleaded gasoline. Microwave plasma torch atomic emission spectrometry(MPT-AES) was used to determine trace lead in unleaded gasoline after being digested. Optimal...Two microwave digestion procedures were developed for unleaded gasoline. Microwave plasma torch atomic emission spectrometry(MPT-AES) was used to determine trace lead in unleaded gasoline after being digested. Optimal conditions (analytical wavelength, microwave power, flow rate of carrier gas for the trace lead determination, flow rate of supporting gas, flow rate of oxygen shielding gas and acid concentrations) were chosen. The effects of concommitant elements on determination of lead were studied. The detection limit for lead was 25 ng/mL, the linear range was 0.05-100 μg/mL. The relative standard deviation for determination of unleaded gasoline samples was less than 4 9%, relative error was less than 3.7%. Standard addition recoveries were all between 93.3%-104.0%. The determination results with microwave digestion were in agreement with those obtained with conventional method. The proposed method is simple, rapid, accurate, and with less possibility to be contaminated by the environment, and of great applied value.展开更多
文摘While Unleaded gasoline has the advantage of eliminating lead from automobile exhaust, its potential to reduce the exhaust gas and particles, merits further examination. In the present studies,the concentrations of hydrocarbons (HC) and earbon monoxides (CO) in emissions were analyzed on Santana engine Dynamometer under a standard test cycle, and total exhaust particles were collected from engines using leaded and unleaded gasoline. It was found that unleaded gasoline reduced the emissions of CO and HC, and decreased the quantity of vehicle exhaust particulate matters by 60%.With the unlead gasoline, only 23 kinds of organic substances, adsorbed in the particles, were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) while 32 components were detected using the leaded gasoline. The results of in vitro Salmonella/ microsomal test and micronucleus induction assay in CHL cells indicated that both types of gasoline increased the number of histidine-independent colonies and the frequencies of micronucleus induction; no significant differellce was found in their mutagenicity.
基金The authors greatly appreciate the financial support of the Nissan Science Foundation for part of this study. Gratitude is also extended to EMC staff, and to the JICA Decentralized Environmental Management System Project.
文摘Total suspended particulate mater （TSP） concentrations were monitored for one year from July 2000 and for one year from April 2003 in Jakarta City. Thirteen elemental TSP components, aluminum （Al）, sodium （Na）, iron （Fe）, lead （Pb）, potassium （K）, zinc （Zn）, titanium （Ti）, manganese （Mn）, bromine （Br）, copper （Cu）, chromium （Cr）, nickel （Ni）, and vanadium （V） were analyzed by a sequential X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Al, Na, Fe, K, and Pb were major components at most of the sampling locations in 2000. However, only Pb in 2003 dramatically decreased to one tenth. The phase-out of leaded gasoline began on July 1, 2001 in Jakarta City and lead content in gasoline decreased to one tenth, too. The decrease in Pb concentration was a result of the phase-out of leaded gasoline, as lead emissions mainly are exhaust gas from vehicles.
文摘Two microwave digestion procedures were developed for unleaded gasoline. Microwave plasma torch atomic emission spectrometry(MPT-AES) was used to determine trace lead in unleaded gasoline after being digested. Optimal conditions (analytical wavelength, microwave power, flow rate of carrier gas for the trace lead determination, flow rate of supporting gas, flow rate of oxygen shielding gas and acid concentrations) were chosen. The effects of concommitant elements on determination of lead were studied. The detection limit for lead was 25 ng/mL, the linear range was 0.05-100 μg/mL. The relative standard deviation for determination of unleaded gasoline samples was less than 4 9%, relative error was less than 3.7%. Standard addition recoveries were all between 93.3%-104.0%. The determination results with microwave digestion were in agreement with those obtained with conventional method. The proposed method is simple, rapid, accurate, and with less possibility to be contaminated by the environment, and of great applied value.
