Analysis of unmanned aerial vehicle navigation and height control system based on GPS

According to the characteristic of global positioning system（GPS） reflection signals,a GPS delay mapping receiver system scheme is put forward,which not only satisfies the unmanned aerial vehicle（UAV） guidance localization but also realizes height measurement.A code delay algorithm is put forward,which processes the direct and land reflected signal and outputs the navigation data and specular point.The GPS terrain reflected echo signal mathematical equation is inferred.The reflecting signal area,when the GPS signal passes the land,is analyzed.The height survey model reflected land surface characteristic is established.A simulation system which carries guidance localization of the UAV and the height measuring control through the GPS direct signal and the land reflected signal is designed,taken the GPS satellite as the illumination source,the receiver is put on the UAV.Then the UAV guidance signal,the GPS reflection signal and receiver＇s parallel processing are realized.The parallel processing reduces UAV＇s payload and raises system＇s operating efficiency.The simulation results confirms the validity of the model and also provides the basis for the UAV＇s optimization design.

Distributed tracking control of unmanned aerial vehicles under wind disturbance and model uncertainty

A distributed robust method is developed for cooperative tracking control of unmanned aerial vehicles under unknown wind disturbance and model uncertainty. The communication network among vehicles is a directed graph with switching topology. Each vehicle can only share its states with its neighbors. Dynamics of the vehicles are nonlinear and affected by the wind disturbance and model uncertainty. Feedback linearization is adopted to transform the dynamics of vehicles into linear systems. To account for the wind disturbance and model uncertainty, a robust controller is designed for each vehicle such that all vehicles ultimately synchronize to the virtual leader in the three-dimensional path. It is theoretically shown that the position states of the vehicles will converge to that of the virtual leader if the communication network has a directed spanning tree rooted at the virtual leader. Furthermore, the robust controller is extended to address the formation control problem. Simulation examples are also given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2016 Beijing Institute of Aerospace Information.

Simulating unmanned aerial vehicle flight control and collision detection

An unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)is a small,fast aircraft with many useful features.It is widely used in military reconnaissance,aerial photography,searches,and other fields;it also has very good practical-application and development prospects.Since the UAV’s flight orientation is easily changeable,its orientation and flight path are difficult to control,leading to its high damage rate.Therefore,UAV flight-control technology has become the focus of attention.This study focuses on simulating a UAV’s flight and orientation control,and detecting collisions between a UAV and objects in a complex virtual environment.The proportional-integral-derivative control algorithm is used to control the orientation and position of the UAV in a virtual environment.A version of the bounding-box method that combines a grid with a k-dimensional tree is adopted in this paper,to improve the system performance and accelerate the collision-detection process.This provides a practical method for future studies on UAV flight position and orientation control,collision detection,etc.

Dubins Waypoint Navigation of Small-Class Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

This paper considers a variation on the Dubins path problem and proposes an improved waypoint navigation (WN) algorithm called Dubins waypoint navigation (DWN). Based on the Dubins path problem, an algorithm is developed that is updated in real-time with a horizon of three waypoints. The purpose of DWN is to overcome a problem that we find in existing WN for small-class fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) of not accurately reaching waypoints. This problem results at times in high overshoot and, in the presence of wind disturbances, it can cause a vehicle to miss the waypoint and swirl around it. To prevent this, the DWN creates “new waypoints” that are in the background, called turning points. Examples illustrate the improvement of the performance of WN achieved using the DWN algorithm in terms of the targeting of waypoints while reducing fuel and time.

RFHUI:an RFID based human-unmanned aerial vehicle interaction system in an indoor environment

In this paper,we present an RFID based human and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)Interaction system,termed RFHUI,to provide an intuitive and easy-to-operate method to navigate a UAV in an indoor environment.It relies on the passive Radio-Frequency IDentification(RFID)technology to precisely track the pose of a handheld controller,and then transfer the pose information to navigate the UAV.A prototype of the handheld controller is created by attaching three or more Ultra High Frequency(UHF)RFID tags to a board.A Commercial Off-The-Shelf(COTS)RFID reader with multiple antennas is deployed to collect the observations of the tags.First,the precise positions of all the tags can be obtained by our proposed method,which leverages a Bayesian filter and Channel State Information(CSI)phase measurements collected from the RFID reader.Second,we introduce a Singular Value Decomposition(SVD)based approach to obtain a 6-DoF(Degrees of Freedom)pose of the controller from estimated positions of the tags.Furthermore,the pose of the controller can be precisely tracked in a real-time manner,while the user moves the controller.Finally,control commands will be generated from the controller's pose and sent to the UAV for navigation.The performance of the RFHUI is evaluated by several experiments.The results show that it provides precise poses with 0.045m mean error in position and 2.5∘mean error in orientation for the controller,and enables the controller to precisely and intuitively navigate the UAV in an indoor environment.

Energy-efficient joint UAV secure communication and 3D trajectory optimization assisted by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces in the presence of eavesdroppers

We consider a scenario where an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV),a typical unmanned aerial system(UAS),transmits confidential data to a moving ground target in the presence of multiple eavesdroppers.Multiple friendly reconfigurable intelligent surfaces(RISs) help to secure the UAV-target communication and improve the energy efficiency of the UAV.We formulate an optimization problem to minimize the energy consumption of the UAV,subject to the mobility constraint of the UAV and that the achievable secrecy rate at the target is over a given threshold.We present an online planning method following the framework of model predictive control(MPC) to jointly optimize the motion of the UAV and the configurations of the RISs.The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated via computer simulations.

A Comprehensive UAV Indoor Navigation System Based on Vision Optical Flow and Laser FastSLAM

这份报纸论述为室内的 quadrotor 的全面控制，航行，本地化和印射的答案无人的天线车辆(UAV ) 系统。三个主要传感器在 quadrotor 站台上被使用，也就是，一个惯性的测量单位，一个向下看起来的照相机和扫描激光变化查找者。与这安装， UAV 能要用体力地估计它的自己的速度和位置，当没有碰撞，沿着一个房间的内部墙飞时。在一个以后完成飞行，与收集了数据历史性的 UAV 路径和室内的环境能很好被估计。系统的自治航行部分不要求任何遥远的感觉信息或离线的计算力量，当印射被做时离线。完全的飞行测试被执行了验证忠实和性能航行答案。

Resilient tightly coupled INS/UWB integration method for indoor UAV navigation under challenging scenarios

Based on the high positioning accuracy,low cost and low-power consumption,the ultra-wide-band(UWB)is an ideal solution for indoor unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)localization and navigation.However,the UWB signals are easy to be blocked or reflected by obstacles such as walls and furniture.A resilient tightly-coupled inertial navigation system(INS)/UWB integration is proposed and implemented for indoor UAV navigation in this paper.A factor graph optimization(FGO)method enhanced by resilient stochastic model is established to cope with the indoor challenging scenarios.To deal with the impact of UWB non-line-of-sight(NLOS)signals and noise uncertainty,the conventional neural net-works(CNNs)are introduced into the stochastic modelling to improve the resilience and reliability of the integration.Based on the status that the UWB features are limited,a‘two-phase'CNNs structure was designed and implemented:one for signal classification and the other one for measurement noise prediction.The proposed resilient FGO method is tested on flighting UAV platform under actual indoor challenging scenario.Compared to classical FGO method,the overall positioning errors can be decreased from about 0.60 m to centimeter-level under signal block and reflection scenarios.The superiority of resilient FGO which effectively verified in constrained environment is pretty important for positioning accuracy and integrity for indoor navigation task.

UAV Autonomous Navigation for Wireless Powered Data Collection with Onboard Deep Q-Network

In a rechargeable wireless sensor network,utilizing the unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)as a mobile base station(BS)to charge sensors and collect data effectively prolongs the network’s lifetime.In this paper,we jointly optimize the UAV’s flight trajectory and the sensor selection and operation modes to maximize the average data traffic of all sensors within a wireless sensor network(WSN)during finite UAV’s flight time,while ensuring the energy required for each sensor by wireless power transfer(WPT).We consider a practical scenario,where the UAV has no prior knowledge of sensor locations.The UAV performs autonomous navigation based on the status information obtained within the coverage area,which is modeled as a Markov decision process(MDP).The deep Q-network(DQN)is employed to execute the navigation based on the UAV position,the battery level state,channel conditions and current data traffic of sensors within the UAV’s coverage area.Our simulation results demonstrate that the DQN algorithm significantly improves the network performance in terms of the average data traffic and trajectory design.

An Investigation of Purely Azimuthal Passive Localization and Position Adjustment in Attempted UAV Formation Flights

When a cluster of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is flying in formation, it is crucial to maintain the formation and not to be interfered by external electromagnetic wave signals. In order to maintain the formation, this paper proposes to use pure azimuth passive positioning to adjust the position of UAVs, i.e., certain UAVs in the formation transmit signals, the rest of the UAVs receive the signals passively, and extract the orientation information from them to adjust the position of the UAVs [1] [2] [3]. In this paper, the position adjustment problem of UAVs in “circular” formation flight under three models is investigated. To address the problem of “how to obtain the position of the receiving UAV when there are two UAVs with known numbers and evenly distributed on the circumference in addition to the UAV transmitting at the known center of the circle, and the rest of the UAVs with slight deviations in their positions are receiving the signals”, two purely mathematical geometric methods, namely, triangular localization method and polar co-ordinate method, are proposed respectively. We have determined the position of the receiving UAV;we have used the exhaustive method and the construction and disproof method to solve the problem of “how many UAVs are needed to transmit signals in order to realize the effective positioning of the UAVs when it is known that a certain UAV with a slight deviation in its position receives the signals emitted by two UAVs at the same time”, and the results show that: in addition to the known signals emitted by two UAVs, it is also necessary to transmit the signals emitted by two UAVs. The results show that in addition to the known two UAVs transmitting signals, two additional UAVs are required to transmit signals for precise po-sitioning. When the position of UAVs has deviation at the initial moment, the ideal approximation method and the target delimitation method are pro-posed, and the target of nine UAVs uniformly distributed on a circle of a spe-cific radius is achieved through several adjustments, after which the ad-vantages and disadvantages of each model are analyzed, and suggestions for improvement are put forward. The purely azimuthal passive localization method and the constructed model approach proposed in this paper can be extended to other fields, such as spacecraft formations in space and battle-ship formations at sea, as well as other formation flight position adjustment problems.

城市无人机航线飞行间隔与调控频率综合研究

聚焦城市无人机航线飞行,为确保运行安全,需要为无人机配备合适的飞行间隔。面向同航线纵向飞行场景,研究了考虑冲突频率与碰撞概率且符合ICAO间隔制定原则的间隔调控模型。通过研究仅考虑无人机定位误差下的碰撞风险,得到无人机纵向飞行间隔,作为后续间隔计算的基准;通过综合考虑定位误差和速度误差引发的位置不确定性,计算伴随无人机航线飞行进程的碰撞风险。加大纵向间隔会延迟突破安全目标水平的时机,但随着飞行进程的推进,碰撞风险终将突破安全目标水平。基于此,提出了无人机位置调控机制,对2架无人机位置进行定期调控,以消除速度所产生的累积误差。针对某1个指定的安全目标水平,得到了纵向间隔与位置调控频率的关系曲线,发现二者存在博弈关系,实施高频调控,需要采取更小的航线间隔;反之,则需要加大航线间隔。同时,为兼顾城市空间与位置调控能力的双重约束,提出了选取曲率最大值位置的所需飞行间隔与调控频率作为折中方案,发现安全目标水平要求越严格,所需调控频率和飞行间隔越大。实验得到在满足安全目标水平为5×10^(-9)次/飞行小时情况下,所需调控频率为87次/h,所需纵向飞行间隔为90 m;同时在实际运行环境中,应用上述评估模型与方法可以客观选择所需间隔和调控频率。本文研究可以兼顾城市物流无人机空中运行的安全,提高城市空域利用率和派送效率。

基于改进LSTM网络的无人机MEMS-IMU零偏在线标定方法

针对在卫星信号拒止、视觉系统退化场景中无人机MEMS-IMU零偏无法准确估计并补偿导致导航误差迅速发散的问题,提出一种基于改进长短时记忆(LSTM)网络的零偏在线标定方法。首先,为解决MEMS-IMU零偏数据非线性强、传统循环时间网络训练效果差的问题,设计序列到序列的LSTM神经网络结构,引入教师强迫机制,提高了网络特征学习能力。然后,在导航过程中使用训练后的网络对MEMS-IMU零偏在线标定,补偿后的IMU量测与视觉信息联合优化,保证了导航定位精度。实验结果表明,在纯惯性导航实验中,所提方法的绝对位置误差比传统LSTM方法减小了6.5%;在EUROC数据集下进行的视觉惯性组合导航实验中,所提方法的平均绝对位置误差比传统LSTM方法减小了15%。

自主水下机器人布放回收技术综述

对水下机器人布放回收这一领域的研究进行了综述并对未来研究进行了展望。首先分析了水下机器人布放回收的不同方式,主要可分为水面有人舰船、水面无人船、潜艇以及大型水下机器人布放回收方式。接着举出不同回收方式的国内外例证并对其优缺点进行总结。随后探讨和分析了实现布放回收所需的关键技术,包括自主对接技术、定位引导技术、锁紧定位技术及对接回收策略,并对技术现状及装备进行举例分析。最后对水下机器人布放回收的研究方向和重点进行了展望。综述表明,水下机器人布放回收的结构和所需关键技术还需持续研究,特别需要关注的是随着布放回收技术研究的不断深入,未来水下机器人布放回收系统将向自主化、无人化、通用化发展。

基于SAC的无人机自主导航方法研究

针对现有深度强化学习算法在无人机自主导航任务中面临环境局部可观且感知信息不足问题,基于非确定性策略SAC(soft actor-critic)强化学习算法对未知环境下的端到端无人机自主导航任务展开研究。具体而言,提出了一种基于记忆增强机制的策略网络,通过对历史记忆信息与当前的观测整合处理,提取观测数据的时序依赖关系,从而增强局部可观条件下的状态估计能力,避免算法陷入局部最优解;设计了非稀疏奖励函数以缓解强化学习策略在稀疏奖励条件下难以收敛的问题;在Airsim+UE4仿真平台进行了多个复杂场景的训练验证。实验结果表明,所提方法导航成功率比基准算法提高10%,平均飞行距离缩短21%,有效增强了无人机自主导航算法稳定性和收敛性。

基于多密度流聚类的UAV-NOMA用户分簇与功率分配算法

针对无人机(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle,UAV)辅助非正交多址(Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access,NOMA)下行通信系统,提出了最大化和速率的用户动态分簇与功率分配方案.考虑用户服务质量与UAV位置约束,建立了和速率最大化的优化问题.由于目标函数的非凸性,将原问题解耦为三个子问题,分别优化UAV位置部署与用户连接、用户动态分簇、功率分配以提高系统性能.首先,基于K-means算法设计了UAV位置部署与用户连接方案,以减小路损为目的确定UAV最佳部署位置,同时选择其服务的最优用户群;其次,改进多密度流聚类(Multi-Density Stream Clustering, MDSC)算法,提出了单UAV下用户静态与动态分簇方案,静态分簇方案可自适应平衡簇数与簇用户数,并获得较大的簇内用户信道增益差异,动态分簇方案则针对用户移动属性,制定了即时更新策略;最后,使用分式规划(Fractional Programming,FP)二次变换的方法,引入辅助变量将原非凸问题变换为凸问题,交替优化辅助变量与功率分配因子,获得原非凸问题的次优解.仿真结果表明,与其他算法相比,本文分簇方案能获得更大的簇内信道差异与更小的簇内用户数标准差,同时用户系统性能也获得了显著提升.

面向无人机目标的检测与实时跟随

随着无人机在各个领域的应用越来越广泛,目前对于无人机的管制需求也逐步上升,同时由于无人机平台算力、能源有限,有效的检测与跟随算法显得尤为重要。基于深度学习的方法对于目标检测十分有效,但其直接应用于空中目标跟随这一任务还存在稳定性与安全性不足以及目标阴影的干扰这些问题。针对目标检测时阴影干扰问题,提出了基于HSV色彩空间的阴影识别算法,能够对检测对象阴影区域进行分割识别,从而排除阴影对目标检测的干扰;为了得到了更精准的目标无人机三维位置,设计了二次定位算法,将纯检测框中心点与目标无人机结构上相对固定中心点进行了加权融合,减少了目标框大小浮动对目标位置估计的影响;在避障策略中融合了无人机相关约束以此避免了无人机跟随时的过度震荡,并利用动态环境下的自定位算法对追踪无人机的控制结果进行检测与实时修正,提升整个动态跟随过程中的鲁棒性。所提算法经虚幻4平台下的仿真与实物实验中得到验证,能够将无人机跟随任务的跟随精度控制在0.1 m级。

基于注意力机制和多粒度特征融合的跨视角匹配模型

跨视角景象匹配是指从不同平台(如无人机、卫星等)发现同一地理目标的图像。然而,不同图像平台会导致无人机(UAV)定位和导航任务精度较低,现有方法通常只关注图像的单一维度,忽略了图像的多维特征。针对上述问题,提出一种全局注意力和多粒度特征融合(GAMF)深度神经网络以改进特征表示,提高特征可区分度。首先,GAMF模型结合无人机视角和卫星视角的图像,在统一的网络架构下延展为3个分支,从3个维度提取图像的空间位置、通道和局部特征;然后,建立空间全局关系注意力模块(SGAM)和通道全局注意力模块(CGAM),引入空间全局关系机制和通道注意力机制捕获全局信息,从而更好地进行注意力学习;其次,为了融合局部感知特征,引入局部划分策略,以更好地增强模型提取细粒度特征的能力;最后,联合3个维度的特征作为最后的特征对模型训练。在公开数据集University-1652上的实验结果表明,GAMF模型在无人机视觉定位任务上的平均精准率(AP)达到了87.41%,在无人机视觉导航任务中召回率(R@1)达到了90.30%。验证了GAMF模型能够有效聚合图像的多维特征,提高无人机定位和导航任务的准确性。

Radio frequency based distributed system for noncooperative UAV classification and positioning

With the increasing popularity of civilian unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs),safety issues arising from unsafe operations and terrorist activities have received growing attention.To address this problem,an accurate classification and positioning system is needed.Considering that UAVs usually use radio frequency(RF)signals for video transmission,in this paper,we design a passive distributed monitoring system that can classify and locate UAVs according to their RF signals.Specifically,three passive receivers are arranged in different locations to receive RF signals.Due to the noncooperation between a UAV and receivers,it is necessary to detect whether there is a UAV signal from the received signals.Hence,convolutional neural network(CNN)is proposed to not only detect the presence of the UAV,but also classify its type.After the UAV signal is detected,the time difference of arrival(TDOA)of the UAV signal arriving at the receiver is estimated by the cross-correlation method to obtain the corresponding distance difference.Finally,the Chan algorithm is used to calculate the location of the UAV.We deploy a distributed system constructed by three software defined radio(SDR)receivers on the campus playground,and conduct extensive experiments in a real wireless environment.The experimental results have successfully validated the proposed system.

水下无人航行器实时轨迹跟踪控制方法研究

针对水下无人航行器受外界不确定因素影响产生航行准确度低的问题,研究水下无人航行器实时轨迹跟踪控制方法。分析水下无人航行器运动特性,设计基于贝叶斯神经网络的水下无人航行器自适应控制器,以水下无人航行器的参考速度信号为网络输入,通过网络的不断训练,输出控制力矩,促使水下无人航行器的航行点与预设航行位误差趋近于0,完成实时轨迹跟踪控制。实验结果表明,该方法可完成直线轨迹、圆形曲线轨迹的跟踪控制,且航行点与预设航行位误差小、收敛快、波动次数少,具备轨迹跟踪控制抗干扰能力强、适应能力强的优势。

基于稀疏贝叶斯推断的密集城区内无人机目标直接定位算法

在当今社会,无人机“黑飞”现象日益频繁,给社会治理和公共安全带来了新的挑战。为了有效打击这一现象,迫切需要采取高精度的定位算法,以确保对无人机目标位置的准确获取。在一些密集城区内,定位设备的阵列天线接收到的信号是无人机经周边大量建筑物所构成的散射体散射后形成的多径分量的叠加,此时不能简单认为由点信源产生的,而是需要将目标建立为分布式信源模型。在这种情况下,如果仍采取传统的直接定位算法,在估计分布式信源位置时会出现性能急剧恶化的问题。针对上述问题,本文提出一种利用稀疏贝叶斯推断对相干分布式信源目标进行直接定位的算法。本算法首先建立相干分布式信源场景下多阵列联合的目标定位模型;对其构建稀疏概率框架,在该框架下对稀疏信号和噪声施加先验信息;之后利用贝叶斯推断方法可以更新迭代出超参数的估计值,进而得到每个网格点上的功率谱值;最后通过多维搜索来获取最大谱峰值处位置,即为信源位置。本文还详细推导了在数据域下相干分布式信源直接定位的克拉美罗下界,为算法的估计性能提供了基准。数值仿真结果表明在相干分布式信源模型下所提算法相比子空间类算法有着更高的定位精度和鲁棒性,在较多阵元情况下定位性能能够逼近最大似然估计算法。