The Impact of Outsourcing on Local Industry Upgrading: a Case of China from a Global Value Chain Perspective

This paper develops a conceptual model to assess effect of outsourcing by integrating the theories of industrial upgrading and global value chain (GVC) governance. Contrary to the widely accepted perception that outsourcing is expected to generate positive spillover in particular, the findings indicate that outsourcing has different effects in different GVC governance modes. Excess outsourcing could structurally inhibit technology and management spillovers to subcontractors within the emerging economy context. Based on a case study of the Chinese textile and apparel (T & A) industry, it is found that the Chinese T & A industry has been trapped in the captive governance relationship with foreign buyers, and at the same time is capped below the function upgrading level. Consequences of the situation and implication are then discussed.

China's Position in Global Value Chains Compared with the EU,U.S.and Japan

By creating a five-country I-O model of China, EU, US, Japan and other countries, this paper decomposes gross export into nine parts and investigates the GVC positions and competitiveness of China and the other three economies for different sectors using real domestic trade in value-added and GVC position indices. In addition, valueadded trade is taken into consideration to identify the labor division characteristics of the four economies in the GVC, which led to the following findings: China participates primarily in the single links of the GVC at the downstream yet shows a significant tendency to move upstream in technology-intensive sectors; Japan participates primarily in the single links of the GVC at the upstream and boasts an advantage in technology-intensive sectors; the US participates in the multiple links of the GVC at the upstream with superiority in hightechnology sectors; the EU participates in the production and export of intermediate goods and final goods at both ends.

Cross-border Urban Networks Based on Manufacturing Global Value Chain:A Study of Listed Companies in Western China

Cross-border investment is essential for western China’s globalization.Global value chain(GVC)forms cross-border investment networks between industries in western China and overseas cities.Focusing on GVC,this study uses the social network analysis method,entropy method,multi-index comprehensive evaluation method,and quadratic assignment procedure analysis method to examine the characteristics and influencing factors of the urban networks of research and development(R&D),production,and sales formed as a result of the overseas investments of listed manufacturing companies in western China.Results showed that the three types of investment networks involved multiple industry types and multiple central cities with differentiated diversity and multicentrality.The R&D urban network’s leading sub-industries were the mechanical equipment and instruments,medicine and biological products,and metal and nonmetal industries.The destination cities were mostly those home to educational and scientific research centers.The production urban network’s leading sub-industries were the mechanical equipment,instrument,and food and beverage industries.The destination cities were mostly regional central cities in developing countries.The sales urban network’s leading sub-industries were the mechanical equipment and instrument,metal and nonmetal,and petrochemical and plastics industries.The destination cities were numerous and scattered.In addition,the R&D urban network easily formed specialized clusters,core nodes easily controlled the production urban network,and individual nodes did not easily control the sales urban network.Technological and economic system advantages greatly impacted the three network types.Considering the different influencing factors,this study suggests optimizing the institutional investment environment to narrow the institutional gap,adjusting and optimizing the investment layout to expand overseas markets,and increasing R&D funds to stimulate technological progress and overseas investments in western China.

Global Value Chain Embeddedness,Knowledge Spillovers,and Clustered Firms' Innovation Performance

Empirical evidence of the effects of global value chain( GVC) embeddedness on clustered firms' innovation is presented in this paper. The intermediary roles of the two types of knowledge spillover( explicit and implicit) in GVC embeddedness and clustered firms' innovation are considered, and the effects of structure embeddedness,relationship embeddedness,and acknowledgement embeddedness on clustered firms' innovation are examined. Analysis is based on the sample of 134 export-oriented firms from the Shaoxing industrial cluster in Zhejiang province of China. Results show that although GVC embeddedness is associated with high use of external knowledge sources,clustered firms' innovation is promoted indirectly through explicit knowledge spillover. Intrinsic connections exist among the different dimensions of GVC embeddedness,that is,structure embeddedness not only directly improves relationship embeddedness but also indirectly improves acknowledgement embeddedness through relationship embeddedness.

Myths and realities of China's apparel industry——from a global value chain perspective

Rising export and market shares and rampant bankruptcies coexist in China's apparel industry.Against the backdrop of the global value chain,the by-country industrial competitiveness evaluation system based on final products is failing.Using the global value chain theory,this article investigates the international competitiveness of China's apparel industry and introduces the case study of Nike's global value chain,reaching the conclusion that existing evaluations have exaggerated the international competitiveness of China's apparel industry.China's apparel industry is at the lowest level of the global value chain,and most local enterprises have not entered the mainstream global value chain and are still internationally uncompetitive.As far as China's current economic development level and targets are concerned,it may be too unrealistic to discuss industrial upgrading entirely from the perspective of OEM-ODM-OBM.China's apparel producers should stick to both paths:one is the priority to strengthen manufacturing and OEM;the other is to do more learning to go beyond sub-contract manufacturing and prepare for long-term growth of OBM.Building middle and high-end apparel producers and creating local brands by virtue of China's status as a big country is the right path for development given the industry's present situation.

Research Progress of Foreign Direct Investment and Global Value Chain Status

With the rapid development of globalization,the industries of various countries are actively seeking the best way to improve the global value chain(GVC)status while integrating into the world.As an important factor affecting the GVC status,foreign direct investment(FDI)has attracted extensive attention from scholars.On the basis of systematically summarizing the research progress of FDI theory,GVC status and the influence of FDI on GVC status,the paper tries to clarify the internal relationship between FDI and GVC status,explores the shortcomings of existing research,and puts forward the possible direction of future research.

Analyzing the Value Chains of China＇s Knock-off Handset industry

Establishing a two-sided market （specialized market） is an effective way to build a national value chain （NVC）. The Chinese knock-off wireless handset industry has succeeded in building a miniature version of an NVC based on the Huaqiangbei Market, a typical specialized market. ＂Ihis paper begins b）, analyzing the differences in the industrial chains of knock-off and traditional wireless handsets and concludes that due to lacking after-sales service, the value chain of knock-off wireless handsets is consumer-driven, with a focus on manufacturing and marketing. Analysis of the knock-off wireless handset-based NVC reveals that multi-level demands, a maturing industry and adaptive innovation are three pre-conditions for Chinese manufacturing to build an NVC in a two-sided market. Given the uneven scale and techniques among knock-off handset makers, their addiction to the low-end market and imperfect value chains constructed using the ＂knockoff pattern＂ this paper proposes that China can break these bottlenecks by letting the specialized and unilateral markets develop closer to each other and by providing governmental guidance in the specialized market.

新型数字基础设施如何影响中国制造业GVC参与?

当前,新型基础设施能够产生各种积极的经济效应,虽然已被理论和实证研究广泛证实,但现有研究鲜有关注其对制造业全球价值链(GVC)参与的影响。在研究视角上,与现有文献关注于传统基础设施不同,本文着重从新型数字基础设施的作用视角,探讨影响中国参与全球价值链分工的因素,从而拓展和深化有关中国参与全球价值链影响因素的认识。在研究内容上,本文在理论和实证层面分析新型数字基础设施对中国参与全球价值链产生影响的作用机制,可从新型数字基础设施建设角度,探寻促进中国攀升全球价值链的更好对策建议。在研究方法上,尤其是在全球价值链分工地位的指标构建上,本文还尝试突破现有文献构建指标的不足,创新性地从企业层面构建能够更好地反映全球价值链分工地位的科学指标。研究结果在中国制造业亟待进一步深度融入全球价值链、提升全球价值链分工地位,进而迈向高水平开放的关键阶段,有着重要的政策启示作用。

Trade Friction,Upgrading Path and Development of Chinese Textile and Apparel Industry

China is the largest producer and exporter in textiles in the world now, but most Chinese textile and apparel enterprises operate in the low stream of global value chain- processing and assembling. A combination of domestic supply side constrains of high wages and external pressures of appreciation of RMB and trade friction make it difficult for Chinese textile and apparel industry to maintain the low-wage manufacturing. The paper analyzes by stakeholder map for trade friction. It may be more effective that China deals with the trade issues based on the analysis of different stakeholders. The political agreement is only a temporary resolution; the more important way is try to upgrade the operations in developed regions. According to industrial organization theory and global value chain theory, it is suggested product development and marketing are upgrading paths for Chinese enterprises.

Value-Added Trade and Evolution of China's Comparative Advantages

Based on heterogeneity in firm's sales destinations and trade patterns, this paper estimates China's ratio of value-added exports(RVAE) using value-added trade accounting, and discusses the evolution of China's comparative advantages from the perspective of value-added trade. Our research findings suggest that without taking into account heterogeneity in firm's sales destinations and trade patterns,China's RVAE will be overestimated. Conventional gross trade accounting underestimates the export competitiveness of China's labor-intensive and capital intensive sectors, but overestimates the export competitiveness of China's technology-intensive sectors,which leads to a significant reversal of comparative advantages. Conventional gross trade accounting method overestimates the trade surplus of China's manufacturing and technology-intensive sectors with the US by about 60% and 85% respectively.

How Does Economic Policy Uncertainty Impact a Country's Position in Global Value Chains?

Economic globalization in the 21st century has been characterized by the rise and spread of global value chains(GVCs).It faces significant challenges due to increasing domestic and international policy uncertainty in the context of emerging mega risks like geopolitical tensions and climate change.This paper begins by constructing a theoretical model for an open economy to study how risk-averse firms make decisions regarding the sourcing of intermediate inputs in an uncertain environment.Our model solution proposes that firms will source fewer intermediate inputs from countries with more economic uncertainty.An increase in domestic and foreign uncertainty will have opposite impacts on a country's position in GVCs.In this sense,we argue that a country tends to move downstream along GVCs if its own economic policies become more uncertain,and it tends to move upstream with an increase in the uncertainty of its trading partner countries.Our regression analyses,based on data including the World Input-Output Database,World Development Indicators,the UN Comtrade database,and the Economic Policy Uncertainty Index,provide empirical support for this model-based conclusion.Our findings highlight that a nation must consider foreign economic policy uncertainty and maintain domestic policy stability to participate in GVCs.

基于GVC和GLVC的我国物流产业升级

国内物流产业将进行新一轮物流产业升级,而升级的发展路径以及发展战略选择尚未见学者研究,借鉴全球价值链(global logistics value chain,GVC和全球物流价值链(global logistics value chain,GLVC理论,在GVC的基础上,提出了GLVC的定义,阐述了产业升级的内涵;从内外角度提出了我国物流产业升级的内部动力和外部动力的构成,并进行了基于GVC和GLVC的物流产业升级动力分析;给出了物流产业升级范围扩展模式和升级深度发展模式,并给出了两种物流产业升级模式;提出了我国物流产业升级战略选择的四点思路。

自主GVC模式:中国汽车产业升级的可靠路径

本文通过实证和规范研究论证自主GVC模式是中国汽车产业升级的可靠路径。实证表明,自主GVC模式企业(行业)在自主品牌建设方面的实际绩效比嵌入GVC模式企业(行业)好;自主GVC模式与嵌入GVC模式的升级可靠性比较的规范研究表明,在片断化程度、低度化程度、自主权、"干中学"效果、创新能力、响应社会期望等6个维度的比较中,自主GVC模式比嵌入GVC模式可靠;论文结合国内外经验和汽车工业发展趋势对比说明两种模式的优劣。

GVC视角下我国民用航空制造业产业升级动因及影响因素研究

我国民用航空制造业正处于全球产业竞争格局大调整、大变革和大发展的历史时期。基于全球价值链理论,分析了我国民用航空制造业产业链升级动因,构建了非平衡面板数据模型,对我国18个省际面板数据进行实证分析,找出了影响我国民用航空制造业产业升级的关键因素,可为我国民用航空制造业产业发展提供理论依据。

GVC嵌入、创新型人力资本与制造业高质量发展——基于“新发展理念”的影响机制分析与效应检验

制造业高质量发展是实现经济高质量发展的重中之重。以制造业高质量发展的内涵为切入点,基于“新发展理念”构建指标体系测算我国制造业高质量发展状况,利用行业面板数据评估全球价值链嵌入对制造业高质量发展的影响以及创新型人力资本对该影响的偏效应。研究表明:现阶段,参与全球价值链分工整体上对制造业高质量发展具有一定的负向影响,但上游环节嵌入会转向正向作用;创新型人力资本能够显著提升制造业高质量发展水平。进一步对影响机制分析发现,创新型人力资本能够显著弱化GVC嵌入对制造业高质量发展的消极影响,并且弱化作用存在门槛效应;对于不同嵌入位置,创新型人力资本能够加强上游环节价值链嵌入对制造业高质量发展的正向作用,而下游环节价值链嵌入并不能有效发挥作用;对于不同行业类型,创新型人力资本会严重加剧购买者驱动行业嵌入GVC对制造业高质量发展的负向影响,而削弱生产者驱动行业嵌入GVC对制造业高质量发展的消极作用。

全球代工体系下我国地方产业集群升级研究——基于GVC与NVC的比较视角

大量实践观察表明,社会信用体系缺失和知识产权保护制度缺位,事实上已成为影响我国地方产业集群嵌入全球价值链和集群升级能力的关键因素。剖析了这两种制度因素与我国地方产业集群嵌入全球价值链之间可能具有的相互作用关系。研究发现,我国地方产业集群的出路在于基于国内市场空间的国家价值链(NVC)的培育,通过对专业市场型和领导企业型两类主要地方产业集群的分析,探索了我国构建国家价值链并且依靠国家价值链实现地方产业集群升级的可行方式。

GVC视角下双边增加值贸易的解构与测算:以中美贸易为例

构建了多国模型中双边增加值贸易的解构模型,并利用2016年发布的世界投入产出表测算了2000—2014年中美56个产业部门的双边增加值贸易及总值贸易的数据,结合中美贸易失衡的扭曲程度指标的构建与测算,从总体和结构两个层面对中美增加值贸易进行了失衡分析和全球价值链地位分析,还原了中美双边贸易的真实状态。结果显示,总体上,双边总值贸易失衡比增加值贸易失衡平均每年高估了20.17%;美国出口中的回流比重呈现下降的趋势,而中国出口中的回流比重则是逐年上升;自2010年起中国出口中的国外增加值率逐渐下跌,而国内增加值率开始上升,这表明中国在全球价值链中的地位正在改善。结构上,中国对美国各行业增加值贸易以顺差为主;制造业的双边总值贸易失衡比增加值贸易失衡平均每年高估了96.30%,并且中国主要制造业部门对美国的增加值贸易出口均小于总值贸易出口,这说明中国制造业总体上仍然需要继续提升其在全球产业链中的位置;在新兴服务部门,美国相对中国处于全球价值链上游,而在建筑业和一些传统服务部门,中国相对美国处于全球价值链的上游。

GVC下绿色技术进步对中国制造升级的影响

首先,构建嵌入全球价值链分工的绿色技术进步影响中国制造升级的理论框架,并在此基础上从出口产品技术含量、产业高度及出口部门碳生产率3个层面建立中国制造升级水平测算指标体系;然后,采用我国内地30个省级样本数据实证检验绿色技术进步对中国制造升级的影响。考虑到中国制造业以碎片化生产与一体化贸易模式逐步融入全球生产网络这一趋势,将嵌入全球价值链分工的现实背景纳入绿色全要素生产率测算,即同时考虑来自国外中间品和出口中间品中的隐含能因素,采用基于非径向、非导向的松弛测度方向距离函数测算各地区绿色全要素生产率。结果表明:(1)2002-2015年,中国制造升级水平呈现先下降后缓慢上升的"烟斗曲线"态势,并按照东部地区、西部地区、中部地区依次递减,产业高度指数水平与出口部门碳生产率较低是造成中部地区中国制造升级指数整体不高的主要原因;(2)从整体看,绿色技术进步促进了中国制造升级水平提升,但其在不同的能源强度地区、经济地带、时段中的影响存在差异,绿色技术进步在能源强度高的地区、东部地区及2009-2015年对中国制造升级的正向效应更为显著;(3)资本密集度和参与全球价值链分工程度对中国制造升级具有显著的促进作用,但与预期相反,市场化程度对中国制造升级具有一定的负面效应。

共同创造与GVC嵌入:中国汽车产业创新网络治理研究

实现在全球价值链中的有效嵌入,是解决发展中国家产业发展、创新能力和国际竞争力提升的关键问题之一。目前,汽车产业价值链增值的核心环节仍集中在发达国家,中国汽车产业"三级价值链"与"二级价值链"之间的断裂阻碍了整个汽车产业在全球价值链中的有效嵌入,而共同创造子系统的构建和以"三层嵌入"、"三层治理"、"三层升级"为基本特征的动态嵌入式共同创造系统的形成有利于实现中国汽车产业的全球价值链嵌入和创新能力提升。

绿色技术创新对中国制造业GVC升级的影响研究

为了研究绿色技术创新对中国制造业GVC升级的影响效果,深入剖析作用机理,基于对GVC指数的测算刻画中国制造业GVC升级特征,构建计量模型进行实证分析。结果表明:①中国制造业嵌入GVC程度整体表现出GVC国际分工地位仍处于相对下游位置,但拥有相对较高的参与程度,并筛选出优势产业、问题产业、潜力产业、支柱产业;②绿色技术创新整体上显著促进我国制造业GVC升级;③绿色技术创新对制造业GVC升级的影响具有显著的行业异质性,劳动密集型行业呈现出与整体相似的影响效果,而资本与技术密集型行业呈现的效果却不明显。