Multi-blade rubbing characteristics of the shaft-disk-blade-casing system with large rotation

Blade rubbing faults cause detrimental impact on the operation of aeroengines. Most of the existing studies on blade rubbing in the shaft-disk-blade-casing(SDBC) system have overlooked the elastic deformation of the blade, while some only consider the whirl of the rotor, neglecting its spin. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a dynamic model with large rotation for the SDBC system. The model incorporates the spin and whirl of the rotor, enabling the realistic reproduction of multiblade rubbing faults. To verify the accuracy of the SDBC model with large rotation and demonstrate its capability to effectively consider the rotational effects such as the centrifugal stiffening and gyroscopic effects, the natural characteristics and dynamic responses of the proposed model are compared with those obtained from reported research and experimental results. Furthermore, the effects of the rotating speed, contact stiffness,and blade number on the dynamic characteristics of the SDBC system with multi-blade rubbing are investigated. The results indicate that the phase angle between the rotor deflection and the unbalance excitation force increases with the increasing rotating speed,which significantly influences the rubbing penetration of each blade. The natural frequency of the SDBC system with rubbing constrain can be observed in the acceleration response of the casing and the torsional response of the shaft, and the frequency is related to the contact stiffness. Moreover, the vibration amplitude increases significantly with the product of the blade number under rubbing, and the rotating frequency approaches the natural frequency of the SDBC system. The proposed model can provide valuable insight for the fault diagnosis of rubbing in bladed rotating machinery.

Integrated analysis of plasma rotation effect on HL-3 hybrid scenario

The hybrid scenario,which has good confinement and moderate MHD instabilities,is a proposed operation scenario for international thermonuclear experimental reactor(ITER).In this work,the effect of plasma rotation on the HL-3 hybrid scenario is analyzed with the integrated modeling framework OMFIT.The results show that toroidal rotation has no obvious effect on confinement with a high line averaged density of n_(bar)~(7)×10^(19)m^(-3).In this case,the ion temperature only changes from 4.7 keV to 4.4 keV with the rotation decreasing from 10^(5) rad/s to 10^(3) rad/s,which means that the turbulent heat transport is not dominant.While in the scenarios characterized by lower densities,such as n_(bar)~4×10^(19)m^(-3),turbulent transport becomes dominant in determining heat transport.The ion temperature rises from 3.8 keV to 6.1 keV in the core as the rotation velocity increases from 10^(3) rad/s to 10^(5) rad/s.Despite the ion temperature rising,the rotation velocity does not obviously affect electron temperature or density.Additionally,it is noteworthy that the variation in rotation velocity does not significantly affect the global confinement of plasma in scenarios with low density or with high density.

{1012}twin–twin intersection-induced lattice rotation and dynamic recrystallization in Mg–6Al–3Sn–2Zn alloy

This study investigated the formation mechanism of new grains due to twin–twin intersections in a coarse-grained Mg–6Al–3Sn–2Zn alloy during different strain rates of an isothermal compression.The results of electron backscattered diffraction investigations showed that the activated twins were primarily{1012}tension twins,and 60°<1010>boundaries formed due to twin–twin intersections under different strain rates.Isolated twin variants with 60°<1010>boundaries transformed into new grains through lattice rotations at a low strain rate(0.01 s^(−1)).At a high strain rate(10 s^(−1)),the regions surrounded by subgrain boundaries through high-density dislocation arrangement and the 60°<1010>boundaries transformed into new grains via dynamic recrystallization.

Complementary-Label Adversarial Domain Adaptation Fault Diagnosis Network under Time-Varying Rotational Speed and Weakly-Supervised Conditions

Recent research in cross-domain intelligence fault diagnosis of machinery still has some problems,such as relatively ideal speed conditions and sample conditions.In engineering practice,the rotational speed of the machine is often transient and time-varying,which makes the sample annotation increasingly expensive.Meanwhile,the number of samples collected from different health states is often unbalanced.To deal with the above challenges,a complementary-label(CL)adversarial domain adaptation fault diagnosis network(CLADAN)is proposed under time-varying rotational speed and weakly-supervised conditions.In the weakly supervised learning condition,machine prior information is used for sample annotation via cost-friendly complementary label learning.A diagnosticmodel learning strategywith discretized category probabilities is designed to avoidmulti-peak distribution of prediction results.In adversarial training process,we developed virtual adversarial regularization(VAR)strategy,which further enhances the robustness of the model by adding adversarial perturbations in the target domain.Comparative experiments on two case studies validated the superior performance of the proposed method.

Vibrational Suspension of Two Cylinders in a Rotating Liquid-Filled Cavity with a Time-Varying Rotation Rate

The dynamics of rotating hydrodynamic systems containing phase inclusions are interesting due to the related widespread occurrence in nature and technology.The influence of external force fields on rotating systems can be used to control the dynamics of inclusions of various types.Controlling inclusions is of current interest for space technologies.In low gravity,even a slight vibration effect can lead to the appearance of a force acting on phase inclusions near a solid boundary.When vibrations are applied to multiphase hydrodynamic systems,the oscillating body intensively interacts with the fluid and introduces changes in the related flow structure.Asymmetries in the fluid flow lead to the appearance of an averaged force.As a result,the body is repelled from the cavity boundary and takes a position at a certain distance from it.The vibrationally-induced movement of phase inclusions in liquids can be used to improve various technological processes(for example,when degassing and cleaning liquids from solid inclusions,mixing various components,etc.).This study presents a relevant methodology to study the averaged vibrational force acting on a pair of free cylindrical bodies near the oscillating wall of a cavity.Attention is paid to the region of moderate and low dimensionless frequencies when the size of the inclusion is consistent with the thickness of the Stokes boundary layer.The dynamics of these bodies is considered in a horizontal cylindrical cavity with a fluid undergoing modulated rotation.The average lift force of a vibrational nature is measured by the method of quasi-stationary suspension of bodies whose density differs from the density of the liquid in a static centrifugal force field.The developed technique makes it possible to determine the dependence of the lift force on vibration parameters and the distance from the oscillating boundary at which solid inclusions are located.It is shown that in the region of moderate dimensionless frequencies,the average lift force acting on an inclusion near the boundary undergoing modulated rotation almost linearly depends on the dimensionless frequency.

Effect of inlet elbow on rotation stall in waterjet ppropulsionpump

To study the influence of an elbow inlet on the rotating stall characteristics of a waterjet propulsion pump(WJPP),a three-dimensional internal flow field in a WJPP under a straight-pipe inlet and elbow inlet is numerically simulated.By comparing the hydraulic performance of WJPP under the two inlet conditions,the internal relationship between the inlet mode and the flow pattern in the pump is clarified.Based on unsteady pressure fluctuation characteristics and wavelet analysis,the influence of the inlet mode on the rotating stall is revealed,and the stall transient propagation characteristics under critical stall conditions are analyzed.The disturbance effects of the inlet channel geometry disappear under low flow rate conditions,the main disturbance is induced by the highspeed countercurrent,and the flow pattern under the elbow inlet is better than that under the straight-pipe inlet.Under the straight-pipe inlet,the single-stall nucleus in the WJPP temporarily experiences a low-frequency and high-amplitude disturbance,which subsequently transforms into a mode of multi-stall nuclei with high-frequency circumferential disturbance.Under the elbow inlet,the rotating stall always maintains a mode of high-amplitude and low-frequency disturbance,which represents the transient characteristics of a single stall core propagating in the circumferential direction inside the channel.The results of this study have a reference value for structural design optimization in a WJPP.

Strategies for improving crop comprehensive benefits via a decision-making system based on machine learning in the rice‒rape,rice‒wheat and rice‒garlic rotation systems in Southwest China

Rice‒rape,rice‒wheat and rice‒garlic rotations are common cropping systems in Southwest China,and they have played a significant role in ensuring ecological and economic benefits(EB)and addressing the challenges of China’s food security in the region.However,the crop yields in these rotation systems are 1.25‒14.73%lower in this region than the national averages.Intelligent decision-making with machine learning can analyze the key factors for obtaining better benefits,but it has rarely been used to enhance the probability of obtaining such benefits from rotations in Southwest China.Thus,we used a data-intensive approach to construct an intelligent decision‒making system with machine learning to provide strategies for improving the benefits of rice-rape,rice-wheat,and rice-garlic rotations in Southwest China.The results show that raising the yield and partial fertilizer productivity(PFP)by increasing seed input under high fertilizer application provided the optimal benefits with a 10%probability in the rice-garlic system.Obtaining high yields and greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions by increasing the N application and reducing the K application provided suboptimal benefits with an 8%probability in the rice-rape system.Reducing N and P to enhance PFP and yield provided optimal benefits with the lowest probability(8%)in the rice‒wheat system.Based on the predictive analysis of a random forest model,the optimal benefits were obtained with fertilization regimes by reducing N by 25%and increasing P and K by 8 and 74%,respectively,in the rice-garlic system,reducing N and K by 54 and by 36%,respectively,and increasing P by 38%in rice-rape system,and reducing N by 4%and increasing P and K by 65 and 23%in rice-wheat system.These strategies could be further optimized by 17‒34%for different benefits,and all of these measures can improve the effectiveness of the crop rotation systems to varying degrees.Overall,these findings provide insights into optimal agricultural inputs for higher benefits through an intelligent decision-making system with machine learning analysis in the rice-rape,rice‒wheat,and rice-garlic systems.

Preheating-assisted solid-state friction stir repair of Al-Mg-Si alloy plate at different rotational speeds

Additive friction stir deposition(AFSD)is a novel structural repair and manufacturing technology has become a research hotspot at home and abroad in the past five years.In this work,the microstructural evolution and mechanical performance of the Al-Mg-Si alloy plate repaired by the preheating-assisted AFSD process were investigated.To evaluate the tool rotation speed and substrate preheating for repair quality,the AFSD technique was used to additively repair 5 mm depth blind holes on 6061 aluminum alloy substrates.The results showed that preheat-assisted AFSD repair significantly improved joint bonding and joint strength compared to the control non-preheat substrate condition.Moreover,increasing rotation speed was also beneficial to improve the metallurgical bonding of the interface and avoid volume defects.Under preheating conditions,the UTS and elongation were positively correlated with rotation speed.Under the process parameters of preheated substrate and tool rotation speed of 1000 r/min,defect-free specimens could be obtained accompanied by tensile fracture occurring in the substrate rather than the repaired zone.The UTS and elongation reached the maximum values of 164.2MPa and 13.4%,which are equivalent to 99.4%and 140%of the heated substrate,respectively.

Dual-Fields Rotational Total Skin Electron Therapy: Investigation and Implementation

Purpose: To present a protocol of a dual-field rotational (DFR) total skin electron therapy (TSET) and to provide an assessment of clinical implementation, dosimetry properties, and skin dose evaluation. Methods and Materials: The DFR-TSET combined the Stanford 6-field and McGill rotational methods. Dual 6 MeV electron beams in high dose total skin electron mode were used for DFR-TSET on a commercial linac. Beam profiles and dosimetric properties were measured using solid phantoms. The dose rate at expanded source-to-surface distance (SSD) was a combination of static rate and rotational rate. In vivo dosimetry of patient skin was performed on patients’ skin using film, metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFET), and optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters (OSLD). Results: Dual field rotational total skin electron therapy exhibited good (≤±10%) uniformity in the beam profiles in the vertical direction at an extended SSD of 332 cm with a gantry angulation of ±20˚ deviated from the horizontal direction. In-vivo measurements confirmed acceptable uniformity of the patients’ total body surfaces and revealed anatomically self-blocked or shielded areas where underdosing occurred. Conclusions: The clinical implementation of DFR-TSET effectively utilizes the special mode on a linac. This technique provides short beam-on times, uniform dose distribution, large treatment field, and reduced dose of x-ray contamination to the patients. In-vivo measurements indicate satisfactory delivery and dose uniformity of the prescribed dose. Electron boost fields are recommended at normal SSDs to address underdosed areas.

Investigation on the roles of equilibrium toroidal rotation during edge-localized mode mitigated by resonant magnetic perturbations

The effects of equilibrium toroidal rotation during edge-localized mode(ELM)mitigated by resonant magnetic perturbation(RMP)are studied with the experimental equilibria of the EAST tokamak based on the four-field model in the BOUT++code.As the two main parameters to determine the toroidal rotation profiles,the rotation shear and magnitudes were separately scanned to investigate their roles in the impact of RMPs on peeling-ballooning(P-B)modes.On one hand,the results show that strong toroidal rotation shear is favorable for the enhancement of the self-generated E×B shearing rate<ω_(E×B)>with RMPs,leading to significant ELM mitigation with RMP in the stronger toroidal rotation shear region.On the other hand,toroidal rotation magnitudes may affect ELM mitigation by changing the penetration of the RMPs,more precisely the resonant components.RMPs can lead to a reduction in the pedestal energy loss by enhancing the multimode coupling in the turbulence transport phase.The shielding effects on RMPs increase with the toroidal rotation magnitude,leading to the enhancement of the multimode coupling with RMPs to be significantly weakened.Hence,the reduction in pedestal energy loss by RMPs decreased with the rotation magnitude.In brief,the results show that toroidal rotation plays a dual role in ELM mitigation with RMP by changing the shielding effects of plasma by rotation magnitude and affecting<ω_(E×B)>by rotation shear.In the high toroidal rotation region,toroidal rotation shear is usually strong and hence plays a dominant role in the influence of RMP on P-B modes,whereas in the low rotation region,toroidal rotation shear is weak and has negligible impact on P-B modes,and the rotation magnitude plays a dominant role in the influence of RMPs on the P-B modes by changing the field penetration.Therefore,the dual role of toroidal rotation leads to stronger ELM mitigation with RMP,which may be achieved both in the low toroidal rotation region and the relatively high rotation region that has strong rotational shear.

Several Cotton Rotation and Intercropping Systems in Cotton Planting Area of Eastern Henan Province

In recent years,the area dedicated to cotton cultivation in eastern Henan Province has experienced a continuous decline.Developing efficient multi-cropping systems for cotton and increasing the multiple cropping index represent effective strategies to stabilize the cotton planting area and enhance the income of cotton farmers.This paper presents an overview of intercropping systems and the benefits associated with cotton rotation and intercropping practices.Specifically,it discusses the"early maturing cotton-wheat"rotation system,the"cotton-watermelon"intercropping system,the"cotton-Dutch bean"intercropping system,and the"early maturing cotton-peanut-garlic"intercropping system.

Research on the influence of flexible wheelset rotation effect on wheel rail contact force

Purpose-Under the high-speed operating conditions,the effects of wheelset elastic deformation on the wheel rail dynamic forces will become more notable compared to the low-speed condition.In order to meet different analysis requirements and selecting appropriate models to analyzing the wheel rail interaction,it is crucial to understand the influence of wheelset flexibility on the wheel-rail dynamics under different speeds and track excitations condition.Design/methodology/approach-The wheel rail contact points solving method and vehicle dynamics equations considering wheelset flexibility in the trajectory body coordinate system were investigated in this paper.As for the wheel-rail contact forces,which is a particular force element in vehicle multibody system,a method for calculating the Jacobian matrix of the wheel-rail contact force is proposed to better couple the wheel-rail contact force calculation with the vehicle dynamics response calculation.Based on the flexible wheelset modeling approach in this paper,two vehicle dynamic models considering the wheelset as both elastic and rigid bodies are established,two kinds of track excitations,namely normal measured track irregularities and short-wave irregularities are used,wheel-rail geometric contact characteristic and wheel-rail contact forces in both time and frequency domains are compared with the two models in order to study the influence of flexible wheelset rotation effect on wheel rail contact force.Findings-Under normal track irregularity excitations,the amplitudes of vertical,longitudinal and lateral forces computed by the flexible wheelset model are smaller than those of the rigid wheelset model,and the virtual penetration and equivalent contact patch are also slightly smaller.For the flexible wheelset model,the wheel rail longitudinal and lateral creepages will also decrease.The higher the vehicle speed,the larger the differences in wheel-rail forces computed by the flexible and rigid wheelset model.Under track short-wave irregularity excitations,the vertical force amplitude computed by the flexible wheelset is also smaller than that of the rigid wheelset.However,unlike the excitation case of measured track irregularity,under short-wave excitations,for the speed within the range of 200 to 350 km/h,the difference in the amplitude of the vertical force between the flexible and rigid wheelset models gradually decreases as the speed increase.This is partly due to the contribution of wheelset's elastic vibration under short-wave excitations.For low-frequency wheel-rail force analysis problems at speeds of 350 km/h and above,as well as high-frequency wheel-rail interaction analysis problems under various speed conditions,the flexible wheelset model will give results agrees better with the reality.Originality/value-This study provides reference for the modeling method of the flexible wheelset and the coupling method of wheel-rail contact force to the vehicle multibody dynamics system.Furthermore,by comparative research,the influence of wheelset flexibility and rotation on wheel-rail dynamic behavior are obtained,which is useful to the application scope of rigid and flexible wheelset models.

Improved Units of Measure in Rotational Mechanics

The SI system of units in rotational mechanics yields correct numerical results, but it produces physically incorrect units of measure in many cases. SI units also violate the principle of general covariance—the general rule for defining continuous coordinates and units in mathematics and mathematical physics. After 30+ years of wrestling with these problems, the ultimate authority on units of measure has declared that Newton–meter and Joule are not equivalent in rotational mechanics, as they are in the rest of physics. This article proposes a simple modification to SI units called “Nonstandard International units” (“NI units”) until a better name is agreed upon. NI units yield correct numerical results and physically correct units of measure, and they satisfy the principle of general covariance. The main obstacle to the adoption of NI units is the consensus among users that the radius of rotation should have the unit meter because the radius can be measured with a ruler. NI units assigned to radius should have units meter/radian because the radius is a conversion factor between angular size and circumferential length, as in arclength = rθ. To manage the social consensus behind SI units, the author recommends retaining SI units as they are, and informing users who want correct units that NI units solve the technical problems of SI units.

Retrospective Case Series on The Enduring Rotational Stability of The AcrySof IQ Toric Intraocular Lens in Cataract Patients Suffering from Myopia

Objective:To analyze the enduring rotational steadiness of AcrySof IQ Toric intraocular lens(IOL)in cataract patients suffering from myopia in a long-term study.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted on a case series involving 78 patients.A total of 120 eyes with an axial length(AL)ranging from 24-30 mm and corneal astigmatism≥1.50 D underwent implantation of AcrySof IQ Toric IOL guided by the version navigation system.The eyes were divided into two groups based on AL.Group A included 60 eyes with high myopia(AL≥26 mm),while Group B consisted of eyes with low to moderate myopia(24 mm≤AL<26 mm).Data on the preoperative AL were collected.Measurements were taken for residual astigmatism,the best corrected visual acuity(BCDVA),corneal astigmatism,and IOL rotation occurring between 24-and 48-months post-surgery.The percentage of eyes with an IOL rotation of under 5°and 10°was analyzed.Results:The mean length of follow-up times was recorded as 34.27±4.98,and the average rotation was 2.73±1.29°.Group A exhibited a slightly higher average rotation of 2.87±1.31°,compared to the rotation of 2.59±1.27°observed in Group B.At both the 24-36 month and 26-48 month post-operation marks,the degree of IOL rotation did not show a statistically significant difference between the two groups,with none of the patients experiencing a rotation exceeding 10°(P>0.05).The percentage of rotation degrees under 5°was recorded as 98.22%.After the procedure,the BCDVA was 0.1322±0.03 LogMAR.There was a substantial increase in theχvalue after the operation as compared to the pre-operativeχ^(2) value(χ^(2)=76.79).The standard deviation of preoperative corneal astigmatism was statistically significant(P<0.05)at 2.17±1.08 D.Following the surgical procedure,the remaining astigmatism was measured at 0.41±0.26 D.The data showed a notable gap in statistical significance(t=4.281,P<0.05).Conclusion:The AcrySof Toric IOL was a reliable solution for managing corneal astigmatism in cataract patients with myopia,demonstrating excellent long-term rotational stability.

The Origin of the Flat Rotation Curves in Spiral Galaxies: The Hidden Roles of Glitching SMDEOs and Emission of Gravitational Waves

Supermassive DEOs (SMDEOs) are cosmologically evolved objects made of irreducible incompressible supranuclear dense superfluids: The state we consider to govern the matter inside the cores of massive neutron stars. These cores are practically trapped in false vacua, rendering their detection by outside observers impossible. Based on massive parallel computations and theoretical investigations, we show that SMDEOs at the centres of spiral galaxies that are surrounded by massive rotating torii of normal matter may serve as powerful sources for gravitational waves carrying away roughly 1042 erg/s. Due to the extensive cooling by GWs, the SMDEO-Torus systems undergo glitching, through which both rotational and gravitational energies are abruptly ejected into the ambient media, during which the topologies of the embedding spacetimes change from curved into flatter ones, thereby triggering a burst gravitational energy of order 1059 erg. Also, the effects of glitches found to alter the force balance of objects in the Lagrangian-L1 region between the central SMDEO-Torus system and the bulge, enforcing the enclosed objects to develop violent motions, that may explain the origin of the rotational curve irregularities observed in the innermost part of spiral galaxies. Our study shows that the generated GWs at the centres of galaxies, which traverse billions of objects during their outward propagations throughout the entire galaxy, lose energy due to repeatedly squeezing and stretching the objects. Here, we find that these interactions may serve as damping processes that give rise to the formation of collective forces f∝m(r)/r, that point outward, endowing the objects with the observed flat rotation curves. Our approach predicts a correlation between the baryonic mass and the rotation velocities in galaxies, which is in line with the Tully-Fisher relation. The here-presented self-consistent approach explains nicely the observed rotation curves without invoking dark matter or modifying Newtonian gravitation in the low-field approximation.

Local Rotational Jamming and Multi-Stage Hyperuniformities in an Active Spinner System

An active system consisting of many self-spinning dimers is simulated, and a distinct local rotational jamming transition is observed as the density increases. In the low density regime, the system stays in an absorbing state,in which each dimer rotates independently subject to the applied torque;while in the high density regime,a fraction of the dimers become rotationally jammed into local clusters, and the system exhibits microphaseseparation like two-phase morphologies. For high enough densities, the system becomes completely jammed in both rotational and translational degrees of freedom. Such a simple system is found to exhibit rich and multiscale disordered hyperuniformities among the above phases: the absorbing state shows a critical hyperuniformity of the strongest class and subcritically preserves the vanishing density fluctuation scaling up to some length scale;the locally jammed state shows a two-phase hyperuniformity conversely beyond some length scale with respect to the phase cluster sizes;the totally jammed state appears to be a monomer crystal, but intrinsically loses large-scale hyperuniformity. These results are inspiring for designing novel phase-separation and disordered hyperuniform systems through dynamical organization.

Analysis of particle dispersion in a turbulent flow considering particle rotation

Non-spherical particles exist widely in natural and industrial fluid systems and the motions of nonspherical particles are significantly different from that of spherical particles.In this paper,a simplified model of non-spherical particles considering particle drag correction,lift,and rotation was established.Based on the Eulerian-Lagrangian simulation,the dispersion characteristics of spherical and nonspherical particles with different Stokes numbers in a high-speed turbulent jet were analyzed and compared considering the effect of particle rotation.The results show that,the differences in particle dispersion and radial velocity fluctuation between non-spherical particles and spherical particles in the jet are significant,especially when Stokes number is large.Moreover,the effects of different type of forces on the dispersion of non-spherical particles and spherical particles were compared in detail,which revealed that the change of the Magnus force caused by the increase in the angular velocity of non-spherical particles plays a dominant role in the differences of particle dispersion.

Underlying slip/twinning activities of Mg-xGd alloys investigated by modified lattice rotation analysis

The inconsistencies regarding the fundamental correlation between Gd content and slip(twinning)activities of Mg alloys appeal further investigations.However,the traditional slip dislocations analysis by TEM is time-consuming,and that by SEM/EBSD cannot recognize the partial slip modes.These urge a more efficient and comprehensive approach to easily distinguish all potential slip modes occurred concurrently in alloy matrix.Here we report a modified lattice rotation analysis that can distinguish all slip systems and provide statistical results for slip activities in Mg alloy matrix.Using this method,the high ductility of Mg-Gd alloy ascribed to the enhanced non-basal slips,cross-slip,and postponed twinning activities by Gd addition is quantitatively clarified.

In-situ pressure-preserved coring for deep exploration:Insight into the rotation behavior of the valve cover of a pressure controller

In-situ pressure-preserved coring(IPP-Coring)is considered to be the most reliable and efficient method for the identification of the scale of oil and gas resources.During IPP-Coring,because the rotation behavior of the pressure controller valve cover in different medium environments is unclear,interference between the valve cover and inner pipe may occur and negatively affect the IPP-Coring success rate.To address this issue,we conducted a series of indoor experiments employing a high-speed camera to gain greater insights into the valve cover rotation behavior in different medium environments,e.g.,air,water,and simulated drilling fluids.The results indicated that the variation in the valve cover rotation angle in the air and fluid environments can be described by a one-phase exponential decay function with a constant time parameter and by biphasic dose response function,respectively.The rotation behavior in the fluid environments exhibited distinct elastic and gravitational acceleration zones.In the fluid environments,the density clearly impacted the valve cover closing time and rotation behavior,whereas the effect of viscosity was very slight.This can be attributed to the negligible influence of the fluid viscosity on the drag coefficient found in this study;meanwhile,the density can increase the buoyancy and the time period during which the valve cover experienced a high drag coefficient.Considering these results,control schemes for the valve cover rotation behavior during IPP-Coring were proposed for different layers and geological conditions in which the different drilling fluids should be used,e.g.,the use of a high-density valve cover in high-pore pressure layers.

Rotational stability of plate haptic toric intraocular lenses after combined 25-gauge vitrectomy and cataract surgery

AIM:To evaluate the postoperative intraocular lens(IOL)rotational stability and residual refractive astigmatism following combined 25-gauge vitrectomy and cataract surgery with implantation of a plate haptic toric IOL.METHODS:In this retrospective case series,32 eyes of 32 patients underwent a combined 25-gauge vitrectomy and phacoemulsification for vitreoretinal diseases and cataract with regular corneal astigmatism of at least 1 diopter(D).A plate haptic toric IOL(AT Torbi 709M,Carl Zeiss Meditec AG)was implanted in all eyes.The outcome measures were rotational stability and refractive astigmatism up to 6mo postoperatively as well as the best corrected visual acuity(BCVA).RESULTS:Preoperative refractive astigmatism was 2.14±1.17 D,which was significantly reduced to 0.77±0.37 D six to eight weeks postoperatively and remained stable throughout the observation period(0.67±0.44 D at three months and 0.75±0.25 D at six months;for all groups:P<0.0001 compared to baseline).BCVA improved significantly from 0.36±0.33 logMAR preoperatively to 0.10±0.15 logMAR following surgery(P=0.02).Mean IOL axis deviation from the target axis was 3.4°±2.9°after six to eight weeks and significantly decreased over time(2.4°±2.6°six months after surgery;P=0.04).In one patient IOL,re-alignment was performed.CONCLUSION:Corneal astigmatism is significantly reduced following combined 25-gauge vitrectomy and cataract surgery.The plate haptic toric IOL position and axis remain stable during the observation period of six months.