At T-junctions, where hot and cold streams flowing in pipes join and mix, significant temperature fluctuations can be created in very close neighborhood of the pipe walls. The wall temperature fluctuations cause cycli...At T-junctions, where hot and cold streams flowing in pipes join and mix, significant temperature fluctuations can be created in very close neighborhood of the pipe walls. The wall temperature fluctuations cause cyclical thermal stresses which may induce fatigue cracking. Temperature fluctuation is of crucial importance in many engineering applications and especially in nuclear power plants. This is because the phenomenon leads to thermal fatigue and might subsequently result in failure of structural material. Therefore, the effects of temperature fluctuation in piping structure at mixing junctions in nuclear power systems cannot be neglected. In nuclear power plant, piping structure is exposed to unavoidable temperature differences in a bid to maintain plant operational capacity. Tightly coupled to temperature fluctuation is flow turbulence, which has attracted extensive attention and has been investigated worldwide since several decades. The focus of this study is to investigate the effects of injection pipe orientation on flow mixing and temperature fluctuation for fluid flow downstream a T-junction. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach was applied using STAR CCM+ code. Four inclination angles including 0 (90), 15, 30 and 45 degrees were studied and the mixing intensity and effective mixing zone were investigated. K-omega SST turbulence model was adopted for the simulations. Results of the analysis suggest that, effective mixing of cold and hot fluid which leads to reduced and uniform temperature field at the pipe wall boundary, is achieved at 0 (90) degree inclination of the branch pipe and hence may lower thermal stress levels in the structural material of the pipe. Turbulence mixing, pressure drop and velocity distribution were also found to be more appreciable at 0 (90) degree inclination angle of the branch pipe relative to the other orientations studied.展开更多
采用多相URANS(unsteady RANS)方法,针对水上飞机静水起飞过程中的性能分析,提出了一种新的数值模拟研究思路。通过考虑起飞过程中气动力和水动力之间的耦合影响、升力和浮力对水线位置高度变化的影响以及阻力和发动机推力对模型前进速...采用多相URANS(unsteady RANS)方法,针对水上飞机静水起飞过程中的性能分析,提出了一种新的数值模拟研究思路。通过考虑起飞过程中气动力和水动力之间的耦合影响、升力和浮力对水线位置高度变化的影响以及阻力和发动机推力对模型前进速度的影响,得到模型起飞过程中的受力变化趋势。模拟前通过分别计算标准模型的气动力和水动力并与实验数据对比,对数值计算方法进行了验证,模拟过程中通过VOF(volume of fluid)方法实现对自由液面界面的捕捉,最后通过对静水起飞过程中模型受力变化进行分析并与实验结果比较,对本文中的水气耦合数值计算进行了验证,计算结果表明,水上飞机低压载状态起飞过程中所受总阻力是缓慢增加的,并不会出现往复;同时水线高度逐渐下降,下降速度逐渐加快,且不会出现埋艏现象。展开更多
Intensive turbulence exists in the wakes of high speed trains, and the aerodynamic performance of the trailing car could deteriorate rapidly due to complicated features of the vortices in the wake zone. As a result, t...Intensive turbulence exists in the wakes of high speed trains, and the aerodynamic performance of the trailing car could deteriorate rapidly due to complicated features of the vortices in the wake zone. As a result, the safety and amenity of high speed trains would face a great challenge. This paper considers mainly the mechanism of vortex formation and evolution in the train flow field. A real CRH2 model is studied, with a leading car, a middle car and a trailing car included. Different running speeds and cross wind conditions are considered, and the approaches of un- steady Reynold-averaged Navier-Stokes （URANS） and de- tached eddy simulation （DES） are utilized, respectively. Re- suits reveal that DES has better capability of capturing small eddies compared to URANS. However, for large eddies, the effects of two approaches are almost the same. In conditions without cross winds, two large vortex streets stretch from the train nose and interact strongly with each other in the wake zone. With the reinforcement of the ground, a complicated wake vortex system generates and becomes strengthened as the running speed increases. However, the locations of flow separations on the train surface and the separation mechanism keep unchanged. In conditions with cross winds, three large vortices develop along the leeward side of the train, among which the weakest one has no obvious influence on the wake flow while the other two stretch to the tail of the train and combine with the helical vortices in the train wake. Thus, optimization of the aerodynamic performance of the trailing car should be aiming at reducing the intensity of the wake vortex system.展开更多
The broad implication of the paper is to elucidate the significance of the dynamic heaving motion in the aerodynamic performance of multi-element wings,currently considered as a promising aspect for the improvement of...The broad implication of the paper is to elucidate the significance of the dynamic heaving motion in the aerodynamic performance of multi-element wings,currently considered as a promising aspect for the improvement of the aerodynamic correlation between CFD,wind tunnel and track testing in race car applications.The relationship between the varying aerodynamic forces,the vortex shedding,and the unsteady pressure field of a heaving double-element wing is investigated for a range of mean ride heights,frequencies,and amplitudes,using a two-dimensional(2D)unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS)approach and an overset mesh method for modelling the moving wing.The analysis of the results shows that at high frequencies,i.e.,k≥5.94 and amplitudes a/c≥0.05 the interaction of the shear vorticity between the two elements results in the generation of cohering leading and trailing edge vortices on the flap,associated to the rapid variation of thrust and downforce enhancement.Both the occurrence and intensity of these vortices are dependent upon the frequency,amplitude,and mean ride height of the heaving wing.The addition of the flap significantly alters the frequency of the shed vortices in the wake and maintains the generation of downforce for longer time in ground proximity.The comparison with the static wing provides evidence that the dynamic motion of a race car wing can be beneficial in terms of performance,or detrimental in terms of aerodynamic correlation.展开更多
Accurate prediction of unsteady separated turbulent flows remains one of the toughest tasks and a practi cal challenge for turbulence modeling. In this paper, a 2D flow past a circular cylinder at Reynolds number 3,90...Accurate prediction of unsteady separated turbulent flows remains one of the toughest tasks and a practi cal challenge for turbulence modeling. In this paper, a 2D flow past a circular cylinder at Reynolds number 3,900 is numerically investigated by using the technique of unsteady RANS （URANS）. Some typical linear and nonlinear eddy viscosity turbulence models （LEVM and NLEVM） and a quadratic explicit algebraic stress model （EASM） are evaluated. Numerical results have shown that a high-performance cubic NLEVM, such as CLS, are superior to the others in simulating turbulent separated flows with unsteady vortex shedding.展开更多
Gas turbine flows are complex and very difficult to be predicted accurately not only due to that they are inherently unsteady but also because the presence of many complex flow phenomena such as transition,separation,...Gas turbine flows are complex and very difficult to be predicted accurately not only due to that they are inherently unsteady but also because the presence of many complex flow phenomena such as transition,separation,substantial secondary flow,combustion and so on.Those complex flow phenomena cannot be captured accurately by the traditional Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)and Unsteady RANS(URANS)methods although they have been the main numerical tools for computing gas turbine flows in the past decades due to their computational efficiency and reasonable accuracy.Therefore,the desire for greater accuracy has led to the development and application of high fidelity numerical simulation tools for gas turbine flows.Two such tools available are Direct Numerical Simulation(DNS)which captures directly all details of turbulent flow in space and time,and Large Eddy Simulation(LES)which computes large scale motions of turbulent flow directly in space and time while the small scale motions are modelled.DNS is computationally very expensive and even with the available most powerful supercomputers today or in the foreseeable future it is still prohibitive to apply DNS for gas turbine flows.LES is the most promising simulation tool which has already reasonably widely used for gas turbine flows.This paper will very briefly review first the applications of LES in turbomachinery flows and then focus on two gas turbine combustor related flow cases,summarizing the current status of LES applications in gas turbines and pointing out the challenges that we are facing.展开更多
Attending WTO will bring about great effect on China, as well as Jiangsu Province. The paper analyzes the effect from the following aspects. Under the background of economical globalization, information development an...Attending WTO will bring about great effect on China, as well as Jiangsu Province. The paper analyzes the effect from the following aspects. Under the background of economical globalization, information development and knowledge - based economy, attending WTO will promote the dynamic mechanism of urbanization to tend to high - level tertiary, instead Of industry. Attending WTO will produce comprehensive influence on the industries of Jiangsu Privince, and speed the economical efficiency, which in turn accelerates the urbanization. Then it will do good to develop out - oriented economy and be propitious to hi - tech development zones, which enlarges built - area and urban residents. Attending WTO will gain much more foreign investment, which can improve the infrastructure and the investment environment, and ameliorate the distribution of cities and towns system in the long run.展开更多
The paper expounds the metallogenic characterist ic s of Jiawula multimetals deposit in China and Uran multimetals deposit in Mongol ia. Comparative study shows that both deposits are volcanic hydrothermal mineral iza...The paper expounds the metallogenic characterist ic s of Jiawula multimetals deposit in China and Uran multimetals deposit in Mongol ia. Comparative study shows that both deposits are volcanic hydrothermal mineral ization with same epoch(Mesozoic), same source, same temperature, and same miner al assemblage, but volcanic structure are different. Therefore, both deposits ca n draw on experience of each other and supplement in future of second time ore- prospecting, and point out the new direction of ore-prospecting.展开更多
To numerically study the impact of total temperature distortion on a transonic compressor with reduced computational costs,a Body-Force Model(BFM)is developed.Firstly,the interactions between the distorted flow and th...To numerically study the impact of total temperature distortion on a transonic compressor with reduced computational costs,a Body-Force Model(BFM)is developed.Firstly,the interactions between the distorted flow and the compressor are analyzed using full-annulus Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS)results and the orbit method.It is found that the induced swirl distortion and the mass flux nonuniformity are intensified in the compressor upstream flow field.A correction factor is thus added to the BFM to account for the effect of the induced swirl,which is crucial for the accurate representation of distortion transfer in the intake.Then,steady simulations with large-amplitude 180circumferential total temperature distortion are performed using the developed BFM.It is shown that the distorted compressor map simulated with the BFM matches well with URANS results.The circumferential phase shift of total temperature and the generation of the additional total pressure distortion across the rotor are in line with the time-averaged URANS flow field.The compressor upstream effects on the distorted inflow can also be exactly captured.All above-mentioned results demonstrate the BFM developed in this paper can effectively capture the distorted flow features inside the compressor,and significantly reduce the computational costs by five orders of magnitude compared with URANS.展开更多
文摘At T-junctions, where hot and cold streams flowing in pipes join and mix, significant temperature fluctuations can be created in very close neighborhood of the pipe walls. The wall temperature fluctuations cause cyclical thermal stresses which may induce fatigue cracking. Temperature fluctuation is of crucial importance in many engineering applications and especially in nuclear power plants. This is because the phenomenon leads to thermal fatigue and might subsequently result in failure of structural material. Therefore, the effects of temperature fluctuation in piping structure at mixing junctions in nuclear power systems cannot be neglected. In nuclear power plant, piping structure is exposed to unavoidable temperature differences in a bid to maintain plant operational capacity. Tightly coupled to temperature fluctuation is flow turbulence, which has attracted extensive attention and has been investigated worldwide since several decades. The focus of this study is to investigate the effects of injection pipe orientation on flow mixing and temperature fluctuation for fluid flow downstream a T-junction. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach was applied using STAR CCM+ code. Four inclination angles including 0 (90), 15, 30 and 45 degrees were studied and the mixing intensity and effective mixing zone were investigated. K-omega SST turbulence model was adopted for the simulations. Results of the analysis suggest that, effective mixing of cold and hot fluid which leads to reduced and uniform temperature field at the pipe wall boundary, is achieved at 0 (90) degree inclination of the branch pipe and hence may lower thermal stress levels in the structural material of the pipe. Turbulence mixing, pressure drop and velocity distribution were also found to be more appreciable at 0 (90) degree inclination angle of the branch pipe relative to the other orientations studied.
文摘采用多相URANS(unsteady RANS)方法,针对水上飞机静水起飞过程中的性能分析,提出了一种新的数值模拟研究思路。通过考虑起飞过程中气动力和水动力之间的耦合影响、升力和浮力对水线位置高度变化的影响以及阻力和发动机推力对模型前进速度的影响,得到模型起飞过程中的受力变化趋势。模拟前通过分别计算标准模型的气动力和水动力并与实验数据对比,对数值计算方法进行了验证,模拟过程中通过VOF(volume of fluid)方法实现对自由液面界面的捕捉,最后通过对静水起飞过程中模型受力变化进行分析并与实验结果比较,对本文中的水气耦合数值计算进行了验证,计算结果表明,水上飞机低压载状态起飞过程中所受总阻力是缓慢增加的,并不会出现往复;同时水线高度逐渐下降,下降速度逐渐加快,且不会出现埋艏现象。
基金supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program(2009BAG12A03)the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China(2011CB711101)
文摘Intensive turbulence exists in the wakes of high speed trains, and the aerodynamic performance of the trailing car could deteriorate rapidly due to complicated features of the vortices in the wake zone. As a result, the safety and amenity of high speed trains would face a great challenge. This paper considers mainly the mechanism of vortex formation and evolution in the train flow field. A real CRH2 model is studied, with a leading car, a middle car and a trailing car included. Different running speeds and cross wind conditions are considered, and the approaches of un- steady Reynold-averaged Navier-Stokes （URANS） and de- tached eddy simulation （DES） are utilized, respectively. Re- suits reveal that DES has better capability of capturing small eddies compared to URANS. However, for large eddies, the effects of two approaches are almost the same. In conditions without cross winds, two large vortex streets stretch from the train nose and interact strongly with each other in the wake zone. With the reinforcement of the ground, a complicated wake vortex system generates and becomes strengthened as the running speed increases. However, the locations of flow separations on the train surface and the separation mechanism keep unchanged. In conditions with cross winds, three large vortices develop along the leeward side of the train, among which the weakest one has no obvious influence on the wake flow while the other two stretch to the tail of the train and combine with the helical vortices in the train wake. Thus, optimization of the aerodynamic performance of the trailing car should be aiming at reducing the intensity of the wake vortex system.
文摘The broad implication of the paper is to elucidate the significance of the dynamic heaving motion in the aerodynamic performance of multi-element wings,currently considered as a promising aspect for the improvement of the aerodynamic correlation between CFD,wind tunnel and track testing in race car applications.The relationship between the varying aerodynamic forces,the vortex shedding,and the unsteady pressure field of a heaving double-element wing is investigated for a range of mean ride heights,frequencies,and amplitudes,using a two-dimensional(2D)unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS)approach and an overset mesh method for modelling the moving wing.The analysis of the results shows that at high frequencies,i.e.,k≥5.94 and amplitudes a/c≥0.05 the interaction of the shear vorticity between the two elements results in the generation of cohering leading and trailing edge vortices on the flap,associated to the rapid variation of thrust and downforce enhancement.Both the occurrence and intensity of these vortices are dependent upon the frequency,amplitude,and mean ride height of the heaving wing.The addition of the flap significantly alters the frequency of the shed vortices in the wake and maintains the generation of downforce for longer time in ground proximity.The comparison with the static wing provides evidence that the dynamic motion of a race car wing can be beneficial in terms of performance,or detrimental in terms of aerodynamic correlation.
文摘Accurate prediction of unsteady separated turbulent flows remains one of the toughest tasks and a practi cal challenge for turbulence modeling. In this paper, a 2D flow past a circular cylinder at Reynolds number 3,900 is numerically investigated by using the technique of unsteady RANS （URANS）. Some typical linear and nonlinear eddy viscosity turbulence models （LEVM and NLEVM） and a quadratic explicit algebraic stress model （EASM） are evaluated. Numerical results have shown that a high-performance cubic NLEVM, such as CLS, are superior to the others in simulating turbulent separated flows with unsteady vortex shedding.
文摘Gas turbine flows are complex and very difficult to be predicted accurately not only due to that they are inherently unsteady but also because the presence of many complex flow phenomena such as transition,separation,substantial secondary flow,combustion and so on.Those complex flow phenomena cannot be captured accurately by the traditional Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)and Unsteady RANS(URANS)methods although they have been the main numerical tools for computing gas turbine flows in the past decades due to their computational efficiency and reasonable accuracy.Therefore,the desire for greater accuracy has led to the development and application of high fidelity numerical simulation tools for gas turbine flows.Two such tools available are Direct Numerical Simulation(DNS)which captures directly all details of turbulent flow in space and time,and Large Eddy Simulation(LES)which computes large scale motions of turbulent flow directly in space and time while the small scale motions are modelled.DNS is computationally very expensive and even with the available most powerful supercomputers today or in the foreseeable future it is still prohibitive to apply DNS for gas turbine flows.LES is the most promising simulation tool which has already reasonably widely used for gas turbine flows.This paper will very briefly review first the applications of LES in turbomachinery flows and then focus on two gas turbine combustor related flow cases,summarizing the current status of LES applications in gas turbines and pointing out the challenges that we are facing.
文摘Attending WTO will bring about great effect on China, as well as Jiangsu Province. The paper analyzes the effect from the following aspects. Under the background of economical globalization, information development and knowledge - based economy, attending WTO will promote the dynamic mechanism of urbanization to tend to high - level tertiary, instead Of industry. Attending WTO will produce comprehensive influence on the industries of Jiangsu Privince, and speed the economical efficiency, which in turn accelerates the urbanization. Then it will do good to develop out - oriented economy and be propitious to hi - tech development zones, which enlarges built - area and urban residents. Attending WTO will gain much more foreign investment, which can improve the infrastructure and the investment environment, and ameliorate the distribution of cities and towns system in the long run.
文摘The paper expounds the metallogenic characterist ic s of Jiawula multimetals deposit in China and Uran multimetals deposit in Mongol ia. Comparative study shows that both deposits are volcanic hydrothermal mineral ization with same epoch(Mesozoic), same source, same temperature, and same miner al assemblage, but volcanic structure are different. Therefore, both deposits ca n draw on experience of each other and supplement in future of second time ore- prospecting, and point out the new direction of ore-prospecting.
基金the National Science and Technology Major Project,China(Nos.J2019-Ⅱ-0020-0041 and J2019-Ⅱ-0017-0038)the Science Center for Gas Turbine Project,China(No.P2022-A-Ⅱ-002-001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52206061).
文摘To numerically study the impact of total temperature distortion on a transonic compressor with reduced computational costs,a Body-Force Model(BFM)is developed.Firstly,the interactions between the distorted flow and the compressor are analyzed using full-annulus Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS)results and the orbit method.It is found that the induced swirl distortion and the mass flux nonuniformity are intensified in the compressor upstream flow field.A correction factor is thus added to the BFM to account for the effect of the induced swirl,which is crucial for the accurate representation of distortion transfer in the intake.Then,steady simulations with large-amplitude 180circumferential total temperature distortion are performed using the developed BFM.It is shown that the distorted compressor map simulated with the BFM matches well with URANS results.The circumferential phase shift of total temperature and the generation of the additional total pressure distortion across the rotor are in line with the time-averaged URANS flow field.The compressor upstream effects on the distorted inflow can also be exactly captured.All above-mentioned results demonstrate the BFM developed in this paper can effectively capture the distorted flow features inside the compressor,and significantly reduce the computational costs by five orders of magnitude compared with URANS.
