Selection of Water Transmission Method and Analysis of Pipe Network Zoning in Municipal Water Supply and Drainage Design

With the acceleration of urbanization,the demand for water supply and drainage pipe networks has increased significantly.In the planning of urban construction,it is necessary to optimize the design of the water supply and drainage system pipe network to effectively save energy while providing residents with more accessible water resources.Therefore,the municipal water supply and drainage system and the water transmission methods should be designed according to the geographical conditions of the city.In this paper,we mainly analyze the design of municipal water supply and drainage systems and the selection of water transmission methods.Besides,the optimization of the water supply and drainage network zoning process and pipe network maintenance is also discussed,so as to provide a reference for municipal water supply and drainage work.

Analysis of Municipal Water Supply and Drainage Pipe Design Technology

The quality and safety of residents’water rely heavily on the design of municipal water supply and drainage pipes.Therefore,this paper aims to enhance the optimization of municipal water supply and drainage pipe design by focusing on design requirements,principles,and key elements.Drawing from relevant design optimization experiences,technology advancements,and optimization measures,the research will analyze and consolidate the essential aspects of municipal water supply and drainage pipe design.The goal is to fundamentally elevate the quality standards of these designs,ensuring they meet the criteria for engineering project excellence.Through this comprehensive approach,we aim to contribute to the improvement and sustainability of water supply and drainage systems,safeguarding the well-being of residents.

Water Supply and Drainage Design for Prefabricated Buildings Under the Green Building Concept

With the continuous development of society and the market economy,people are putting forward higher and higher requirements for the construction,technology,and environmental friendliness of buildings.The prefabricated building not only has high installation efficiency,but is also safe and environmentally friendly,which is in line with the green building concept.The drainage design is a critical part of prefabricated buildings.In order to ensure the quality and construction efficiency of the building project,it is necessary to design the building water supply and drainage properly.Therefore,an in-depth investigation on prefabricated buildings was carried out in this paper,and water supply and drainage design for prefabricated buildings under the green building concept is proposed,in hopes of providing references for future water supply and drainage designs.

The Impact of Inoculum Preparation Media on Pollutant Removal through Phycoremediation of Agricultural Drainage Water by Desmodesmus sp.

Water is the most essential natural resource for the future development.Agriculture production is extensively water-dependent and a significant polluter of water resources.So,this work investigated the effect of two different preparation media[Bold’s Basal Medium(BBM)and Domiati cheese whey(DCW)]for agricultural drainage water(ADW)remediation.All treatments were incubated for 6 days.According to the results of biomass productivity,specific growth rate,photosynthetic pigments,and biochemical composition,Desmodesmus sp.can grow in drainage water without dilution.The two treatments significantly reduced the concentration of nitrate,phosphate,chemical oxygen demand,and sodium in ADW.Finally,using cheese whey with BBM as inoculum preparation media enhanced the lipid accumulation in the algal biomass(25.4%w/w)and gave the best biodiesel properties among treatments.Therefore,combining remediation of drainage water with microalgae mass production can achieve the sustainability of agriculture.

Controlled drainage in the Nile River delta of Egypt:a promising approach for decreasing drainage off-site effects and enhancing yield and water use efficiency of wheat

North Africa is one of the most regions impacted by water shortage.The implementation of controlled drainage(CD)in the northern Nile River delta of Egypt is one strategy to decrease irrigation,thus alleviating the negative impact of water shortage.This study investigated the impacts of CD at different levels on drainage outflow,water table level,nitrate loss,grain yield,and water use efficiency(WUE)of various wheat cultivars.Two levels of CD,i.e.,0.4 m below the soil surface(CD-0.4)and 0.8 m below the soil surface(CD-0.8),were compared with subsurface free drainage(SFD)at 1.2 m below the soil surface(SFD-1.2).Under each drainage treatment,four wheat cultivars were grown for two growing seasons(November 2018–April 2019 and November 2019–April 2020).Compared with SFD-1.2,CD-0.4 and CD-0.8 decreased irrigation water by 42.0%and 19.9%,drainage outflow by 40.3%and 27.3%,and nitrate loss by 35.3%and 20.8%,respectively.Under CD treatments,plants absorbed a significant portion of their evapotranspiration from shallow groundwater(22.0%and 8.0%for CD-0.4 and CD-0.8,respectively).All wheat cultivars positively responded to CD treatments,and the highest grain yield and straw yield were obtained under CD-0.4 treatment.Using the initial soil salinity as a reference,the soil salinity under CD-0.4 treatment increased two-fold by the end of the second growing season without negative impacts on wheat yield.Modifying the drainage system by raising the outlet elevation and considering shallow groundwater contribution to crop evapotranspiration promoted water-saving and WUE.Different responses could be obtained based on the different plant tolerance to salinity and water stress,crop characteristics,and growth stage.Site-specific soil salinity management practices will be required to avoid soil salinization due to the adoption of long-term shallow groundwater in Egypt and other similar agroecosystems.

Research and Application of Ecological Outdoor Ground Structure with Composite Water Storage and Drainage Function

In order to solve the problems of surface runoff increase,water accumulation in rainy days and urban heat island effect,an ecological outdoor ground structure with composite water storage and drainage functions was studied and applied in this paper:Through the comprehensive design of road ground,road inspection well,garden inspection well and drainage pipe network,it can quickly store and drain ground water,alleviate the urban heat island effect,realize plant infiltration irrigation,and achieve the purpose of saving water and energy.

Growth Rate and Chemical Muscle Composition of Oreochromis niloticus Fish Cultured in Drainage Water and Fed Antioxidant Supplemented Diet

Irrigation of fish farms with agricultural drainage water may affect cultured fish species. So, the present study utilizes antioxidants supplemented diet to overcome deterioration of drainage water and its negative effect on fish. The studied groups are fish cultured in dechlorinated tap water as control group or drainage water and fed commercial basal diet. While, the other studied groups represented by Oreochromis niloticus fish cultured in drainage water and fed either commercial diet supplemented with vitamin C (5 g/kg diet) or fennel (5 g/kg diet) for 12 weeks. Results of the water physico-chemical parameters of all studied treatments revealed deterioration of the drainage water with a decrease in dissolved oxygen and an increase in pH, total hardness, total alkalinity, salinity, ammonia, nitrite and heavy metals (Cu, Pb and Cd) with significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) in comparison to that of the control dechlorinated tap water group. Data clarified also that Oreochromis niloticus cultured in drainage water showed a decrease in growth rate accompanied by deterioration of fish meat quality. However, fish reared in the same drainage water for the same exposure period and fed vitamin C or fennel supplemented basal diet (5 g/kg diet) recorded values of the studied parameters more or less similar to that of control group fish. Data of the present study, empowered aquaculturist to supplement fish rations with fennel or vitamin C as antioxidants to improve fish growth rate, meat quality as well as protect fish against heavy metals toxicity that could threat Human Being.

Preliminary Research on Water Supply,Drainage,and HVAC Equipment in Shanghai Historic Buildings During the Northern Warlord Period

During the Northern Warlord Period(1912–1928),the construction industry in Shanghai underwent robust development.As an integral element of buildings,equipment served both functional purposes and stood witness to the evolution of the economy and society,thus earning its place as part of the architectural heritage.However,due to various reasons,there are many loopholes in the protection of these building equipment.This paper examines the development of building equipment in Shanghai during the Northern Warlord Period,using water supply,drainage,and heating,ventilation,and air conditioning(HVAC)systems as examples.Through historical context analysis,it summarizes this development from a social-spatial perspective,infers the reasons behind it,and analyzes the importance of preserving such equipment,considering both past and present viewpoints.In this research,the importance of protecting historical building equipment is emphasized,which aims to give people a deeper understanding of their cultural value,and suggests that scholars conduct more practical research on their protection.

P Fractions in Drainage Waters from the Broadbalk Continuous Wheat Experiment at Rothamsted

Total P (TP), total participate P (PP), total dissolved P (TDP), molybdatereactive P (MRP) and dissolved organic P (DOP) were determined in waters from pipe-drains (at 65-cmdepth) from the Broadbalk Experiment at Rothamsted Research, UK. Average TPand PP exceeded 1 mgL^(-1) in about half of the 12 plots receiving superphosphate for the 5 measurements taken betweenDecember 2000 and April 2001. Ranging between 33.8% and 87.3% of TP, PP was the largest P fractionin drainage waters, with DOP, ranging from 0.5% to 26.2% of TP, being the smallest fraction Meanproportions of PP, MRP and DOP in TP in drainage waters were 63.4%, 32.5% and 4.1%, respectively.These findings support previous findings that P losses from soil to drainage waters were muchlargerthan previously thought, and could therefore make a significant contribution to eutrophication.

Characteristics of deep drainage and soil water in the mobile sandy lands of Inner Mongolia, northern China

Quantification of deep drainage and the response of soil water content to rainfall patterns are critical for an effective management strategy of soil water conservation and groundwater utilization. However, there has been little information on how rainfall characteristics influence soil water dynamics and deep drainage in mobile sandy lands. We used an underground chamber to examine the responses of deep drainage and soil water content in mobile sandy lands to rainfall characteristics in Inner Mongolia during the growing seasons of 2010, 2011 and 2012. Results showed that rainfall in this area was dominated by small events （〈5 mm）, which increased soil water con- tent in the surface soil layers （0-40 cm）, but did not increase soil water content in the deeper soil layers （greater than 40 cm）. Soil water content at the 0-100 cm depth increased significantly when the total amount of rain was 〉20 mm. Rainfall amount, intensity and the duration of dry intervals were significantly related to the soil water content in different soil layers. Deep drainage was significantly correlated with rainfall amount and intensity, but not with the duration of dry intervals. The coefficients of deep drainage in the mobile sandy lands ranged from 61.30% to 67.94% during the growing seasons. Our results suggested that rainfall infiltration in the mobile sandy lands had considerable potential to increase soil water storage while recharging the groundwater in this region.

Experimental study on water-saving and emission-reduction effects of controlled drainage technology

Field experiments and laboratory analysis were carried out to determine the effects of controlled drainage（CTD） and conventional drainage（CVD） technologies on drainage volume, concentrations of NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and total phosphorus（TP）, nitrogen and phosphorus losses, rice yield,and water utilization efficiency. Results show that CTD technology can effectively reduce drainage times and volume; NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and TP concentrations, from the first to the fourth day after four rainstorms decreased by 28.7%e46.7%, 37.5%e47.5%, and 22.7e31.2%, respectively,with CTD. These are significantly higher rates of decrease than those observed with CVD. CTD can significantly reduce nitrogen and phosphorus losses in field drainage, compared with CVD; the reduction rates observed in this study were, respectively, 66.72%, 55.56%, and 42.81% for NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and TP. Furthermore, in the CTD mode, the rice yield was cut slightly. In the CVD mode, the water production efficiencies in unit irrigation water quantity, unit field water consumption, and unit evapotranspiration were, respectively, 0.85, 0.48, and 1.22 kg/m^3, while in the CTD mode they were 2.91, 0.84, and 1.61 kg/m^3 din other words, 3.42, 1.75, and 1.32 times those of CVD. Furthermore, the results of analysis of variance（ANOVA） show that the indicators in both the CVD and CTD modes, including the concentrations of NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and TP, the losses of NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and TP, irrigation water quantity, and water consumption, showed extremely significant differences between the modes, but the rice yield showed no significant difference.

Study of the Optimization and Adjustment ofthe IndustrialStructure Subjected to Water Resource in the Drainage Area of the Yellow River

Since the 1990s, the Yellow River stream has been temporarily interrupted for several years, which affects the development of society, the economy and human life, limits the economic potential of the drainage areas, and especially causes great harm to regions on the lower reaches. Based on the analysis of the relationship between the development of society and economy and water scarcity, the author thinks it is necessary to optimize and adjust the industrial structure that has extravagantly consumed enormous amounts of water, and to develop ecological agriculture, industry and tourism which are balanced with the ecological environment. Finally, the author puts forward several pieces of advice and countermeasures about how to build the economic systems by which water can be used economically.

Soil water movement and deep drainage through thick vadose zones on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountain: Croplands vs.natural lands

Regional aridity is increasing under global climate change,and therefore the sustainable use of water resources has drawn attention from scientists and the public.Land-use changes can have a significant impact on groundwater recharge in arid regions,and quantitative assessment of the impact is key to sustainable groundwater resources management.In this study,the changes of groundwater recharge after the conversion of natural lands to croplands were investigated and compared in inland and arid region,i.e.,the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountain.Stable isotopes suggest that soil water in topsoil(<2 m)has experienced stronger evaporation under natural lands than croplands,and then moves downward as a piston flow.Recharge was estimated by the tracer-based mass balance method,i.e.,chloride and sulfate.Recharge rates under natural conditions estimated by the chloride mass balance(CMB)method were estimated to be 0.07 mm/a in deserts and 0.4 mm/a in oases.In contrast,the estimated groundwater recharge ranged from 61.2 mm/a to 44.8 mm/a in croplands,indicating that groundwater recharge would increase significantly after land changes from natural lands to irrigated croplands in arid regions.Recharge estimated by the sulfate mass balance method is consistent with that from the CMB method,indicating that sulfate is also a good tracer capable of estimating groundwater recharge.

MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF SHAFT LINING WHEN THE STRATUM SETTLEMENT RESULTING FROM WATER DRAINAGE

Based on the stratum settlement resulting from water drainage, this paper establishes the calculating method of stresses and displacements of shaft lining and stratum by using Fourier integration, obtains the calculating formulas of tangiential load which shaft lining is subjected to, and provides theoretical basis for design of shaft lining.

Application of polymeric flocculant for enhancing settling of the pond ash particles and water drainage from hydraulically stowed pond ash

Delayed settling of the ash particles and poor drainage of water from the pond ash are the major problems faced during the hydraulic stowing of pond ash. In this study the effect of polymeric flocculant on settling of the ash particles and drainage of water during pond ash stowing are investigated. In addition, the parameters, viz. drainage and absorption of water during pond ash stowing are quantified by stowing a mine goaf model with pond ash slurries of five different concentrations added with and without flocculant. The study revealed that addition of only 5 10 6 of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose (Na-CMC) flocculant with the pond ash slurries during stowing offers best result in terms of quicker settling of the ash particles and enhanced water drainage from the hydraulically stowed pond ash. Besides, it resulted in drainage of more than 85% of the total water used in the initial 45 min of stowing. The improvement in drainage is caused due to coagulation and flocculation of the pond ash particles because of charge neutralization and particle-particle bridging. This study may provide a basis for estimating the drainage and absorption of water during the real pond ash stowing operation in underground mines.

Discussion on the application of the concept of environmental protection and energy saving in the design of building water supply and drainage

With the current,our country social economy rapid development,people's living standard and quality of life and therefore have got improved,at the same time,it is the concept of environmental protection and energy saving is also enhanced value,many fields in our country environmental protection and energysaving concept can be seen in the application,especially the application in building water supply and drainage design more widely,to protect the environment,to maximize the use of limited resources,how to reasonable use of water resources in building water supply and drainage construction,above is current the paper mainly discusses the problems in the construction field,this paper based on environmental protection and energy-saving concept,discusses its application in the building water supply and drainage design,for your reference.

Characteristics of Drainage Water Quality and Loading from Paddy Field under Cyclic Irrigation and Its Management Options

The cyclic irrigation system has been practiced in Japan for reducing pollutant outflow loadings from paddy fields. The cyclic irrigation is an irrigation method to reuse water by pumping drainage water and re-distributing it to the farmland. Quantification and assessment of the effects of the cyclic irrigation are needed to identify management options for maximizing the benefits of cyclic irrigation. The study was aimed at assessing loading characteristics from paddy field area under the cyclic irrigation and developing a model for simulating water and material flow in paddy field area that can be used as a management tool. The study was carried out in a paddy field in the Asagoi District, Oumihatiman city in Shiga Prefecture, Japan. Using the results of water quality analysis, the average net loadings of T-N and T-P were estimated for both cyclic and non-cyclic irrigation sites. The result indicates a higher nutrient absorption rate in the cyclic irrigation site than that in the non-cyclic irrigation site. The developed cyclic irrigation model showed good agreements between observed and simulated drainage volumes and nitrogen loadings. The scenario analysis by application of the model showed a potential of reducing the loading amount by increasing the cyclic irrigation ratio and reducing the amount of fertilizer application without affecting the rice yield.

Hydrological Modeling of Large Drainage Basins Using a GIS-based Hybrid Atmospheric and Terrestrial Water Balance (HATWAB) Model

A Hydrological model is proposed to study the spatial and temporal variability of the water budget components of large drainage basin systems from atmospheric and terrestrial water balances. In order to understand the water balances that include, surface runoff, actual evapotranspiration and soil moisture, a GIS-based simple water balance model which is referred as Hydrological Model from Hybrid Atmospheric and Terrestrial Water Balances with acronym HATWAB is presented. The spatio-temporal climatology database was created from a network of climate stations from CLIMWAT data base to reconstruct the monthly primary inputs to HATWAB model, rainfall and potential evapotranspiration. The modeling principles and HATWAB model are demonstrated using the Limpopo and Congo basins in Africa. The model was used to simulate water balance components by taking rainfall-runoff processes in the basin including soil-texture controlled moisture in the terrestrial system, and the vertical integrated moisture convergence that accounts for the net water vapor flux from the basins in order to close the hydrologic water budget.

Problems for water resources development in typical small karst drainage basins and countermeasures

In karst area water deficit is one of the main factors constraining sustainable economic development. In 1979 the comprehensive karstic observational field station was set up in Houzhai drainage basin located,\ in Puding county of Guizhou Province, which can represent most of the small karst drainage basins on the dividing line of the Guizhou Plateau. Geomorphology, water resources and water chemistry were investigated and observed. Based on comparisons of water supply with water demand and analysis of the main problems in water exploitation and utilization. it is found out that the water deficiency was not directly caused by the scarcity of natural water resources. The true reason is the insufficient capacity of water supply caused by the dismatch of the water and soil water resources which can be dealt with by building more irrigation works. Some solutions such as to build scientific basis for water exploitation and utilization and sustainable economic development in karst drainage basins on dividing line of the Guizhou Plateau.

WATER AND SALT MOVEMENTS IN SIMULTANEOUS FLOOD-IRRIGATION AND WELL-DRAINAGE OPERATIONS

This paper describes a new technology for solonchak soil reclamation in which surface flood irrigation of fresh water and pumped wells drainage of salty groundwater are combined. The comprehensive investigation of water and salt movement has been conducted through field test, laboratory simulation and numerical calculation. The dependence of desalination on irrigation water quantity, drainage quantity, leaching time and other parameters is obtained based on the field tests. The entire desalination process under the flood-irrigation and well-drainage operations was experimentally simulated in a vertical soil column. The water and salt movement has been numerically analysed for both the field and laboratory conditions. The present work indicates that this new technology can greatly improve the effects of desalination.