Source Rock and Cap Rock Controls on the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation–Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation Shale Gas Accumulation in the Sichuan Basin and its Peripheral Areas

Objective The Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation is one of the priority interval for shale gas exploration in the Sichuan Basin and its peripheral areas, and commercial shale gas has been discovered from this interval in Jiaoshiba, Changning and Weiyuan shale gas fields in Sichuan Province. However, there is no significant discovery in other parts of the basin due to the different quality of black shale and the differences of tectonic evolution. Based on the progress of shale gas geological theory and exploration discoveries, as well as the theory of ＂source rock and cap rock controls on hydrocarbon accumulation＂, of the Upper Ordovician the main controlling factors Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale gas enrichment in the Sichuan Basin and its peripheral areas were analyzed, and the source rock and cap rock controls on the shale gas were also discussed. The results can provide new insights for the next shale gas exploration in this area.

Sedimentary microtopography in sequence stratigraphic framework of Upper Ordovician and its control over penecontemporaneous karstification,No.I slope break,Tazhong,Tarim block

In order to reveal the relationship between the penecontemporaneous karstification and sedimentary microtopography in sequence stratigraphy,the sequence stratigraphic framework of Lianglitage formation in Upper Ordovician is studied according to the well drilling,logging,geophysical data,detailed observations of core and the paleontology.The Lianglitage formation belongs to the sequence Ⅳ of Ordovician.The second member of Lianglitage formation is prograde sedimentation in highstand systems tract,and is favorable for developing reef flat.The development scale and thickness of reef flat are controlled by the variation of secondary sea level.The types and characteristics of karst in the highstand systems tract show that the late highstand systems tract is dissolved and cemented by the meteoric fresh water and mixed water.Penecontemporaneous karstification is developed at the top of parasequence and high place of geomorphology.Atmospheric diagenetic lens is formed.The developing regulations and controlling factors of penecontemporaneous karstification can provide new clues to the prediction and exploration of favorable reservoir in this area.

Positive carbon isotope excursions:global correlation and genesis in the Middle-Upper Ordovician in the northern Tarim Basin,Northwest China

Stable carbon isotope ratio （δ13Ccarb） analysis has been widely applied to the study of the inter-conti- nental or global marine carbonate correlation. Large-scale Cambrian-Ordovician carbonate platforms were developed in the Tarim Basin. But research on fluctuation character- istics and global correlation of δ13Ccarb is still weak. Based on conodont biostratigraphy and whole-rock δ13Ccarb data in the Tahe oil-gas field of the northern Tarim Basin, the global correlation and genesis of positive carbon isotope excursions in the Darriwilian--Early Katian was exam- ined. Three positive excursions were identified in the Tahe oil-gas field including the middle Darriwilian carbon iso- tope excursion （MDICE）, the Guttenberg carbon isotope excursion （GICE）, and a positive excursion within the Pygodus anserinus conodont zone which is named the Early Sandbian carbon isotope excursion （ESICE） in this paper. Furthermore, these positive excursions had no direct relation with sea level fluctuations. MDICE and GICE could be globally correlated. The Middle-Upper Ordovi- cian Saergan Formation source rocks of the Kalpin outcrops were in accordance with the geological time of MDICE and ESICE. GICE had close relationship with the source rock of the Lianglitag Formation in the basin.Massive organic carbon burial was an important factor controlling the genesis of these positive excursions.

Basic characteristics of key interfaces in Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation – Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin and its periphery,SW China

Based on anatomy of key areas and data points and analysis of typical features of shell layer in Guanyinqiao Member, basic characteristics of key interfaces, mainly bentonite layers, in the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas and the relationship between these key interfaces with the deposition of organic-rich shale have been examined systematically. The Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation has four types of marker beds with interface attributes, namely, the characteristic graptolite belt, Guanyinqiao Member shell layer, section with dense bentonite layers, and concretion section, which can be taken as key interfaces for stratigraphic division and correlation of the graptolite shale. The shell layer in Guanyinqiao Member is the most standard key interface in Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation, and can also be regarded as an important indicator for judging the depositional scale of organic-rich shale in key areas. There are 8 dense bentonite sections of two types mainly occurring in 7 graptolite belts in these formations. They have similar interface characteristics with the shell layer in Guanyinqiao Member in thickness and natural gamma response, and belong to tectonic interfaces(i.e., event deposits). They have three kinds of distribution scales: whole region, large part of the region, and local part, and can be the third, fourth and fifth order sequence interfaces, and have a differential control effect on organic-rich shale deposits. The horizon the characteristic graptolite belt occurs first is the isochronous interface, which is not directly related to the deposition of organic-rich shale. Concretions only appear in local areas, and show poor stability in vertical and horizontal directions, and have no obvious relationship with the deposition of the organic-rich shale.

The Mineral Geochemical Discrimination of the Calcite Crystals in the Pores of Upper Ordovician Limestone and Its Environmental Significance: Take Tazhong Oilfield of Tarim Basin for Example

Based on the analysis of the morphology, order, cathodoluminescence and microelement of the calcite crystals in the pores of Upper Ordovician limestone in Tazhong oilfield of Tarim Basin, this paper suggest that the calcite crystals can divided 11 kinds of cements into three stages, and confirms their cementation sequence characteristics and formation environment. First stage of the cementation occurred on the bottom of the diagenetic environment, the product of which mainly are microcrystalline, fine shape, radiation fibrous, fasciculation, radiation axis shape calcites and a ball-like aragonite, whose filling pore is 0%–30%; the second one occurred in the atmospheric fresh water environment, with main cement types of crescent or pendulous shape, vadose silt, hyperplasia of coaxial, the filling pore of which is 5%–100%; the third one occurred in a burial environment, the crystals of which are bright and thick, mainly coarse sparry and poikilitic calcite, with filling pore of 5%–5%. In this paper, influence from each stage of cementation on porosity is analyzed, and pore evolution is established.

Effects of astronomical orbital cycle and volcanic activity on organic carbon accumulation during Late Ordovician–Early Silurian in the Upper Yangtze area, South China

Based on field outcrop data,the effects of cyclic change of astronomical orbit and volcanic activity on organic carbon accumulation during the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian in the Upper Yangtze area were studied using cyclostratigraphic and geochemical methods.d13 C and chemical index of alteration(CIA)were used to filter the astronomical orbit parameters recorded in sediments.It is found that the climate change driven by orbital cycle controls the fluctuations of sea level at different scales,obliquity forcing climate changes drive thermohaline circulation(THC)of the ocean,and THC-induced bottom currents transport nutrient-laden water from high latitude regions to the surface water of low-latitude area.Hence,THC is the main dynamic mechanism of organic-carbon supply.The marine productivity indexes of Ba/Al and Ni/Al indicate that volcanic activities had limited effect on marine productivity but had great influences on organic carbon preservation efficiency in late Hirnantian(E4).Paleo-ocean redox environmental indicators Th/U,V/Cr and V/(V+Ni)show that there is a significant correlation between volcanism and oxygen content in Paleo-ocean,so it is inferred that volcanisms controlled the organic carbon preservation efficiency by regulating oxygen content in Paleo-ocean,and the difference in volcanism intensity in different areas is an important factor for the differential preservation efficiency of organic carbon.The organic carbon input driven by orbital cycle and the preservation efficiency affected by volcanisms worked together to control the enrichment of organic carbon in the Middle–Upper Yangtze region.

Septal patterns in Agetolites from the Xiazhen Formation(Upper Ordovician) at Zhuzhai,Yushan County,Jiangxi Province,South China

Patterns of septal insertion were analyzed in three species of Agetolites from the Upper Ordovician in Yushan County, Jiangxi Province of China. Agetolites is a peculiar coral possessing features of both tabulate （e.g., mural pores） and rugose corals （e.g., welldeveloped septa）. Septal patterns have long been considered to be indicative of the origin of corals, and the pattern of septal insertion in Agetolites has been known to be typical of rugosans. This study, however, reveals that the patterns in Ageto lites are rather random and cannot be an indication of its rugosan affinity. It is suggested that Agetolites probably has a closer phylogenetic relation with tabulates than with either rugosans or scleractinians. Two insertion patterns of the first six septa were detected （Types I and II）. Type I is interpreted as scleractinian pattern whereas Type II as typical pattern of rugosans. Types 1 and 2 are septal patterns of the second stage recognized in this study. Type 1 insertion occurs in six sectors located in the center of each interseptal space, suggesting scleractinian pattern of insertion. Type 2 insertion occurs in four sectors that are comparable with alar and counter sectors in rugose corals. Four patterns of the third （Types AD） and fourth stages （Types ad） of septal insertion have also been recognized in Agetolites. Type A only occurs in two adjacent sectors possibly due to the in completeness of septal development. Type B presents rugosan pattern. Types C and D resemble scleractinian pattern in most aspects. Types a, b, and c present no clear attribution to rugosan or scleractinian pattern probably due to the incompleteness of septal development whereas Type d is observable in rugose corals.

Characteristics and Dolomitization of Upper Cambrian to Lower Ordovician Dolomite from Outcrop in Keping Uplift, Western Tarim Basin, Northwest China

Late Cambrian to Early Ordovician sedimentary rocks in the western Tarim Basin, Northwest China, are composed of shallow-marine platform carbonates. The Keping Uplift is located in the northwest region of this basin. On the basis of petrographic and geochemical features, four matrix replacement dolomites and one type of cement dolomite are identified. Matrix replacement dolomites include （1） micritic dolomites （MD1）; （2） fine-coarse euhedral floating dolomites （MD2）; （3） fine-coarse euhedral dolomites （MD3）; and （4） medium-very coarse anhedral mosaic dolomites （MD4）. Dolomite cement occurs in minor amounts as coarse saddle dolomite cement （CD1） that mostly fills vugs and fractures in the matrix dolomites. These matrix dolomites have δ18O values of ？9.7‰ to ？3.0‰ VPDB （Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite）; δ13C values of ？0.8‰ to 3.5‰ VPDB; 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.708516 to 0.709643; Sr concentrations of 50 to 257 ppm; Fe contents of 425 to 16878 ppm; and Mn contents of 28 to 144 ppm. Petrographic and geochemical data suggest that the matrix replacement dolomites were likely formed by normal and evaporative seawater in early stages prior to chemical compaction at shallow burial depths. Compared with matrix dolomites, dolomite cement yields lower δ18O values （？12.9‰ to ？9.1‰ VPDB）; slightly lower δ13C values （？1.6‰-0.6‰ VPDB）; higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios （0.709165-0.709764）; and high homogenization temperature （Th） values （98°C-225°C） and salinities （6 wt%-24 wt% NaCl equivalent）. Limited data from dolomite cement shows a low Sr concentration （58.6 ppm） and high Fe and Mn contents （1233 and 1250 ppm, respectively）. These data imply that the dolomite cement precipitated from higher temperature hydrothermal salinity fluids. These fluids could be related to widespread igneous activities in the Tarim Basin occurring during Permian time when the host dolostones were deeply buried. Faults likely acted as important conduits that channeled dolomitizing fluids from the underlying strata into the basal carbonates, leading to intense dolomitization. Therefore, dolomitization, in the Keping Uplift area is likely related to evaporated seawater via seepage reflux in addition to burial processes and hydrothermal fluids.

Detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology and Hf isotopic compositions of Middle–Upper Ordovician sandstones from the Quruqtagh area, eastern Tarim Basin:implications for sedimentary provenance and tectonic evolution

Figuring out whether the sedimentary provenance regions of the thick deep-water turbidite systems deposited during Middle–Upper Ordovician in South Quruqtagh are the intracontinental uplifts or the peripheral orogenic belts is of great significance for us to understand the tectono-sedimentary nature of the northeastern Tarim Basin and basin-range coupling processes in the middle Paleozoic.This paper reports the in situ LA-ICP-MS U–Pb ages and Hf isotope data on detrital zircons from two Middle–Upper Ordovician sandstone samples which were collected from the Charchag Formation and the Zatupo Formation in South Quruqtagh,respectively.The results show that the studied two samples have extremely similar U–Pb age patterns and Hf isotopic compositions,reflecting multiphase tectonothermal events with age groups of 527–694,713–870 Ma(peaking at 760 Ma),904–1,090,1,787–2,094 Ma(peaking at 1,975 Ma)and 2,419–2,517 Ma.Combining previous studies,the presence of age groups of 713–1,090 and1,787–2,094 Ma,respectively,demonstrates that Tarim had ever been a part of Rodinia and Columbia supercontinent.Moreover,98%of 713–870 Ma detrital zircons are characterized by negative e Hf(t)values ranging from-38.07 to-0.61,which are highly consistent with those of Neoproterozoic granites from the Quruqtagh area.No Early Paleozoic ages(*470–500 Ma)signifying subduction or collision events in Altyn Tagh were detected in the two samples,indicating that the Middle–Late Ordovician sediments in South Quruqtagh and northern Mangar depression were mainly derived from intracontinental uplifts,i.e.,the North Quruqtagh uplift or the Tabei paleo-uplift,rather than the Altyn Tagh.In conjunction with regional sedimentary-tectonic background and previous studies,we proposed preliminarily that the northeastern Tarim remained as a passive continental margin in Late Ordovician and changed into an active-continental margin in Silurian due to the southward subduction of the South-Tianshan Ocean.

不同构造单元页岩孔隙结构差异及其油气地质意义——以四川盆地泸州地区深层页岩为例

不同构造单元页岩储层品质、含气性差异明显,构造改造作用对页岩气勘探开发具有控制作用,但关于深层页岩气的构造控制作用机理研究较少,相关认识尚不明确,制约了深层页岩气的勘探开发。为此,通过“岩心—薄片—扫描电镜”多尺度观察、全岩矿物X射线衍射分析、核磁共振等技术手段,对比分析了四川盆地南部泸州地区不同构造单元上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组深层页岩孔隙结构和储层特征的差异,探讨了不同构造单元页岩孔隙结构差异与储层品质的耦合关系,明确了页岩气产量差异的内在地质原因,落实了构造改造作用下的页岩气勘探开发有利区。研究结果表明:①向斜区页岩主要以有机质孔隙、非构造裂缝为主,孔径大;背斜区页岩孔隙结构被强烈改造,以矿物粒间孔、构造裂缝为主,矿物粒间孔狭长且定向排列,孔径小。②向斜区构造相对稳定,有机质孔隙、矿物粒间孔以及成岩裂缝保存较好,宏孔占比高,储集性能好,含气量和产量高;背斜区页岩储层发育大量构造裂缝与断层,孔隙和成岩裂缝被压实,孔径减小,储集性能变差,含气量和产量低。③距盆缘剥蚀区越远,构造越稳定的单元,保存条件越好,该类构造单元页岩储层越发育,含气量和产量越高,页岩气勘探开发潜力越大。结论认为,构造运动对于压力系统的影响是形成不同构造单元深层页岩孔隙结构特征差异的重要因素,并控制了页岩储层的含气性与产量;向斜区深层保存条件好,远离剥蚀区,为勘探开发的最有利区,该认识可为深层页岩气勘探开发提供技术支撑。

Sedimentary environment and organic matter accumulation of Wufeng-Longmaxi shales,southwest Yangtze Plate,China:Insights from geochemical and petrological evidence

Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation is the most developed strata of shale gas in southern China.Due to the complex sedimentary environment adjacent to the Kangdian Uplift,the favorable area for organic-rich shale development is still undetermined.The authors,therefore,focus on the mechanism of accumulation of organic matter and the characterization of the sedimentary environment of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Shales to have a more complete understanding and new discovering of organic matter enrichment and favorable area in the marginal region around Sichuan Basin.Multiple methods were applied in this study,including thin section identification,scanning electron microscopy(SEM)observations and X-ray diffraction(XRD),and elemental analysis on outcrop samples.Five lithofacies have been defined according to the mineralogical and petrological analyses,including mudstone,bioclastic limestone,silty shale,dolomitic shale,and carbonaceous siliceous shale.The paleo-environments have been reconstructed and the organic enrichment mechanism has been identified as a reduced environment and high productivity.The Wufeng period is generally a suboxic environment and the early Longmaxi period is a reducing environment based on geochemical characterization.High dolomite content in the study area is accompanied by high TOC,which may potentially indicate the restricted anoxic environment formed by biological flourishing in shallower water.And for the area close to the Kangdian Uplift,the shale gas generation capability is comparatively favorable.The geochemical parameters implied that new favorable areas for shale gas exploration could be targeted,and more shale gas resources in the mountain-basin transitional zone might be identified in the future.

低能环境下核形石组构特征及成因——以中15井上奥陶统良里塔格组核形石为例

【目的】奥陶纪时期全球发生了一次生物大辐射,核形石研究对于揭示该期古环境特征及演化具有重要意义。【方法】以塔里木盆地塔中地区中15井核形石为研究对象,通过详细地岩心观察和室内薄片、扫描电镜鉴定,统计、分析核形石宏观形态、微观组构特征,探讨了其形成环境、成因及地质意义。【结果】塔里木盆地塔中地区中15井上奥陶统良里塔格组泥质条带灰岩段为开阔台地的台内洼地沉积,中上部发育一套厚约12.3 m的深灰色含泥质条带核形石灰岩、含生屑泥晶核形石灰岩,核形石粒径大、丰度高。核心为早期台缘生屑、团块;包壳厚度大,富含细菌纹层;基质中多充填灰泥、细生屑,普遍发育泥质条带;代表了一种水体搅动及搬运作用不强烈的原地或近距离搬运沉积成因。核形石可分为球状、帽状、板条状、椭球状等四类,以帽状、球状为主。垂向上为三个核形石发育段,单个旋回含量、粒度呈变大趋势。【结论】球状、帽状核形石形成于水体搅动和静止相交替状态的环境,板条状核形石形成于弱搅动的低能环境。中15井核形石的产出受奥陶纪全球海平面上升以及生物大辐射影响,具体为丰富的核心物质来源(相邻台缘带生屑、团块)、发育程度高的细菌黏附生长、稳定或弱波动的沉积环境等因素的有机耦合。

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘上奥陶统赵老峪组岩石磁学研究

利用古地磁学手段定量约束华北板块早古生代古地理位置可为原特提斯造山作用及华北板块与冈瓦纳大陆的亲缘性研究提供重要科学依据。但华北板块早古生代以来经历了多期构造运动,其西部鄂尔多斯盆地含丰富油气资源,后期构造运动和油气运移均可能导致其早古生代地层遭受重磁化影响。对鄂尔多斯盆地南缘富平地区上奥陶统赵老峪组灰岩、凝灰岩样品进行了系统岩相学、岩石磁学及逐步退磁研究,包括光学显微镜鉴定实验、扫描电镜(SEM)实验、能谱分析(EDS)实验、饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)实验、三轴等温热退磁实验、磁化率随温度变化(κ-T)实验、磁滞回线实验、一阶反转曲线(FORC)实验、系统热退磁实验以及热-交混合退磁实验,探讨了各类岩石的主要载磁矿物及其是否具备记录原生剩磁信息的潜能。结果表明:灰岩及凝灰岩样品的主要载磁矿物为磁铁矿、磁黄铁矿和(或)胶黄铁矿,部分样品还含少量赤铁矿(含杂质)和针铁矿,矿物颗粒的磁畴类型同时含有SD(单畴)和MD(多畴)两种。结合岩相学及退磁实验结果认为这些主要载磁矿物可能是与后期流体作用(有机质成熟及运移等)有关的次生矿物,其携带的剩磁信号不能直接用于约束板块早古生代古地理位置,或可用于约束鄂尔多斯盆地南缘下古生界油气运移成藏过程。

碳酸盐岩沉积微相特征及储层控制因素——以塔河油田东南缘X井中—上奥陶统为例

为明确碳酸盐岩沉积微相与储层物性关系,根据塔河油田东南缘X井中—上奥陶统的岩心、薄片和测井等资料,分析储层岩石类型及沉积微相特征,研究储层物性及控制因素。结果表明:塔河油田X井中—上奥陶统发育泥晶生屑灰岩、亮晶生屑灰岩、含球粒亮晶藻鲕灰岩、具鸟眼构造的泥晶灰岩、含钙质绿藻生屑泥晶灰岩、生屑泥晶灰岩、亮晶集合粒灰岩、含集合粒亮晶鲕粒灰岩、泥晶砂屑生屑灰岩、亮晶砂屑灰岩和泥晶灰岩11种岩石类型;发育砂屑滩、生屑滩、鲕粒滩、滩间海、藻鲕滩和灰坪6种沉积微相;发育溶洞型、裂缝—溶洞型和裂缝型3种储层。研究区孔隙度、渗透率的差异主要受沉积微相和后期溶蚀改造的影响,砂屑滩、生屑滩、鲕粒滩和藻鲕滩的储层物性相对较好,为裂缝—溶洞型储层,是发育优质储层的有利相带。该结果为塔河油田东南缘奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层勘探提供参考。

Conodont Biostratigraphy of the Middle Cambrian through Lowermost Ordovician in Hunan, South China

Since 1985, samples with a total weight of more than 14,000 kg, mainly from three key sections in western and northwestern Hunan, South China, have been processed for conodonts. In strata older than the late Late Cambrian paraconodonts have proved useful for stratigraphic subdivision and correlation. Thirteen conodont zones are proposed in the Middle Cambrian through lowermost Ordovician. The correlation between these zones and those of North China, western U. S.A., western Newfoundland, Canada, and Iran is discussed. In ascending order, these 13 zones are as follows: The Gapparodus bisulcatus-Westergaardodina brevidens Zone, Shandongodus priscus-Hunanognathus tricuspidatus Zone, Westergaardodina quadrata Zone, Westergaardodina matsushitai-W. grandidens Zone, Westergaardodina lui-W. am Zone, Westergaardodina cf. calix-Prooneotodus rotundatus Zone, Proconodontus tenuiserratus Zone, Proconodontus Zone, Eoconodontus Zone, Cordylodus proavus Zone, Cordylodus intermedius Zone, Cordylodus lindstromi Zone, and Cordylodus angulatus Zone (lower part). The Westergaardodina lui-W. ani and Westergaardodina cf. calix-Prooneotodus rotundatus Zones replace the Westergaardodina proligula and Westergaardodina cf. behrae-Prooneotodus rotundatus Zones, respectively, in the lowermost Upper Cambrian. Two new species (Westergaardodina Iui and Westergaardodina ani) and one conditionally identified species (Westergaardodina cf. calix) are described.

Hydrocarbon generation and storage mechanisms of deepwater shelf shales of Ordovician Wufeng Formation–Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin, China

As the hydrocarbon generation and storage mechanisms of high quality shales of Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation– Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation remain unclear, based on geological conditions and experimental modelling of shale gas formation, the shale gas generation and accumulation mechanisms as well as their coupling relationships of deep-water shelf shales in Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation of Sichuan Basin were analyzed from petrology, mineralogy, and geochemistry. The high quality shales of Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin are characterized by high thermal evolution, high hydrocarbon generation intensity, good material base, and good roof and floor conditions;the high quality deep-water shelf shale not only has high biogenic silicon content and organic carbon content, but also high porosity coupling. It is concluded that:(1) The shales had good preservation conditions and high retainment of crude oil in the early times, and the shale gas was mainly from cracking of crude oil.(2) The biogenic silicon(opal A) turned into crystal quartz in early times of burial diagenesis, lots of micro-size intergranular pores were produced in the same time;moreover, the biogenic silicon frame had high resistance to compaction, thus it provided the conditions not only for oil charge in the early stage, but also for formation and preservation of nanometer cellular-like pores, and was the key factor enabling the preservation of organic pores.(3) The high quality shale of Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation had high brittleness, strong homogeneity, siliceous intergranular micro-pores and nanometer organic pores, which were conducive to the formation of complicated fissure network connecting the siliceous intergranular nano-pores, and thus high and stable production of shale gas.

塔河油田层控岩溶型储集体发育特征及典型岩溶模式探讨

塔河油田开发实践揭示储集体空间连通程度决定了油井产能。识别、描述顺层岩溶储集体的发育特征,阐述该类岩溶垂向分带性和岩溶机制对于塔河全区油气勘探开发意义重大。本文基于野外露头、岩心/岩石薄片、钻/测井和三维地震等资料,以岩溶水循环理论为指导,结合地震属性提取技术,初步将塔河地区层控岩溶定义为受有利相带、初始层、次级界面和层内断裂等几个因素单独或者联合控制,形成了一套呈层状展布且岩性、物性以及油气生产等方面均有别于上下地层的储集体的一种溶蚀作用。明确了层序界面、断裂和沉积环境共同作用控制了层控岩溶型储集体的发育,并总结了岩溶峡谷区向斜汇流型和局部宽缓平台区单支水系渗流型两种岩溶模式。这两类模式体现了塔河油田不同构造背景、水系条件和断裂规模等储层控制因素的差异性,对于合理辨析层控岩溶在储层形成过程中所发挥的作用至关重要。

重庆綦江观音桥剖面观音桥层的岩性新认识

重庆綦江观音桥剖面是上奥陶统观音桥层(组)的建层(组)剖面。该剖面上奥陶统和下志留统地层连续,在前人研究中被广泛提及。观音桥层是奥陶系顶部层位,含较多特征明显的赫南特贝化石,可能反映了赫南特冰期海平面下降。在前人相关文献中均提及观音桥剖面观音桥层的岩性为灰岩,但本次研究发现,对观音桥层岩石滴稀盐酸时一般起泡较微弱,显微薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光测试均显示观音桥层白云石含量通常大于50%,呈微晶—粉晶结构,自形晶—半自形晶,方解石含量常小于15%,因此所观察到的观音桥剖面观音桥层的岩性是(灰质)白云岩。进一步分析表明:在阴极发光下白云石不发光,方解石呈现较强的红色光;扫描电镜测试显示白云石多为含铁白云石;显微薄片显示白云岩中少量白云石发生去云化作用,被方解石交代;碳、氧同位素测试显示白云石碳同位素较腕足类化石及方解石脉偏负,腕足类化石碳、氧同位素与同期海水不一致。上述分析表明观音桥层碳酸盐岩经历了较强的成岩作用影响,推测观音桥层白云石化主要发生于成岩期。这一认识与80多年来关于綦江观音桥剖面观音桥层岩性的认识不一致,对白云岩的识别有助于更深刻认识奥陶纪—志留纪界限地质事件及环境变化。

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘上奥陶统拉什仲组内波和内潮汐沉积成因分析

虽然地层记录中的内波和内潮汐沉积研究已有30年的研究历史,但尚未涉及深水环境中内波和内潮汐成因研究,不利于对深水复杂水动力环境下各种流体交互作用的深入研究,同时由于已发现研究实例中缺乏生物化石和遗迹化石,从而在很大程度上限制了对内波和内潮汐沉积和油气生成及运移之间的关系研究。本文以鄂尔多斯盆地西缘北部桌子山地区上奥陶统拉什仲组深水沉积为研究对象,在详细的野外观察基础上,采用沉积地球化学和沉积学相结合的方法对该组中发育的内波和内潮汐沉积进行了综合研究。结果表明:拉什仲组中的双向交错层理和浪成波纹层理可相互伴生,多发育在完全或近于完全的鲍玛序列Tc段,其寄主岩性主要为灰绿色薄-中层细砂岩、粉砂岩、黏土质粉砂岩和粉砂质黏土岩;沉积时水体介质具有海水性质总体上不明显、氧化-还原分层、盐度倒置、不受热液影响和水动力较强等现象。结合拉什仲组存在的浊流反射现象认为:拉什仲组沉积于局限海深水斜坡至盆地环境,其内波和内潮汐的形成与低密度浊流反射形成的密度跃层密切相关,具有事件性作用特征,并伴生有大量的生物化石(笔石)及遗迹化石。这种新型内波和内潮汐沉积对于深水牵引流沉积油气勘探具有重要意义。

Rock physics model for velocity–pressure relations and its application to shale pore pressure estimation

Acoustic wave velocity has been commonly utilized to predict subsurface geopressure using empirical relations.Acoustic wave velocity is, however, affected by many factors. To estimate pore pressure accurately, we here propose to use elastic rock physics models to understand and analyze quantitatively the various contributions from these different factors affecting wave velocity. We report a closed-form relationship between the frame flexibility factor(γ) in a rock physics model and differential pressure, which presents the major control of pressure on elastic properties such as bulk modulus and compressional wave velocity. For a gas-bearing shale with abundant micro-cracks and fractures, its bulk modulus is much lower at abnormally high pore pressure(high γ values) where thin cracks and flat pores are open than that at normal hydrostatic pressure(low γ values) where pores are more rounded on average. The developed relations between bulk modulus and differential pressure have been successfully applied to the Upper Ordovician Wufeng and Lower Silurian Longmaxi formations in the Dingshan area of the Sichuan Basin to map the three-dimensional spatial distribution of pore pressure in the shale, integrating core, log and seismic data. The estimated results agree well with field measurements. Pressure coefficient is positively correlated to gas content. The relations and methods reported here could be useful for hydrocarbon exploration, production, and drilling safety in both unconventional and conventional fields.