A review of commercial development of continental shale oil in China

Continental shale oil is an important strategic supplement to the sustainable development of petroleum industry in China.Based on the thermal maturity of organic matter,most shale oil in China is mediumhigh or medium-low mature oil with relatively high density that is usually stored in thin layers and difficult to extract due to strong fluid flow resistance.Most petroliferous basins in China host shale oil but the abundance and distribution are not favorable for operators looking for a commercial exploitation.This study systematically investigates the recent progress of shale oil exploration and development in China.The result shows that the country is facing the following challenges while trying to explore its shale oil resources:complex geological conditions;a lack of established effective development mode;high development cost;and an absence of substantial breakthroughs in key technologies.Given these,the study suggests from research and policy-making perspectives to strengthen the research on basic theories and key technologies,establish demonstration zones for development of different types of shale oil,pursue breakthroughs in a stepwise approach,innovate the management mode to reduce the development cost,set shale oil as an independent mineral type,and give special policy incentives.

Development of a CO_2 Tolerant Fischer-Tropsch Catalyst:from Laboratory to Commercial-Sca1e Demonstration in Alaska

This article describes the development of BP's Fischer-Tropsch catalyst, used for the conversion of carbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquid hydrocarbons. It covers the 18 year period from the early eighties, when laboratory scale preparations and micro-reactors were heavily used, right through to the present day with the commercial scale manufacture and proving of the finished catalyst in BP's new ＄86 million gas to liquids demonstration facility in Nikiski, Alaska. Extensive performance testing and scale-up experiments have been successfully carried out, all proof that a laboratory preparation can indeed be translated into a commercial manufacturing process. In addition, the resulting catalyst does not only meet the process design targets, but also exhibits enhanced stability and is tolerant to carbon dioxide. Above all, a commercial scale, fixed bed Fischer-Tropsch catalyst is now available and ready for licensing. Manufacturing procedures and quality control have all been successfully detailed and transferred to the commercial manufacturer.

Commercial Use and Development Trends of Mobile TV Terminal Chips

Mobile TV is growing popular worldwide. It puts new hardware requirements on the handset, requiring a tuner, a demodulator and a decoder to receive and process signals that challenge the power consumption and size of handsets. These special terminal chips can solve these problems and stand as a prerequisite for broadcasting TV to mobile phones. The commercial mobile TV handsets have been brought to the market, which use the integrated single-chip, the dual/multi mode chip, or the TV receiver integrated in an SD card. These small chips with low power consumption will help popularize mobile TV services.

The Project “Development and Commercial Application of Technology for Ultra-deep HDS of Diesel(RTS)” Passed SINOPEC's Appraisal

On December 9, 2014 the scientific research project ＂Developmentand commercial application of technology forultra-deep HDS of diesel （RTS）＂ jointly performed bythe SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum Processing（RIPP）, the Yanshan Petrochemical Branch Company（YPBC）, the Maoming Petrochemical Branch Companyand the Guangzhou Petrochemical Branch Company haspassed in Beijing the technical appraisal organized by theScience and Technology Division of the Sinopec Corp.

Development Strategy of Intermediate Business of Commercial Banks—Take Bank H as an Example

At the beginning of this paper,the development process of intermediate business of commercial Banks in China was introduced.Taking bank H as the research object,the annual report data of bank H in the past 8 years(2010-2017)were collected as the basic data.First,it analyzes the growth rate and trend of the development of intermediary business of bank H,finds out the problems existing in the development of intermediary business of bank H and explores the reasons for the problems.Then,PEST analysis method and porter's five forces model are respectively applied to analyze the development environment of intermediate business of bank H.Finally,based on the above analysis,the author proposes substantial and individual solutions to the existing problems,such as channel extension strategy,market segmentation strategy and market independent pricing strategy.

Approach to the Reserve against Deposit System and the Sustainable Development of Chinese Commercial Banks

Since the establishment of the reserve against deposit system in China, theorists have different views about it. After analyzing some of those views, this essay proposes that presently, it is inappropriate to cancel that system, and the rate of the required reserve should be reduced instead of being removed. With the analysis, the author points out the defects of that system, and makes a further study of that system's influence on the sustainable development of the commercial banks in China. In the last part, from several aspects, namely, the institutional environment, the rate of required reserve, the structure, and the mode of calculating and drawing money, the author offers some suggestions for the perfection of China's reserve against deposit system, and the acceleration of the sustainable development of commercial banks.

Development of Olefin Polymerization Catalysts and Their Commercialization

As one of the most important products in petrochemical industry, polyolefin, including mainly polyethylene, polypropylene and α\|olefin polymers, is also a major raw material for plastics industry. The market demand for polyolefin in 2002 reached 88 Mt, making two thirds of the demand for thermoplastics. The growth rate of demand will be 5%-7 % in the next five years\+\{\\}. Because of its close relation to nations economy and its peoples daily life, the output of polyolefin becomes an important index of the nations industria lization and modernization level.

Development Prospect of the Commercialization for Aerospace Services

In recent years, with the rapid growth in demand for commercial launches, space institutions like NASA have been succeeded in the commercialization of aerospace services. According to the latest development trends on international commercial aerospace services and the current development status of domestic commercial aerospace services, suggestions on the development of China's commercial aerospace services based on policies, development modes and technical innovation are given.

Effect of building energy efficiency standards on carbon emission efficiency in commercial buildings

The building sector plays a crucial role in the worldwide shift toward achieving net-zero emissions.Building energy efficiency standards(BEESs)are highly effective policies for reducing carbon emissions.Therefore,exploring the provincial variations in carbon emission efficiency(CEE)in the building sector and identifying the effect of BEESs on CEE is crucial.This study focuses on commercial buildings in China and applies a difference in differences model to evaluate the impact of BEESs on the CEE of commercial buildings.The slacks-based measure–data envelopment analysis model is employed to assess the CEE of commercial buildings in 30 Chinese provinces from 2000 to 2019.Furthermore,heterogeneous tests are used to explore how climate characteristics and economic conditions affect the efficiency of BEESs.The results indicate that BEESs positively influence the CEE of commercial buildings.Specifically,a 1%increase in the intensity of BEESs causes a 0.1484%increase in the CEE of commercial buildings.Moreover,the impact of BEESs is particularly pronounced in the southern and western provinces.This study provides valuable scientific evidence for governments to enhance BEESs implementation.

Research on Business Value and Development Strategy of Badminton in China

This paper analyses the connotation of business value of china＇s badminton sports from the present situation of the commercial development and the existing problems of the badminton in china. To put it another way, the commercial value of badminton means the returns of investing badminton or its related industries.

Research on the Development Status and Strategy of Productive Rooftop Gardens on Commercial Complexes

The introduction of productive gardens on public building roofs is an active way to use urban idle space. It has ecological, economic, and social values and helps alleviate many urban problems caused by the rapid advancement of land urbanization. This paper takes the productive rooftop garden of an urban commercial complex as an example, and assesses its development status based on methods including ArcGIS, field research, and questionnaire interviews, combined with the overall aspects of the country and key case analysis. The results indicate several key aspects of the current status of such gardens in China.(1) As affected by natural and social factors, the current spatial distribution of productive rooftop gardens of commercial complexes in Chinese mainland is uneven, with 84.21% located in the southeast coast and the Sichuan region.(2) The operation and development of this type of productive landscape is in good shape. The number of rooftop gardens has continued to increase since 2013, and the scale is generally greater. Currently, the business model which combines nature education and parent-child amusement experience activities is the most stable.(3) Cases in good operating condition tend to have relatively related characteristics in layouts, traffic functions, landscape elements, and space design.(4) Questionnaire interviews show that citizens are highly willing to participate in rooftop productive landscapes, while operators still experience challenges in policies, funds, and planting knowledge in practice. This paper analyses the existing problems in the development status and strategy of the rooftop productive landscape. It proposes complementary optimization strategies to serve as a reference for the rooftop design of commercial complexes and the utilization of a significant amount of idle space on the roofs.

The Trend of the Development of Commercial Arbitration in China

Characteristics of commercial arbitration meet the needs of the emerging market economy in China.More and more people are choosing arbitration in resolving various commercial disputes.Combining arbitration with mediation is able to expand the scope of acceptable cases.Government support has created a favorable atmosphere for development of commercial arbitration,which will be further speed up by various innovations in management.In 21st century,it is an inevitable trend that commercial arbitration becomes a main channel in resolving commercial disputes.

数字化转型视域下我国县域商业发展态势与推进策略

县域商业是实现城乡融合发展和乡村振兴的有效途径,也是满足农村居民多元化、多层级、多形态消费需求的纽带,是推动县域经济高质量发展的关键动力源。近年来,我国县域商业发展已取得长足进步,主要体现在县域商品和服务市场规模稳定扩张、流通网络不断完善、流通新业态新模式加快孵化、农村电商创新发展、物流快递配送体系明显优化、农产品流通渠道持续延拓等多方面。但我国县域商业发展过程中仍然存在着数字基础设施相对滞后、商业网点数字化改造和升级程度不足、商贸流通企业数字化转型成效亟待提升等短板,成为制约我国县域商业高质量发展的主要堵点。进入数字经济时代,我国县域商业发展呈现出以新发展理念为科学指导、以数字技术和数据要素应用为驱动内核、以线上线下融合为关键路径、以满足人民对美好生活向往为最终目标的时代特征。数字化转型视域下,传统商业变革迎来新机遇,政府部门应进一步加强县域数字基础设施和商业大数据中心、“互联网+农产品”流通体系、物流配送体系三领域的建设力度,鼓励商贸流通新业态、新模式、新应用场景三维度的创新,实现县域市场主体竞争力、县域商业人力资本储备、县域消费环境三方面的改善,进而推动县域商业沿着更大规模、更高质量、更深层次、更便民惠民的方向发展,繁荣农村消费市场,推进乡村全面振兴。

国外载人航天出舱活动发展历程及启示

回顾国外载人航天出舱活动的发展历程,介绍各典型出舱活动任务及舱外航天服的基本情况,总结分析出舱活动发展历程特点规律,针对我国规划开展出舱活动提出思考和建议。

“实体-线上”商业节点与科创园区融合发展研究——以杭州蒋村和永福为例

商业节点是科创园区发展中必要的城市要素之一,正在向实体和线上方向分化。文章分别以蒋村和永福社区作为“实体-线上”功能混合和以线上服务为主的商业节点代表,归纳两类商业节点与科创园区的融合发展模式。结果表明,“实体-线上”功能混合的商业节点可以为科创园区提供多样化的商业服务,优质的商业氛围有利于吸引科创企业集聚。以线上服务为主的商业节点可以为科创园区提供基础商业服务,在科技城建设初期可以快速弥补实体商业功能的缺失。文章为未来科技城合理布局商业与产业功能提供参考。

金融高质量发展助力强国建设背景下巨灾商业保险发展研究——基于粤港澳大湾区实践

推进保险业创新发展是深化金融供给侧结构性改革的重要部分,对加快建设中国特色现代金融体系、提高金融服务经济社会发展的质效具有重要意义。从粤港澳大湾区的实践来看,巨灾商业保险发展可以降低灾害风险对经济的影响,提升社会的整体巨灾应对能力,促进区域内跨境商业活动的顺利开展。文章解析了粤港澳大湾区巨灾商业保险的发展背景、制度设计和金融服务支持现状,深入分析了当前粤港澳大湾区巨灾商业保险发展中存在的个体覆盖问题、市场供给约束及法律保障制度缺陷,结合日、美三大著名湾区巨灾商业保险的发展经验,围绕金融高质量发展,从需求侧出发刺激巨灾保险需求、从供给侧出发释放巨灾保险活力、发挥政府职能推进高质量巨灾商业保险制度设计、探索中国特色的“多层次”巨灾商业保险制度四个方面,提出适合我国国情的巨灾商业保险发展的建议。

加强中国特色商业经济学科专业建设的思考与展望

在加快构建新发展格局背景下,积极推进商业经济学科专业建设,对支撑中国特色流通理论研究和自主知识体系构建意义非凡,也为服务于国内大循环的贸易人才需求提供坚实基础。文章结合统计数据,分析了商业经济学科专业设置的现行状况和现实难点,进而结合教学与研究中的反思,从二级学科设置、联合学术研究、小型研讨会、调查研究和案例开发等角度,提出促进学科发展的长期努力方向,并分别从贸易经济专业本科教学和商业经济专业硕博生培养的角度,提出提升教育质量的现实思考。

数字金融发展对企业间商业信用融资的影响研究

数字金融有效破解了金融排斥困境,缓解了企业融资约束,但其对企业间商业信用融资的影响仍有待检验。以2011—2019年中国A股非金融类上市公司为研究对象,实证检验数字金融发展对企业间商业信用融资的影响。研究结果表明:数字金融的发展抑制了企业间的商业信用融资行为。调节机制检验表明:行业竞争程度越低、供应商集中度越高、客户集中度越高,数字金融对企业间商业信用融资的抑制作用越强。进一步分析发现:基于供应链的银行信用,在数字金融发展影响企业间商业信用融资的过程中发挥了部分中介作用;数字金融技术促进了银行的供应链金融服务发展,抑制了企业间通过商业信用进行融资的需求,能够缓解企业间占款问题。今后,应发挥数字金融的优势,挖掘供应链金融的潜力,规范金融监管,引导企业合理利用各种融资方式。

农业创业、商业性农业保险与数字乡村协调发展探究

农业创业、商业性农业保险、数字乡村三者协调发展是促进农业产业振兴、扭转商业性农业保险经营现状、助力数字乡村建设的有效手段。当前我国农业创业、商业性农业保险与数字乡村发展目标尚未统一,且各参与主体能力有限,三者中两两发展不协调,具体表现为商业性农业保险市场供需失衡及数字技术在农业创业和商业性农业保险服务中的运用严重不足。针对以上问题,提出相应对策建议,促进三者协调发展,推动农业产业兴旺、农村金融创新、农业农村数字化发展,共同助力乡村振兴和农业强国战略的实现。

数字普惠金融对居民消费的影响研究——基于商贸流通业高质量发展的中介作用

数字普惠金融和商贸流通业高质量发展是促进居民消费的重要推动力,能否切实推动居民消费以扩大内需,是经济高质量发展理论研究亟须探究的重要命题。利用2011—2021年间我国省际平衡面板数据,实证研究数字普惠金融对居民消费的作用及其内在的中介机制。研究结果显示,数字普惠金融显著助力居民消费和商贸流通业高质量发展,且商贸流通业的高质量发展是数字普惠金融促进居民消费的重要传导途径;覆盖广度的扩大对居民消费和商贸流通业高质量发展的推动效果最为显著,而对使用深度和数字化程度的增强效果较为有限;数字普惠金融的持续发展能有效拉动城乡居民的消费增长,商贸流通业高质量发展在城镇发挥的中介效用较大,而在农村则较小;数字普惠金融对各地区居民消费均有推动作用,但商贸流通业高质量发展的中介效应仅在东西两部显现。因此,应当持续推进数字普惠金融向纵深发展,强调城乡与区域间的和谐共进,积极缩小发展鸿沟,深入挖掘并释放消费市场的潜在能量,提升居民消费品质与水平,为宏观经济的高质量跃升贡献消费端的重要力量。