Metropolitan Housing Development in Urban Fringe Areas-A Case Study of Three Metropolitan Cities of South Africa: Johannesburg, Ekurhuleni and Tshwane

Purpose:The metropolitan cities of Johannesburg,Ekurhuleni and Tshwane play an important role in the economy of the Gauteng province in South Africa.The region constitutes to 22.4 percent of the total population of South Africa and has a strong presence and contributes in areas of manufacturing sector,financial and business services,retail and wholesale trade,etc.The rapid urban population,increase in the informal settlements and socio-economic opportunities has resulted in considerable urban sprawl in and around the urban fringe areas of these metropolitan cities.The urban fringe areas of these metros often come under the influence of rapid urbanization process and pressures.Coupled with the economical and potential land dynamics and lack of priority of spatial development guidelines,these areas attract rapid and haphazard development from communities and developers.Research Design/Methodology:This research is based on a qualitative approach through a comprehensive literature review that included content analysis of key documents on housing sector such as IDPs(Integrated Development Plans),Municipal Annual Reports,Growth Development Strategies,and among other sectoral documents on housing sector.Some of the key priority issues considered in the housing sector included:eradication of housing backlogs,spatial restructuring of housing,provision of choice in terms of location,tenure and housing typology.Findings:The current paper discusses the approaches of metropolitan housing development processes in three metropolitan cities of South Africa from Gauteng region,namely:Johannesburg,Ekurhuleni and Tshwane.The paper discusses the existing housing sectoral scenario along with the fringe areas in three cities with focus on:formal and informal settlements,housing segregation and the backlogs,current institutional arrangements,role of public private participation,and scope for alternate mechanisms.The paper concludes in discussion on sustainable development options for housing development in urban fringe areas.

Spatial Boundary Definition of Urban-rural Fringe in Beijing City

Through reviewing domestic and overseas literatures about the definition of urban-rural fringe,it can be found that the combination of qualitative and quantitative definition methods has become a dominant one.This paper makes out the principle and basis,uses the data of villages and towns,and establishes an index system from three angles:population,land use and landscape.And then the gravitational model is applied to define the urban-rural fringe with Beijing as an example.

An investigation of the health value and self-care capabilities of the elderly in urban-rural fringe area nursing homes and the related in？uencing factors

Objective：To investigate the health value and self-care capabilities of the elderly living in urban-rural fringe area nursing homes and the factors that influence these variables.Methods：A cluster sampling method was used to select 280 elderly individuals from seven urban-rural fringe communities in Xianning to complete a survey regarding their health value and self-care capabilities.Results：The total health value and self-care capability scores of the elderly were 7.45 ± 1.45 and100.25±22.56,respectively.Both of these scores significantly differed by age,education level,marital status,and income（P 〈 0.05,P 〈 0.01）.Self-care capability was correlated with health value（r=0.521）.A multivariate linear regression analysis showed that health value,marital status,and age predicted selfcare capability.Conclusions：Elderly people living in the urban-rural fringe area with higher health values also had higher self-care capabilities.The self-care capabilities of the elderly can be enhanced by improving their health value using the ＂knowing-trusting-acting＂ model.

Concept Planning of Ecological Landscapes on Urban Fringes——A Case Study of Landscape Concept Planning of Shiling Area in the Eastern New District of Chengdu City, Sichuan Province of China

With Shiling Area of Eastern New District in Chengdu City as a background, concept design scheme was put forward from the perspective of ecological landscape through analyzing present development and ecological landscapes of the study area, applying philosophic thinking and Abstract concepts, and also combining with actual conditions of Chengdu, and meanwhile, concepts, orientation and functional structure of the eco-landscape concept planning were proposed. Key points of the planning were elaborated from 4 perspectives of spatial structure, traffic organization, spatial sequence and plant configuration to discuss spatial configuration of ecological landscapes on the fringes of Chengdu City, then further improve functions of ecological landscapes and quality of ecological environment, and put the concept planning into the construction practice of urban fringes.

Analyzing land use characteristics of rural settlements on the urban fringe of Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing, China

The objective of this paper is to analyze land use characteristics of rural settlements in urban fringe so as to provide references for optimizing the regional distribution of rural settlements, consolidating rural settlements, and coordinating urban-rural integrated development. The methods of spatial statistical analysis, buffer analysis, Ripley's K function, kernel density analysis based on GIS(Geographic Information System) were used to analyze the characteristics of scale, spatial differentiation and spatial patterns of the rural settlements in Liangjiang New Area in Chongqing Municipality of China. The fractal dimension formula was also developed to reflect fractal feature of the rural settlements. The results show that, the scale of rural settlements in Liangjang New Area takes on distinct characteristics of spatial differentiation along with changes in elevation, gradient, location, geohazards distribution, and the like. The fractal characteristic of rural settlements has obvious regional variations subject to the 6 factors of location in the Liangjiang New Area. Overall, the worse the terrain conditions are, the larger the fractal dimension values become. The better the locationconditions, the larger the fractal dimension values are. The spatial pattern in the township scale presents three kinds of distribution as being aggregated, uniform and random. In contract, the spatial pattern in the plaque scale displays a banding distribution from a general view with several aggregation zones centering on each town center. From the results, we can see that the characteristics of rural settlements in urban fringe are more complicated. For such kind of rural settlements in special regions, in the rural land consolidation more attention should be paid to improve the rural living environments and public services, as well as to promote the harmonious relationship between the urban and rural areas.

Changing Spatial and Structural Patterns of Non-agricultural Activities in Outward-moving Beijing Urban Fringe

As responses to metropolitan suburbanization and rural urbanization,the formation and evolution of urban fringes should be understood against the background of overall economic development and spatial reconstruction of entire metropolises.At the same time,however,endogenous interactions between industrial structure and spatial patterns of non-agricultural activities are also worthy of scholarly attention.Since the 1980s,studies on urban fringes in China have been restricted by the lack of micro-level data.This paper investigates the spatial expansion and structural evolution of the urban fringe by taking the case of Beijing and uses systematic firm-level data in 1996 and 2001 from the National Census of Basic Units.The diversity of distribution patterns across industrial sectors brings about two interrelated results.On the one hand,structural adjustment of non-agricultural industries promotes the expansion and spatial evolution of the urban fringe.On the other hand,the stability and dynamics of industrial structure coexist in the moving urban fringe.This study also reveals that the outward-moving urban fringe is the optimal location for manufacturing,especially heavy manufacturing,as well as traditional producer and consumer services.However,industries with spatial stickiness such as tourism and sports have not moved with the fringe.Most advanced services remain concentrated in the city center.The authors argue that it is essential for understanding and managing urban fringes to take into account spatial evolution and industrial structural adjustment together with their interaction with each other.

Research on Application of Low Technology in Landscape Reconstruction of Watercourses and Embankments in Wanjiang Urban Fringe in China

Urban fringe is a dynamic development area and its development in a certain period and region makes greater damage on the environment;hence,it is important to select proper technologies for landscape reconstruction.Based on this theme,the paper has analyzed the development and functional orientation of watercourses and embankments landscapes in Wanjiang urban fringe.On this basis,from the perspective of the selection and application of materials for watercourse and embankment landscape reconstruction,the respect of specific environmental culture of Wanjiang urban fringe,and the adaptation to the integration of watercourse landscape reconstruction technologies of Wanjiang urban fringe,the paper has illustrated the application of low technologies in landscape reconstruction of watercourses and embankments in Wanjiang urban fringe,so as to improve the surrounding environment and even the built-up environment based on the eco-environment of watercourses and embankments.

Study on sustainable development of urban fringe in China

Based on the analyses of characteristics and functions of urban fringe of China, this paper discusses the guidelines and systematic framework for sustainable development of urban fringe, and puts forward relevant index system for evaluation.

Fringe View: Problems and Construction of Human Settlement Environment for "Village-in-City"

The construction of human settlement environment is one of the important contents in the domain of sustainable development. We try to annotate human settlement environment for "village- in-city" from the angle of fringe view. According to the macro-system thought of human settlement environment science, the evolvement, which can be generalized into four phases, connotation and problems (including social, economic, and environmental problems) of "village-in-city" are discussed primarily in this paper. Some domestic and international researches and practices are also summarized and assessed in the paper. Based on the analysis, some appropriate clues and suggestions for the construction of "village-in-city" have been put forward.

“城—产—人”关联视角下城市边缘乡村转型的多尺度路径——以江苏溧阳北拓区为例

文章从空间、要素和时间维度,辨析城边村与“城”“产”“人”三重外部动力的多重关联性,构建“城—产—人”关联视角下的城边村转型研究框架。在此视角下,基于城边村演化发展的核心特征总结,从城区、园区、社区3个层面探讨城边村转型的多尺度空间路径,分别为:以城乡融合推动空间结构重组、以产业转型支撑空间布局融合、以人群需求引领品质生活营造。最后以溧阳北拓区乡村为例,以“融入城区—联动园区—激活社区”为脉络,提出城边村多尺度协同的规划策略,以期为我国乡村转型与新型城镇化提供可能的借鉴。

基于ISM和AHP的城乡结合部公众突发公共卫生事件风险感知关键影响因素分析

深入研究城乡结合部公众突发公共卫生事件风险感知关键影响因素,对政府调节公众风险感知、提升应急管理能力具有重要意义。首先构建城乡结合部公众突发公共卫生事件风险感知影响因素指标体系,然后利用解释结构模型(ISM)方法对影响因素进行层次分析,并采用层次分析(AHP)法对各层次影响因素的影响力大小进行分析,确定城乡结合部公众突发公共卫生事件风险感知的关键影响因素。结果表明:城乡结合部公众突发公共卫生事件风险感知的影响因素分为直接因素、间接因素和根本因素三个层次;应急决策指挥和感染死亡情况是关键直接影响因素,医疗救援能力和应急物资保障是关键间接影响因素,文化水平、技能水平和公共设施完善度是关键根本影响因素。针对关键影响因素,提出建立和完善预警系统、普及宣传应急知识和加大对城乡结合部地区医疗机构的投入等措施,为政府应急管理提供决策支持。

基于社会-生态耦合视角的城市边缘区生境服务评估与分区

城市边缘区是城市和乡村交接的社会-生态脆弱区,科学评估其生境服务,对于生物多样性保护与地区可持续发展具有重要意义。在生境服务评估中将社会和生态视角进行整合,有利于制订具有接受度和包容性的保护与管理策略。以上海市青浦区为例,基于社会-生态耦合视角构建“生境质量-生境感知”的生境服务评估框架,综合InVEST模型和SolVES模型开展评估,采用耦合协调度模型分析生境质量和生境感知的耦合协调关系,利用地理探测器探究协调空间分异的影响因素,并进行生境服务分区。结果表明:(1)研究区生境质量整体处于较低水平,空间分布呈“西高东低”格局;生境感知空间分布则多临近水系呈“条带状”格局。(2)生境质量与生境感知的耦合协调程度为轻度失调,且失调单元较多。(3)社会经济因素为耦合协调空间分异的主要影响因素,且多与景观格局因素共同作用。(4)基于生境质量和生境感知的匹配与耦合协调关系,可将研究区划分为4大类、12小类生境服务区,以进行针对性保护与管理。研究结果可为促进人与自然和谐共生的生境综合保护提供参考依据。

共同缔造模式下城边村社区更新规划研究——以广州市草河村为例

近年来,共同缔造理念在各地的规划实践中不断丰富和深化,有效推动了城乡社区发展。城边村社区是新型城镇化背景下推动郊区城市化、促进城乡融合的重要社会单元,更新过程中面临诸多社会问题。本文以典型城边村广东省广州市番禺区草河村为例,分析共同缔造模式下大城市城边村更新的实施问题与规划思路。规划搭建草河村共同缔造工作坊,探索构建“纵向到底、横向到边”的共同缔造实施机制。工作路径方面,在规划的不同阶段通过多种方式保证多元规划主体的参与,引导村民认同并加入村庄共同缔造实践。研究发现,草河村共同缔造工作促进了村民主体性提升,但由于未能形成稳定的规划共识,持续吸引规划主体参与,使得村庄更新规划陷入停滞。城边村共同缔造是渐进式的工作过程,需要多主体循序渐进、因地制宜地探索实施路径。草河村的规划实践为改善我国城边村共同缔造更新工作的实施提供参考。

基于城市实体地域的城乡接合部空间界定研究——以广州市为例

当前国内外城乡接合部空间界定研究尚未达成共识,在行政管理实践中也未形成明确的标准,导致了城乡接合部空间治理的现实困境。基于此,文章提出基于城市实体地域的城乡接合部空间界定方法,对广州市进行实证研究。结果表明:1)以自然资源部高精度遥感和土地调查数据准确识别的城市实体地域范围为城乡接合部空间界定测算指标,以明确的行政村、居委会为最小统计单元,可以有效地衔接国土空间规划技术体系;2)采用国内外大多数研究认同的25%~75%理想值与聚类分析法,并以广州市为典型案例进行城乡接合部空间界定阈值的优化与检验,最终确定广州市城乡接合部空间界定合理阈值为10%~75%;3)精准的测算指标、明确的研究单元和可操作性强的界定方法,可以较好地识别出城乡接合部空间,同时也为更深入的空间研究与治理提供支撑。

边缘空间“再生产”——城市边缘区生态价值的耗散机制与捕获路径

快速城市化伴随着城市边缘区的生态衰退与价值耗散。由此引发的区位比较优势削弱限制了边缘空间的资本积累和价值创造潜力,导致存量难更新和增量不经济的双向发展困境。本文在回溯城市边缘区生态资本化历程的基础上,构建生态价值耗散的空间表征和认知局限解释框架,最终提出城市边缘区生态价值捕获的空间规划响应策略。研究得出:城市边缘区的生态价值耗散强化了空间要素替代,延缓了土地更新时机,并衍生了生态成本多尺度扩散;价值核算偏差、增长脱钩困局与生态管制悖论是制约城市边缘区生态价值认知的关键因素;在规划实践中,通过“时空统筹”的资源梳理、“城绿融合”的价值创造和“刚柔互补”的系统运营维护能促进城市边缘区的空间“再生产”。

基于层级结构理论的传统徽州城市边缘空间形态认知方法建构

文章对自然山水和田园乡村要素的解读融入形态学研究。对中国传统山水城市理念,特别是徽州山水特色的研究和设计加以呈现并融入形态学分析,优化西方城市形态学对中国传统徽州城市边缘空间的形态表达方式,建立城镇、乡村和生态空间互动耦合的分析方法。具体结合对休宁县城边缘城镇、村落及农田形态的分析,文章提出包含“材料-结构-房间-建筑-地块-地块序列-平面单元”七个层级的形态层级结构体系,为多要素叠加的复杂边缘空间研究提供路径和平台,也为中国山水城市的认知解读和规划设计构建基础。

城乡一体化视域下国内城市边缘区研究进展及展望

工业化、城市化的快速发展导致城乡贫富差距日益扩大,激化了城乡之间的矛盾。城市边缘区的不健康发展严重影响城乡一体化可持续发展的进程,亟待需要更新和升级交通、产业等配套设施,以适应新时代城乡一体化战略的需要。城市边缘区的合理发展对于缓解城乡二元结构矛盾具有重要意义。为了系统地探讨城市边缘区的发展历史、现状、挑战与机遇,采用文献计量方法,运用CiteSpace对近10年城市边缘区研究领域进行了可视化分析,揭示了这一区域研究中的热点领域和关联领域,以及当前研究的重点和发展方向,并提出合理的未来展望。综合文献分析表明,城市边缘区由最初的单一经济发展思维转向多元化协同主体发展。同时,城市边缘区发展规划应积极推进智慧数字技术的应用,以促进城乡一体化的协调共进,实现多元主体的可持续增进发展。

城边型非典型传统村落整合性更新研究——以泉州江南片区为例

城边型非典型传统村落是一类位于城市边缘区且已被划入城镇开发边界,具有服务城乡功能、延续文化基因价值,但尚未列入传统村落名录的村落。随着城镇开发边界的划定,尝试统筹边界内非典型传统村落保护更新与城市发展已然是面向国土空间规划的一次必要性探索。结合城边型非典型传统村落的更新困境分析,以福建省泉州江南片区为例,提出城边型非典型传统村落整合性方法——非典型传统村落遴选分类与价值延续、非典型传统村落与外部的整合性保护和发展,以期为非典型传统村落和城市边缘区更新提供参考。

北京市朝阳区城乡结合部4~6岁儿童行为异常现状及影响因素分析

目的了解4~6岁儿童行为异常现状及影响因素。方法采取分层整群抽样方法,选取2018年11—12月北京市朝阳区城乡结合部7所幼儿园4~6岁儿童,采用Achenbach儿童行为量表(child behavior checklist,CBCL)对儿童家长进行问卷调查,采用多因素logistic回归方程分析儿童行为异常的影响因素。结果共调查889名儿童,其中男472名、女417名,平均年龄(4.6±0.7)岁。存在行为异常85例,行为异常检出率为9.56%。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄5~<6岁(OR=2.070,95%CI:1.200~3.571,P=0.009)、出生时缺氧或窒息(OR=7.888,95%CI:3.488~17.838,P<0.001)、看电子屏幕时间>120 min/d(OR=3.265,95%CI:1.625~6.560,P=0.001),暴力型家庭教养方式(OR=17.937,95%CI:3.111~103.439,P=0.001)和矛盾型家庭教养方式(OR=10.653,95%CI:4.294~26.428,P<0.001)是儿童行为异常的危险因素,民主型家庭教养方式(OR=0.414,95%CI:0.215~0.794,P=0.008)是儿童行为问题的保护因素。结论北京市朝阳区城乡结合部4~6岁儿童行为异常检出率较低。4~6岁儿童行为异常的发生与多种因素相关,可通过孕期保健、改善家庭教育和降低儿童电子屏幕时间等方法减少儿童行为异常的发生。

绿色融合式治理:城乡结合部社区生态治理的空间转向与生成机制

城乡结合部社区作为城市化进程中的一个过渡形态,其“亦城亦乡”的混合形态为城乡社区治理带来了巨大挑战。如何实现以人为本的社区发展治理与生态治理的有机融合,进而推动我国新型城市化高质量发展,成为值得深入探讨的重大议题。本研究以成都市公园社区示范点为例,以马克思主义的社会空间理论为视角,以“空间断裂—空间修复—空间适配”为分析框架。研究发现:在快速城市化进程中,生态空间与生产空间、生活空间相“切割”引发了城乡结合部社区的“新陈代谢断裂”;通过空间修复与空间营造,城乡结合部社区实现了从生产、生活和生态空间分类而治转向空间适配的绿色融合式治理。“绿色融合式治理”是一种以“绿色”生态价值观念为准则的社区治理创新机制,包含“多元主体联动”“空间尺度再造”与“空间资源融合”的内在机理,不仅拓展和丰富了社区治理的理论维度,更生动展现了中国式现代化对于西方现代化的超越。“绿色融合式治理”不仅是中国城乡社区治理的机制创新,也可为世界可持续发展贡献中国智慧和中国方案,进一步推进全球生态正义的实现。