The casting-forging combined technique and the closed die forging without flash-less are both new developed material working methods. The former can not only decrease forming operations of forgings, but also increase ...The casting-forging combined technique and the closed die forging without flash-less are both new developed material working methods. The former can not only decrease forming operations of forgings, but also increase the material utilization ratio. Therefore, it is applied to produce more complex forgings. The latter is required for forging precise parts without burrs. The alternator pole is a complex forging, which was usually produced by hot forging, upsetting-extrusion or upsetting-extrusion and bending processes. During these processes, not only the forming force is higher, but the material of burrs accounts for 30 percent or so of total required material. And burrs are difficult to remove in the sequential machining process. In accordance with defects exiting in current manufacturing of alternator poles by upsetting-extruding process, such as more material demand, higher forming force and difficulty of next machining, a casting-forging precision process of alternator poles was developed and investigated in this paper. In the process, the pole was formed by two operations. One is the pre-forming operation by casting. The other is the final forming operation by the closed precision forging process. This can not only shorten processes, decrease material and power demand, but also increase precision of forgings. First, the casting blocker was designed considering the casting process and the forging ratio and the mode of deformation. Then the die structure for closed precision forging was designed, and the closing device for forging dies with spring assemblies in order to provide the necessary closing force was also designed. Finally the forming processes was investigated by test and numerical simulation method to optimum process parameters and die structure design parameters. The result can provide basis for applying the process to manufacture poles in practice.展开更多
We report the numerical observation of discrete spatial solitons in a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide array by applying an electrical field through electro-optical effect. We show that discrete spatial so...We report the numerical observation of discrete spatial solitons in a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide array by applying an electrical field through electro-optical effect. We show that discrete spatial soliton can be controlled by applied voltage in the periodically poled lithium niobate.展开更多
线性系统化为Luenberger能控规范型后可以很方便地进行极点配置.本文证明,在完全能控的情况下,MIMO系统能否化为Luenberger能控规范型与系统的最大能控性指数和最小能控性指数之差有关.如果两者之差大于1,就可能在控制矩阵B中除第l行(l=...线性系统化为Luenberger能控规范型后可以很方便地进行极点配置.本文证明,在完全能控的情况下,MIMO系统能否化为Luenberger能控规范型与系统的最大能控性指数和最小能控性指数之差有关.如果两者之差大于1,就可能在控制矩阵B中除第l行(l=sum from i=1 to m μi,1≤m≤r)以外的位置上出现非零元.结果表明,用Luenberger能控规范型方法进行极点配置有一定的局限性.展开更多
文摘The casting-forging combined technique and the closed die forging without flash-less are both new developed material working methods. The former can not only decrease forming operations of forgings, but also increase the material utilization ratio. Therefore, it is applied to produce more complex forgings. The latter is required for forging precise parts without burrs. The alternator pole is a complex forging, which was usually produced by hot forging, upsetting-extrusion or upsetting-extrusion and bending processes. During these processes, not only the forming force is higher, but the material of burrs accounts for 30 percent or so of total required material. And burrs are difficult to remove in the sequential machining process. In accordance with defects exiting in current manufacturing of alternator poles by upsetting-extruding process, such as more material demand, higher forming force and difficulty of next machining, a casting-forging precision process of alternator poles was developed and investigated in this paper. In the process, the pole was formed by two operations. One is the pre-forming operation by casting. The other is the final forming operation by the closed precision forging process. This can not only shorten processes, decrease material and power demand, but also increase precision of forgings. First, the casting blocker was designed considering the casting process and the forging ratio and the mode of deformation. Then the die structure for closed precision forging was designed, and the closing device for forging dies with spring assemblies in order to provide the necessary closing force was also designed. Finally the forming processes was investigated by test and numerical simulation method to optimum process parameters and die structure design parameters. The result can provide basis for applying the process to manufacture poles in practice.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 60007001)the Foundation for Development of Science and Technology of Shanghai (No. OOJC14027)
文摘We report the numerical observation of discrete spatial solitons in a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide array by applying an electrical field through electro-optical effect. We show that discrete spatial soliton can be controlled by applied voltage in the periodically poled lithium niobate.
文摘线性系统化为Luenberger能控规范型后可以很方便地进行极点配置.本文证明,在完全能控的情况下,MIMO系统能否化为Luenberger能控规范型与系统的最大能控性指数和最小能控性指数之差有关.如果两者之差大于1,就可能在控制矩阵B中除第l行(l=sum from i=1 to m μi,1≤m≤r)以外的位置上出现非零元.结果表明,用Luenberger能控规范型方法进行极点配置有一定的局限性.
