Numerical simulation of unsteady interaction of centrifugal impeller with its diffuser using Lagrangian discrete vortex method

In this study, an advanced Lagrangian vortex- boundary element method is applied to simulate the unsteady impeller-diffuser interactions in a diffuser pump not only for design but also for off-design considerations. In velocity calculations based on the Biot-Savart law we do not have to grid large portions of the flow field and the calculation points are concentrated in the regions where vorticity is present. Lagrangian representation of the evolving vorticity field is well suited to moving boundaries. An integral pressure equation shows that the pressure distribution can be estimated directly from the instantaneous velocity and vorticity field. The numerical results are compared with the experimental data and the comparisons show that the method used in this study can provide us insight into the complicated unsteady impeller-diffuser interaction phenomena in a diffuser pump.

Effects of Bulbous Bow on Cross-Flow Vortex Structures Around a Streamlined Submersible Body at Intermediate Pitch Maneuver： A Numerical Investigation

A flow field around a streamlined body at an intermediate angle of incidence is dominated by cross-flow separation and vortical flow fields. The separated flow leads to a pair of vortices on the leeside of the body; therefore, it is essential to accurately determine this pair and estimate its size and location. This study utilizes the element-based finite volume method based on RANS equations to compute a 3D axisymmetric flow around a SUBOFF bare submarined hull. Cross-flow vortex structures are then numerically simulated and compared for a submarine with SUBOFF and DRDC STR bows. Computed results of pressure and shear stress distribution on the hull surface and the strength and locations of the vortex structures are presented at an intermediate incidence angle of 20°. A wind tunnel experiment is also conducted to experimentally visualize the vortex structures and measure their core locations. These experimental results are compared with the numerical data, and a good agreement is found.

Study on the Wake Shape behind a Wing in Ground Effect Using an Unsteady Discrete Vortex Panel Method

The unsteady evolution of trailing vortex sheets behind a wing in ground effect is simulated using an unsteady discrete vortex panel method. The ground effect is included by image method. The present method is validated by comparing the simulated wake roll-up shapes to published numerical results. When a wing is flying in a very close proximity to the ground, the optimal wing loading is parabolic rather than elliptic. Thus, a theoretical model of wing load distributions is suggested, and unsteady vortex evolutions behind lifting lines with both elliptic and parabolic load distributions are simulated for several ground heights. For a lifting line with elliptic and parabolic loading, the ground has the effect of moving the wingtip vortices laterally outward and suppressing the development of the vortex. When the wing is in a very close proximity to the ground, the types of wing load distributions does not affect much on the overall wake shapes, but parabolic load distributions make the wingtip vortices move more laterally outward than the elliptic load distributions.

Unsteady Behavior of Necklace Vortex Produced by a Square Plate Protrusion

In this study, the unsteady behavior of necklace vortices formed in front of a square flat plate was experimentally investigated by flow visualization and PIV analysis by using a water channel. As a result, the necklace vortices started to oscillate when the Reynolds number increased beyond approximately 2000. Then, an amalgamation behavior of the necklace vortices took place when the Reynolds number increased beyond approximately 2650. Furthermore, in the same Reynolds number range, a breakaway behavior appeared when the relative height of the square plate was beyond approximately h/δ = 4.0. The features of the necklace vortices behaviors in the oscillation, amalgamation and breakaway states were explained by observing the time-series image of path lines and by analyzing the frequency of velocity fluctuation.

UNSTEADY FLOW ANALYSIS IN A CROSS-FLOW FAN WITH A CASING

A numerical analysis method has been developed for the prediction of the flow in across-flow fan with a casing. The method has no simplifying assumptions regarding the geometryof both the impeller blades and the casing Taking into consideration the effect of the boundarylayer on the upper wall surface of the casing, the internal flow is analyzed using both the directboundary element method and the discrete vortex method by assuming that the flow istwo-dimensional. inviscid and incomtressible. In order to satisfy Kelven's theorem, vorticity is sh-ed at the trailing edges of each impeller blade, then the discrete vortex method is used to approxi-mate the convection of the free vorticity. Results are giver for the cross-flow fan with two differ-ent configurations of the casing with an dentical impeller.

Unsteady Numerical Simulation of Flow around 2-D Circular Cylinder for High Reynolds Numbers

In this paper, 2-D computational analyses were conducted for unsteady high Reynolds number flows around a smooth circular cylinder in the supercritical and upper-transition flow regimes, i.e. 8.21×104〈Re〈1.54×106. The calculations were performed by means of solving the 2-D Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes （URANS） equations with a k-ε turbulence model. The calculated results, produced flow structure drag and lift coefficients, as well as Strouhal numbers. The findings were in good agreement with previous published data, which also supplied us with a good understanding of the flow across cylinders of different high Reynolds numbers. Meanwhile, an effective measure was presented to control the lift force on a cylinder, which points the way to decrease the vortex induced vibration of marine structure in future.

INVESTIGATION OF VORTEX SHEDDING INDUCED HYDRODYNAMIC VIBRATION IN VORTEX STREET FLOWMETER

Vortex street flowmeter has been used in steady flow measurement for about three decades The benefits of this type of flowmeter include high accuracy,good linearty,wide measuring range,and excellent reliability However,in unsteady flow measurement,the pressure disturbance as well as the noise from the system or surrounding can reduce the signal to noise ratio of the flowmeter seriously Aimed to use vortex street flowmeters in unsteady flow measurement,the characteristics of the vortex shedding induced hydrodynamic vibration around the prism bluff body in a vortex street flowmeter are investigated numerically and by expriments The results show that the hydrodynamic vibrations with 180° phase shift occur at the axisymmetric points of the channel around the bluff body The most intense vibration occurs at the points on the lateral faces close to the base of the prism The results provide therefore a useful reference for developing an anti interference vortex flowmeter using the different ial sensing technique.

Unsteady bio-fluid dynamics in flying and swimming

Flying and swimming in nature present sophisticated and exciting ventures in biomimetics, which seeks sustainable solutions and solves practical problems by emulating nature＇s time-tested patterns, functions, and strategies. Bio-fluids in insect and bird flight, as well as in fish swimming are highly dynamic and unsteady; however, they have been studied mostly with a focus on the phenomena associated with a body or wings moving in a steady flow. Characterized by unsteady wing flapping and body undulation, fluid-structure interactions, flexible wings and bodies, turbulent environments, and complex maneuver, bio-fluid dynamics normally have challenges associated with low Reynolds number regime and high unsteadiness in modeling and analysis of flow physics. In this article, we review and highlight recent advances in unsteady bio-fluid dynamics in terms of leading-edge vortices, passive mechanisms in flexible wings and hinges, flapping flight in unsteady environments, and micro-structured aerodynamics in flapping flight, as well as undulatory swimming, flapping-fin hydrodynamics, body–fin interac-tion, C-start and maneuvering, swimming in turbulence,collective swimming, and micro-structured hydrodynamics in swimming. We further give a perspective outlook on future challenges and tasks of several key issues of the field.

Study on Forms of Vortex Breakdown over Delta Wing

Visualization test is performed at the water channel of BUAA. The vortex coreis visualized by dye injection from a small tube located upstream the apex of a delta wing. Thetest results are recorded by a video camera connected to a computer and processed by Photoshop^(^R)software. The test shows new findings in the following respects: (1) Besides the well known spiraland bubble forms of vortex breakdown, there are 3 other forms of vortex breakdown over delta wingfound in the test. They are the frog-jump form, the double spiral form and the filiform spiral form.(2) It has also been found that there is a transition from the spiral form to the bubble form andthen back to the spiral form in the test. Therefore it shows that the spiral form vortex breakdownover delta wing is often observed. (3) In a certain sense it can be said that the bubble form ofvortex breakdown is a special case of the spiral form type. There is no essential difference betweenthem. For the bubble form of vortex breakdown , there are branches of the vortex core and manyelements carrying vorticity separated from the vortex core. However, there is at least one vortexfilament that forms a spiral or a complex warping shape.

CONTROL OF UNSTEADY VORTICAL LIFT ON AN AIRFOIL BY LEADING-EDGE BLOWING-SUCTION

The effects of leading-edge blowing-suction on the vortex how past an airfoil at high incidence are investigated numerically by solving the Navier-Stokes equations. The results indicate that the frequency of the flowfield excited by the periodic blowing-suction locks into the forcing frequency, which is half of the dominant frequency for the flow past a fixed airfoil without injection. In that case, a well-developed primary leading-edge vortex occupies the upper surface of the airfoil and the largest lift augmentation is obtained.

Investigation of the Flow Structure on a Flat Plate Induced by Unsteady Plasma Actuation with DNS Methods

An investigation into the flow characteristic on a flat plate induced by an unsteady plasma was conducted with the methods of direct numerical simulations（DNS）.A simplified model of dielectric barrier discharge（DBD） plasma was applied and its parameters were calibrated with the experimental results.In the simulations,effects of the actuation frequency on the flow were examined.The instantaneous flow parameters were also drawn to serve as a detailed study on the behavior when the plasma actuator was applied to the flow.The result shows that induced by the unsteady actuation,a series of vortex pairs which showed dipole formation and periodicity distribution were formed in the boundary layer.The production of these vortex pairs indicated a strong energy exchange between the main flow and the boundary layer.They moved downstream under the action of the free stream and decayed under the influence of the fluid viscosity.The distance of the neighboring vortices was found to be determined by the actuation frequency.Interaction of the neighboring vortices would be ignored when the actuation frequency was too small to make a difference.

THE EVOLUTION OF STARTING VORTEX AND SECONDARY SEPARATION ON AN ELLIPTIC CYLINDER

Flow visualization was used to investigate experimentally the evolution process from symmetrical shedding to staggered shedding of the starting vortex and the phenomenon of secondary separation on an elliptic cylinder at moderate Reynolds numbers.The vortex structure of the flow separation was studied.The temporal variation of separation angle and length of wake vortex were given. The photographs and experimental results provided basis for further investigation of the complicated feature of the starting process of unsteady separated flows around an elliptic cylinder.

TUNNEL INTERFERENCE IN UNSTEADY POST-STALL EXPERIMENTS

The effect of the size of a delta wing relative to that of the test section on the vortex breakdown location over a delta wing oscillating in pitch to very high angles of attack was investigated experimentally using flow visualization. The unsteady wall pressure characteristics such as delay, frequency were analyzed. An unsteady tunnel wall correction, applying influence functions in steady wall pressure correction method and unsteady wall pressure at the optimum points, was presented. Experimental examinations prove that the unsteady tunnel wall correction is desirable.

Simulation of vortex shedding behind a bluff body flame stabilizer using a hybrid U-RANS/PDF method

The present study aims at the investigation of the effects of turbulence-chemistry interaction on combus- tion instabilities using a probability density function （PDF） method. The instantaneous quantities in the flow field were decomposed into the Favre-averaged variables and the stochastic fluctuations, which were calculated by unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes （U-RANS） equations and the PDF model, respectively. A joint fluctuating velocity- frequency-composition PDF was used. The governing equa- tions are solved by a consistent hybrid finite volume/Monte- Carlo algorithm on triangular unstructured meshes. A non- reacting flow behind a triangular-shaped bluff body flame stabilizer in a rectilinear combustor was simulated by the present method. The results demonstrate the capability of the present method to capture the large-scale coherent struc- tures. The triple decomposition was performed, by divid- ing the coherent Favre-averaged velocity into time-averaged value and periodical coherent part, to analyze the coherent and incoherent contributions to Reynolds stresses. A sim- ple modification to the coefficients in the turbulent frequency model will help to improve the simulation results. Unsteady flow fields were depicted by streamlines and vorticity con- tours. Moreover, the association between turbulence produc- tion and vorticity saddle points is illustrated.

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR THE UNSTEADY NEARSHORE CIRCULATION DUE TO WAVE－CURRENT INTERACTION（II）──TWO－STEP EXPLICIT FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

In this paper, the two-step explicit finite element analysis for the numerical modelof the unsteady nearshore circulation proposed in Ref [ 1]and its realization of Fortranprogram are presented.A circulation has been clearly shown in the calculated wave-current velocity field,and it is in good agreement with observations

THE DOUBLE AND TRIPLE VELOCITY CORRELATIONS OF SMALL VORTEXES IN THREE-VORTEX MODEL THEORY AND THE DECAY OF GRID-PRODUCED TURBULENCE

In the three-vortex model theory of turbulence[1,2] and double and the triple velocity correlation functions of small vortexes were employed. In this paper, the double and the triple velocity correlation functions of small vortexes are further discussed, and the expressions of some coefficients in the expansions in terms of relative displacement of two points are given. Finally, by using these coefficients, the decay of grid-produced trubulence is calculated. The result of calculations gives good agreement with the experimental data of G.K. Batchelor and A.A.Townsend[3]

Numerical Investigation on Vortex Structure and Aerodynamic Noise Performance of Small Axial Flow Fan

The details of unsteady flow field in small axial fans are described and the relationship between the internal flow char- acteristics and aerodynamic noise of small axial flow fans are explored in the manuscript. Firstly, the broadband noise model is introduced to calculate the distributions of broadband noise sources in fan’s internal flow field, and further fan’s internal flow characteristics affecting broadband noise sources are analyzed by the main distributions of broad- band noise sources. Secondly, the unsteady characteristics of vortex structure in fan’s internal flow field are analyzed by large eddy simulation, and FH-W acoustic model is introduced to calculate aerodynamic noise affected by the unsteady characteristics of vortex structure. Finally, Monitoring points are set up near and far field of small axial fans, at which sound pressure level and spectral characteristics are analyzed. The results show that broadband noise sources are mainly distributed at the tip clearance close to blade trailing edge and one third of chord length of blade trailing edge of small axial fans. The maximum sound power of broadband noise sources at the tip clearance is greater than that at blade trail- ing edge. Sound power level of broadband noise near one third of blade chord length of blade trailing edge is first in- creasing and then decreasing when the distance between radial planes and the center of fan hub increases. Fan’s internal flow characteristics affecting broadband noise sources are the tip leakage vortex and the trailing edge vortex shedding. The tip leakage vortices at the leading edge of blade tip first integrate and then break down, while vortex cores of the trailing edge vortex shedding gradually move from blade hub to one-third of blade chord length and then move to far field within a one-seventh of the rotation cycle. Within a flow passage of fan rotation period, sound pressure level of the monitoring points is relevant to the unsteady feature of vortex structure and the main bands of aerodynamic noise of monitor points are irrelevant to the unsteady feature of vortex structure, relating to the distance between the monitor points and fan. With the above distance increasing, the main bands of aerodynamic noise are widened and moved from the low bands to high bands. All conclusions in the paper will provide significant references for reducing the noise of small axial flow fans.

压气机内部旋转不稳定的研究综述

旋转不稳定是压气机工作在高负荷近失速工况时的一种常见现象。研究旋转不稳定在降低压气机工作噪声、减小流致振动以及保障航空发动机稳定工作等方面具有重要意义。首先对旋转不稳定现象进行了回顾,详细讨论了旋转不稳定的特征。其次,重点调研了旋转不稳定的起源和机理,将旋转不稳定产生的原因归纳为叶尖泄漏流、涡脱落以及流动剪切等类别。此外,回顾了模拟旋转不稳定的数值方法,讨论了多种流动控制手段对旋转不稳定的作用效果。最后,对旋转不稳定的研究现状进行了总结,对未来的研究趋势进行了展望。

阀板尾迹对离心泵性能的影响

离心泵进水管路通常布置阀门供检修时切断水流,这会导致离心泵入流畸变。该研究旨在分析泵前检修阀所诱发的非定常尾迹特征及其对大流量工况离心泵运行特性的影响机理。试验对比了均匀来流和畸变来流条件下离心泵的外特性,数值模拟研究了阀板尾迹涡的流动特征及其对离心泵非稳态内流场的影响,分析了阀板尾迹涡诱发的叶轮径向力。结果表明:两种来流条件下数值模拟与试验得到的离心泵外特性误差在5%以内;对离心泵性能产生主要影响的尾迹涡主要来自阀门阀板一侧的边界层分离与卷吸,入流畸变导致大流量工况下离心泵效率相较于均匀入流下降9.15%,扬程降低1.2 m;阀板尾迹在离心泵入口产生1.9倍转频的脉动频率;尾迹涡的周期性入流导致两个叶片前缘的最大相对液流角由30°分别增大至43°和39°,这两个叶片的压力面脱流加剧,产生逐渐向下游耗散的失速团,叶片承受2倍转频的非稳态激振力;尾迹涡的周期性吸入导致叶轮上的时均径向力增大至均匀入流的4.5倍左右,最大径向力达到均匀入流的7倍左右,径向力矢量发生偏移,离心泵断轴风险加剧。研究结果可为工业现场中离心泵运行稳定性的改善提供理论依据。

非定常空化涡旋结构演化及压力波机制的研究

压力波机制是空化流动机制的一种,压力波的产生和传播是空化不稳定的重要来源。基于可压缩流体求解器和分离涡模拟(detached-eddy simulation,DES)研究了三维水翼空化流动。结果表明,压力波是由先前脱落的云空泡溃灭产生的,其传播过程会导致片状空泡的收缩和水翼表面高压力脉冲。压力波的产生会强烈扰乱涡旋的运动,水翼表面上的稳定涡旋结构被卷起,并且被小尺度涡旋结构所替代。采用动力学模态分解(dynamic mode decomposition,DMD)方法分析流场特征,压力波效应和附着片状空泡的演变占据了流场的主要能量。