UNSTEADY/STEADY NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL INCOMPRESSIBLE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS ON ARTIFICIAL COMPRESSIBILITY

A mixed algorithm of central and upwind difference scheme for the solution of steady/unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is presented. The algorithm is based on the method of artificial compressibility and uses a third-order flux-difference splitting technique for the convective terms and the second-order central difference for the viscous terms. The numerical flux of semi-discrete equations is computed by using the Roe approximation. Time accuracy is obtained in the numerical solutions by subiterating the equations in pseudotime for each physical time step. The algebraic turbulence model of Baldwin-Lomax is ulsed in this work. As examples, the solutions of flow through two dimensional flat, airfoil, prolate spheroid and cerebral aneurysm are computed and the results are compared with experimental data. The results show that the coefficient of pressure and skin friction are agreement with experimental data, the largest discrepancy occur in the separation region where the lagebraic turbulence model of Baldwin-Lomax could not exactly predict the flow.

BOUNDARY LAYER ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOR OF INCOMPRESSIBLE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATION IN A CYLINDER WITH SMALL VISCOSITY

The object of this article is to study the boundary layer appearing at large Reynolds number （small viscosity ε） incompressible Navier Stokes Equation in a cylinder in space dimension three. These are Navier-Stokes equations linearized around a fixed velocity flow： the authors study the convergence as ε →0 to the inviscid type equations, the authors define the correctors needed to resolve the boundary layer and obtain convergence results valid up to the boundary and the authors also study the behavior of the boundary layer when, simultaneously, time and the Reynolds number tend to infinity, in which case the boundary layer tends to pervade the whole domain.

Low order nonconforming mixed finite element method for nonstationary incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

This paper studies a low order mixed finite element method （FEM） for nonstationary incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The velocity and pressure are approximated by the nonconforming constrained Q1^4ot element and the piecewise constant, respectively. The superconvergent error estimates of the velocity in the broken H^1-norm and the pressure in the L^2-norm are obtained respectively when the exact solutions are reasonably smooth. A numerical experiment is carried out to confirm the theoretical results.

On the Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations with Damping

We consider dynamics system with damping, which are obtained by some transformations from the system of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. These have similar properties to original Navier-Stokes equations the scaling invariance. Due to the presence of the damping term, conclusions are different with proving the origin of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and get some new conclusions. For one form of dynamics system with damping we prove the existence of solution, and get the existence of the attractors. Moreover, we discuss with limit-behavior the deformations of the Navier-Stokes equation.

A class of fully third-order accurate projection methods for solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

In this paper, a fully third-order accurate projection method for solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is proposed. To construct the scheme, a continuous projection procedure is firstly presented. We then derive a sufficient condition for the continuous projection equations to be temporally third-order accurate approximations of the original Navier-Stokes equations by means of the localtruncation-error-analysis technique. The continuous projection equations are discretized temporally and spatially to third-order accuracy on the staggered grids, resulting in a fully third-order discrete projection scheme. The possibility to design higher-order projection methods is thus demonstrated in the present paper. A heuristic stability analysis is performed on this projection method showing the probability of its being stable. The stability of the present scheme is further verified through numerical tests. The third-order accuracy of the present projection method is validated by several numerical test cases.

Direct spectral domain decomposition method for 2D incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

An efficient direct spectral domain decomposition method is developed coupled with Chebyshev spectral approximation for the solution of 2D, unsteady and in- compressible Navier-Stokes equations in complex geometries. In this numerical approach, the spatial domains of interest are decomposed into several non-overlapping rectangu- lar sub-domains. In each sub-domain, an improved projection scheme with second-order accuracy is used to deal with the coupling of velocity and pressure, and the Chebyshev collocation spectral method （CSM） is adopted to execute the spatial discretization. The influence matrix technique is employed to enforce the continuities of both variables and their normal derivatives between the adjacent sub-domains. The imposing of the Neu- mann boundary conditions to the Poisson equations of pressure and intermediate variable will result in the indeterminate solution. A new strategy of assuming the Dirichlet bound- ary conditions on interface and using the first-order normal derivatives as transmission conditions to keep the continuities of variables is proposed to overcome this trouble. Three test cases are used to verify the accuracy and efficiency, and the detailed comparison be- tween the numerical results and the available solutions is done. The results indicate that the present method is efficiency, stability, and accuracy.

ON A NEW 3D MODEL FOR INCOMPRESSIBLE EULER AND NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS

In this paper, we investigate some new properties of the incompressible Euler and Navier-Stokes equations by studying a 3D model for axisymmetric 3D incompressible Euler and Navier-Stokes equations with swirl. The 3D model is derived by reformulating the axisymmetric 3D incompressible Euler and Navier-Stokes equations and then neglecting the convection term of the resulting equations. Some properties of this 3D model are reviewed. Finally, some potential features of the incompressible Euler and Navier-Stokes equations such as the stabilizing effect of the convection are presented.

Hierarchical Expansion Method in the Solution of the Navier-Stokes Equations for Incompressible Fluids in Laminar Two-Dimensional Flow

Among the several methods used to solve the Navier-Stokes equations Hierarchical Expansion Method has demonstrated satisfactory results. This work aimed to apply the expansion of the variables in hierarchical functions for the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible fluids in two dimensions in laminar flow. This method is based on the finite element method. The expansion functions in this study were based on Legendre polynomials, adjusted in the rectangular elements in such a way that corner, side and area functions were defined. The order of the expansion functions associated with the sides and with the area of the elements is adjusted to the necessary or desired degree. This method is denominated by Hierarchical Expansion Method. In order to validate the proposed numeric method three well-known problems of the literature in two dimensions were analyzed;however, for this paper only one problem was presented. The results demonstrated that method was able to provide precise results. From the results obtained in this paper it is possible to conclude that the hierarchical expansion method can be effective for the solution of fluid dynamic problems that involve incompressible fluids.

A Novel Staggered Semi-implicit Space-Time Discontinuous Galerkin Method for the Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations

A new high-order accurate staggered semi-implicit space-time discontinuous Galerkin(DG)method is presented for the simulation of viscous incompressible flows on unstructured triangular grids in two space dimensions.The staggered DG scheme defines the discrete pressure on the primal triangular mesh,while the discrete velocity is defined on a staggered edge-based dual quadrilateral mesh.In this paper,a new pair of equal-order-interpolation velocity-pressure finite elements is proposed.On the primary triangular mesh(the pressure elements),the basis functions are piecewise polynomials of degree N and are allowed to jump on the boundaries of each triangle.On the dual mesh instead(the velocity elements),the basis functions consist in the union of piecewise polynomials of degree N on the two subtriangles that compose each quadrilateral and are allowed to jump only on the dual element boundaries,while they are continuous inside.In other words,the basis functions on the dual mesh arc built by continuous finite elements on the subtriangles.This choice allows the construction of an efficient,quadrature-free and memory saving algorithm.In our coupled space-time pressure correction formulation for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations,the arbitrary high order of accuracy in time is achieved through tire use of time-dependent test and basis functions,in combination with simple and efficient Picard iterations.Several numerical tests on classical benchmarks confirm that the proposed method outperforms existing staggered semi-implicit space-time DG schemes,not only from a computer memory point of view,but also concerning the computational time.

Least Square Finite Element Method for Viscous Splitting of Unsteady Incompressible Navier–Stokes Equations

In order to solve unsteady incompressible Navier–Stokes(N–S) equations, a new stabilized finite element method,called the viscous-splitting least square FEM, is proposed. In the model, the N–S equations are split into diffusive and convective parts in each time step. The diffusive part is discretized by the backward difference method in time and discretized by the standard Galerkin method in space. The convective part is a first-order nonlinear equation.After the linearization of the nonlinear part by Newton’s method, the convective part is also discretized by the backward difference method in time and discretized by least square scheme in space. C0-type element can be used for interpolation of the velocity and pressure in the present model. Driven cavity flow and flow past a circular cylinder are conducted to validate the present model. Numerical results agree with previous numerical results, and the model has high accuracy and can be used to simulate problems with complex geometry.

NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF NAVIER-STOKES EQUATION OF UNSTEADY SEPARATED FLOWS DUE TO A SPOILER'S OSCILLATION

The finite difference method (FDM) is applied in the present paper to solve the unsteady NHS equations for incompressible fluids. ADI and SLOR methods are served for the vorticity equation and the Poisson equation for ψ respectively. The upwind scheme is used for the convective terms. The moving boundary conditions are specially treated, and the effects of outlet conditions on the flow field are abo examined. Numerical results obtained show that the spoiler's oscillation induces forming, growing and shedding of the vortices. The shedding frequency of vortices is equal to that of the spoiler's oscillation. The forced unsteady separated flows under the present investigation depend mainly on the reduced frequency. At low reduced frequency, the vortices shed from the spoiler interact weakly with each other, and move downstream at an almost uniform speed of 038 V∞. At high reduced frequency, the interaction between the adjacent vortices strengthens. They close up to and rotate around each other, and eventually, merge into one vortex.

Solving Navier-Stokes equation by mixed interpolation method

The operator splitting method is used to deal with the Navier-Stokes equation, in which the physical process described by the equation is decomposed into two processes： a diffusion process and a convection process; and the finite element equation is established. The velocity field in the element is described by the shape function of the isoparametric element with nine nodes and the pressure field is described by the interpolation function of the four nodes at the vertex of the isoparametric element with nine nodes. The subroutine of the element and the integrated finite element code are generated by the Finite Element Program Generator （FEPG） successfully. The numerical simulation about the incompressible viscous liquid flowing over a cylinder is carded out. The solution agrees with the experimental results very well.

Forward flight of a model butterfly: Simulation by equations of motion coupled with the Navier-Stokes equations

The forward flight of a model butterfly was stud- ied by simulation using the equations of motion coupled with the Navier-Stokes equations. The model butterfly moved under the action of aerodynamic and gravitational forces, where the aerodynamic forces were generated by flapping wings which moved with the body, allowing the body os- cillations of the model butterfly to be simulated. The main results are as follows： （1） The aerodynamic force produced by the wings is approximately perpendicular to the long-axis of body and is much larger in the downstroke than in the up- stroke. In the downstroke the body pitch angle is small and the large aerodynamic force points up and slightly backward, giving the weight-supporting vertical force and a small neg- ative horizontal force, whilst in the upstroke, the body an- gle is large and the relatively small aerodynamic force points forward and slightly downward, giving a positive horizon- tal force which overcomes the body drag and the negative horizontal force generated in the downstroke. （2） Pitching oscillation of the butterfly body plays an equivalent role of the wing-rotation of many other insects. （3） The body-mass- specific power of the model butterfly is 33.3 W/kg, not very different from that of many other insects, e.g., fruitflies and dragonflies.

Preconditioners for Incompressible Navier-Stokes Solvers

In this paper we give an overview of the present state of fast solvers for the solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations discretized by the finite element method and linearized by Newton or Picard's method.It is shown that block preconditioners form an excellent approach for the solution,however if the grids are not to fine preconditioning with a Saddle point ILU matrix(SILU) may be an attractive alternative. The applicability of all methods to stabilized elements is investigated.In case of the stand-alone Stokes equations special preconditioners increase the efficiency considerably.

THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS WITH THE KINEMATIC AND VORTICITY BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ON NON-FLAT BOUNDARIES

We study the initial-boundary value problem of the Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible fluids in a general domain in R^n with compact and smooth boundary, subject to the kinematic and vorticity boundary conditions on the non-flat boundary. We observe that, under the nonhomogeneous boundary conditions, the pressure p can be still recovered by solving the Neumann problem for the Poisson equation. Then we establish the well-posedness of the unsteady Stokes equations and employ the solution to reduce our initial-boundary value problem into an initial-boundary value problem with absolute boundary conditions. Based on this, we first establish the well-posedness for an appropriate local linearized problem with the absolute boundary conditions and the initial condition （without the incompressibility condition）, which establishes a velocity mapping. Then we develop apriori estimates for the velocity mapping, especially involving the Sobolev norm for the time-derivative of the mapping to deal with the complicated boundary conditions, which leads to the existence of the fixed point of the mapping and the existence of solutions to our initial-boundary value problem. Finally, we establish that, when the viscosity coefficient tends zero, the strong solutions of the initial-boundary value problem in R^n（n ≥ 3） with nonhomogeneous vorticity boundary condition converge in L^2 to the corresponding Euler equations satisfying the kinematic condition.

A Short and Simple Solution of the Millennium Problem about the Navier-Stokes Equations and Similarly for the Euler Equations

This paper presents a very short solution to the 4th Millennium problem about the Navier-Stokes equations. The solution proves that there cannot be a blow up in finite or infinite time, and the local in time smooth solutions can be extended for all times, thus regularity. This happily is proved not only for the Navier-Stokes equations but also for the inviscid case of the Euler equations both for the periodic or non-periodic formulation and without external forcing (homogeneous case). The proof is based on an appropriate modified extension in the viscous case of the well-known Helmholtz-Kelvin-Stokes theorem of invariance of the circulation of velocity in the Euler inviscid flows. This is essentially a 1D line density of (rotatory) momentum conservation. We discover a similar 2D surface density of (rotatory) momentum conservation. These conservations are indispensable, besides to the ordinary momentum conservation, to prove that there cannot be a blow-up in finite time, of the point vorticities, thus regularity.

A FINITE ELEMENT SOLVER FOR NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS VIA VORTICITY AND VELOCITY

The incompressible Navier Stokes equations are solved via variables of vorticity and velocity. Firstly, a rigorous variational framework with the equivalence between the velocity pressure and the vorticity velocity formulations is presented in a Lipschitz domain. Next, a class of Galerkin finite element approximations of the corresponding variational form is introduced, and a convergence analysis is given for the Stokes problem. Finally, an iterative finite element solver for the Navier Stokes problem is proposed.

ON THE STABILITY OF THE RESIDUAL-FREE BUBBLES FOR THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS

This paper considers the Calerkin finite element method for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in two dimensions, where the finite-dimensional spaces employed consist of piecewise polynomials enriched with residual-free bubble （RFB） functions. The stability features of the residual-free bubble functions for the linearized Navier-Stokes equations are analyzed in this work. It is shown that the enrichment of the velocity space by bubble functions stabilizes the numerical method for any value of the viscosity parameter for triangular elements and for values of the viscosity parameter in the vanishing limit case for quadrilateral elements.

Analysis of the Navier-Stokes Equations

The Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible fluid flows with impervious boundary and free surface are analyzed by means of a perturbation procedure involving dimensionless variables and a dimensionless perturbation parameter which is composed of kinematic viscosity of fluid, the acceleration of gravity and a characteristic length. The new dimensionless variables are introduced into the equation system. In addition, the perturbation parameter is introduced into terms for deriving approximations systems of different orders. Such systems are obtained by equating coefficients of like powers of perturbation parameter for the successive coefficients in the series. In these systems several terms are analyzed with regards to size and significance. Based on those systems, suitable solutions of NS equations can be found for different boundary conditions. For example, a relation for stationary channel flow is obtained as approximation to the NS equations of the lowest order after transformation back to dimensional variables.

HIGH-ORDER ACCURATE AND HIGH-RESOLUTION UPWIND FINITE VOLUME SCHEME FOR SOLVING EULER/REYNOLDS-AVERAGED NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS

A high-order accurate explicit scheme is proposed for solving Euler/Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations for steady and unsteady flows, respectively. Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model is utilized to obtain the turbulent viscosity. For the explicit scheme, the Runge-Kutta time-stepping methods of third orders are used in time integration, and space discretization for the right-hand side (RHS) terms of semi-discrete equations is performed by third-order ENN scheme for inviscid terms and fourth-order compact difference for viscous terms. Numerical experiments suggest that the present scheme not only has a fairly rapid convergence rate, but also can generate a highly resolved approximation to numerical solution, even to unsteady problem.