Spatio-temporal Pattern Characteristics of Relationship Between Urbanization and Economic Development at County Level in China

The relationship between China’s urbanization and economic development(RCUED) is an important concern nationwide. As important actors in regional strategy and policy, county-level regions have played an increasingly significant role in the development of China’s social economy. However, the existing research on the RCUED lacks the fine depiction of the county-level administrative units.Using 2000 and 2010 census data and the statistical analysis method, we uncovered the evolution characteristics of China’s urbanization and economic development and conducted a quantitative identification for the RCUED with improved methods using the quadrant map approach. In addition, we investigated the spatial correlation effect of the RCUED using the spatial autocorrelation analysis method. The results were as follows: 1) In general, a high degree of matching exists between China’s urbanization and economic development at the county level at the significance level of 0.01. The correlation coefficients between China’s urbanization and economic development in2000 and 2010 were 0.608 and 0.603, respectively. 2) A significant regional difference exists in the RCUED at the county level. Based on a comparative analysis of 2276 county units in China in the two years, we found that county units can be categorized as under-urbanized, basic coordination and over-urbanized in various areas. No situation was observed where urbanization seriously lagged behind the economic development level, so the levels of urbanization and economic development appear to be basically coordinated,and the coordination state may be gradually optimized over time. 3) Over time, the spatial dependency of the RCUED has weakened and the spatial heterogeneity has increased. Northeast China has always been an area characterized by over-urbanization. The number of county units classified as under-urbanized has begun to decline in eastern coastal urban agglomeration areas, while counties rich in resources have transformed from having point-shaped over-urbanization to plane-shaped under-urbanization along the northern border,and the number of over-urbanized county units has increased in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. 4)’Lag-lag’ type and ’advance-advance’ type accounted for 68% of all counties in China, and these counties were shown to have obvious spatial differentiation characteristics.

Revisiting the Relationship Between Urbanization and Economic Development in China Since the Reform and Opening-up

The relationship between urbanization and economic development has become a hot topic in the scientific community due to its great practical significance,and economic and social value.However,this relationship continues to change dynamically.In the new stage of urbanization,it is urgent to reveal the causal relationship quantitatively and diagnose the future direction systematically.Based on this,this paper calculates the contribution rate of China’s urbanization to economic development from 1978 to 2019 and uses the panel data cointegration test method to explore the causal relationship between urbanization and economic development in China.The study has three principal results.First,the contribution rate of urbanization to economic growth has maintained the overall growth trend from1978 to 2019,but the growth rate of urbanization’s contribution to economic growth has been relatively low since 2012.It is an important reason that the real estate sector has moved into a new stage of transformation.Second,the cointegration test shows that economic development is a significant factor in advancing urbanization and the urbanization is the product of economic development.Urbanization has a positive feedback effect on economic development,but this effect does not pass the 5%significance level test.The impulse response function shows that the impact of urbanization on economic development is relatively small and stable,indicating that it is limited that the boost of economic development by land-centered urbanization.Third,China’s urbanization and economic development have both shown rapid growth for some time,but their relationship is still the low level of coordination,which has also led to a downward trend in the contribution of new-type,people-oriented urbanization to economic growth in recent years.In the future,China’s urbanization and economy need to maintain relatively medium-low speed growth in the medium-long term,and we should boost the coordinated development of urbanization and economy from low level to high level.

Inter-provincial pattern of the coupled and coordinated relationship between touristization and urbanization

The coordinated development between touristization and urbanization is the key to optimizing regional industrial structure and building a long-term dynamic mechanism for urbanization. Based on constructing the measurement index system of touristization and urbanization level, the evaluation model on the coupled and coordinated degree is used in this paper to measure the inter-provincial pattern of the coupled and coordinated relationship between touristization and urbanization in 31 provinces and autonomous regions in China. The results show that the coupled and coordinated relationship between touristization and urbanization is significantly different in different regions, which presents a gradient decline pattern of the highest in the east, the lower in the middle and the lowest in the west. In the future, measures should be taken to promote the coordinated development between touristization and urbanization in accordance with the regional differences and actual development needs.

Urban flood control strategy based on new relationship of human and flood

China is one of the countries with the most serious flooding disasters.In China,above 70% of big cities,50% of population and 75% of industrial and agricultural output value are distributed in eastern coastal areas with serious flooding.Therefore,enhancement of theoretical study and experience summarization of urban flood control is of great theoretical and practical significance.As economy is developing rapidly,urban scale is expanding fast,and urban flood control stand is promoted.Urban flood control calls for new concept and methods.This paper makes a systematic summarization of concept evolution and advanced methods concerning urban flood control at home and abroad.The concept of urban flood control has transformed from simple flood control and drainage to coexistence with and use of flood.Flood control measures have transferred form emphasis upon engineering ones to priority to both engineering and non-engineering ones,with special attention to ecological flood control,such as making full use of ecological revetment,ecological realignment of a river,multi-objective management of urban flood detention region,turning flood into resources and utilization of wetlands.

GIS-Based Urbanization Prediction Model Considering Neighborhood Relationship of the Unit of the “Block” in the Outskirts of Metropolitan Area

On the outskirts of the metropolitan areas in Japan, the rapid development of urban areas and the improvement in transportation networks have brought various land use problems in their wake, including urban diffusion and the phenomenon of urban sprawl. There is a strong need for accurate predictions of land-use change and future urbanization, as well as investigation of the appropriateness of present land use controls and the land use controls that will be required in the future. This study took as its object the outskirts of the Keihanshin (Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe) Metropolitan Area, the second largest conurbation in Japan after the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, and used the digital maps and spatial analysis offered by GIS. It aimed to: 1) describe the characteristics of land use controls, land use and urbanization;2) develop an urbanization prediction model that considers the neighboring relationship of neighboring areas on a 100 m mesh unit;3) apply this model to the study area and verify its validity regarding the conditions of present land use;4) compare urbanization prediction results by this model with the present land use controls;and 5) make predictions for future urbanization and propose remedial measures for future land use controls.

To What Extent Are Cities Influenced by Rural Urban Relationships in Africa

If rural-urban relationship is treated as an open and unregulated process, cities serve as a sink for rural population, meaning that higher proportions of rural people migrate from rural areas to stay permanently in the cities. This process, which is commonly referred to as rural urban migration can be more evident if the urban system is maintained as an open system. This holds key to interpreting how cities attract and retain their populations, a process that is critical to understand the causes of deterioration of most cities in developing countries that still draw much of their population inputs from rural areas, as it is the case with Africa. Deducing from South African experience, if policies that regulate movement of people between rural areas and cities are politically inclined they tend to give a particular character to the evolution and development of cities. This has been found to be true for two sets of policies implemented inSouth Africa. Ones that were implemented during Apartheid, while they encouraged the migration of unskilled laborers from rural to urban areas, failed to promote settlement and adaptation of African communities in the cities and this led to an upsurge of informal settlements around many cities ofSouth Africa. One that have been implemented since the advent of Democracy, due to their relaxed nature have led to an influx of people of African descent into the city centers and the effect of this has been the deterioration of these areas. With these findings this study cautions that urban system needs to be treated as open, that is, be allowed to regulate itself through economic success and failures of people who aspire to live in urban areas by choosing to settle in the cities.

Study on the Relationship between Shanghai Sand Junk Culture and Shanghai Urban Culture

From material,spiritual,institutional and behavioral aspects,Shanghai sand junk culture and Shanghai urban culture were studied,and the relationship between the two was analyzed.It is found that there are similarities and individualities between Shanghai sand junk culture and Shanghai urban culture,and the two are closely compatible.

Analysis on Relationship between Adjustment of Agricultural Structure and Urbanization Development

As a part of certain region,agricultural development has inevitable connection with regional urbanization,and they are highly heterogeneous and complementary in space. Their internal relationship is manifested as agricultural structure suits demand of urbanization development through adjustment in the process of urbanization,while urbanization is based on development of regional agriculture. From history of world agriculture and urbanization development,agriculture firstly provides primitive accumulation for urbanization development,and drives regional urbanization through promoting agricultural development. When urbanization develops to certain stage,urbanization accumulation increases and reaches the goal of " boosting urbanization through agriculture". If urbanization develops slowly,agricultural adjustment will lack motive force. On the contrary,weak agricultural development will lead to stagnation of urbanization. Therefore,adjustment of agricultural structure and urbanization development are interconnected,mutually promoted and restricted,and interdependent.

Study on Architecture and Urban Landscape

Through analyzing the architecture and urban landscape,this study aimed to elaborate the relationship between architecture and urban landscape,i.e.the interaction,mutual influence and reference,and coordination between them,so as to provide theoretical reference for realizing the integration of building groups,single building,urban landscape and the environment.

A Theoretical Analysis of Interactive Coercing Effects Between Urbanization and Eco-environment

Objectively, a complex interactive coercing relationship exists between urbanization and eco-environment, and the research of this relationship is primarily divided into three schools, i.e., interactive coercion theory, interactive promotion theory and coupling symbiosis theory. Harmonizing the relationship between urbanization and eco-environment is not only an important proposition for the national development plan but also the only way to promote healthy urbanization. Based on an analysis of urbanization process and its relationship with the eco-environment, this article analyzes interactive coercing effects between urbanization and eco-environment from three perspectives of population urbanization, economic urbanization and spatial urbanization, respectively, and analyzes risk effects of the interactive coercion. Further, it shows six basic laws followed by interactive coercion between urbanization and eco-environment, namely, coupling fission law, dynamic hierarchy law, stochastic fluctuation law, non-linear synergetic law, threshold value law and forewarning law, and divides the interactive coercing process into five stages, namely, low-level coordinate, antagonistic, break-in, ameliorative and high-grade coordinate. Based on the geometric derivation, the interactive coercing relationship between urbanization and eco-environment is judged to be non-linear and it can be explained by a double-exponential function formed by the combination of power and exponential functions. Then, the evolutionary types of the interactive coercing relationship are divided into nine ones: rudimentary coordinating, ecology-dominated, synchronal coordinating, urbanization lagging, stepwise break-in, exorbitant urbanization, fragile ecology, rudimentary break-in and unsustainable types. Finally, based on an interactive coercion model, the degree of interactive coercion can be examined, and then, an evolutionary cycle can be divided into four phases, namely rudimentary symbiosis, harmonious development, utmost increasing and spiral type rising. The study results offer a scientific decision-making of healthy urbanization for achieving the goal of eco-environment protection and promoting urbanization.

The eco-environmental guarantee for China's urbanization process

Studying the change of resources consumption and eco-environmental carrying capacity are of importance to the sustainable development of urbanization.Based on the China's economic and social statistical data from 1950 to 2006,the ecological footprint,eco-logical footprint intensity,ecological deficit and surplus,and eco-environment quality com-prehensive index are calculated,the correlation between urbanization and eco-environmental change is analyzed and the eco-environmental guarantee for China's urbanization in 2030 is forecasted.The major results could be summarized as follows:(1) there is a positive linear relation between urbanization and ecological footprint,negative linear relation between ur-banization and ecological footprint intensity,ecological deficit and surplus and the negative exponential relation between urbanization and eco-environment quality comprehensive index.(2) By 2030,the urbanization level will reach 61.32%,the ecological deficit will increase to 42.2866×108 hm2 and the eco-environment quality comprehensive index will drop to 0.3016 on the condition that the total quantity ecological footprint achieves 55.9348×108 hm2.(3) Under the existing urban development pattern,the ecological overload will be more serious in the next 24 years.Constructing the reasonable industrial structure and establishing the intensive resources utilization system to alleviate the eco-environmental pressure are the tough challenges in China's urbanization process.

A global consistent positive effect of urban green area size on bird richness

Background: Although the species-urban green area relationship (SARu) has been analyzed worldwide, the global consistency of its parameters, such as the fit and the slope of models, remains unexplored. Moreover,the SARu can be explained by 20 different models. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate which models provide a better explanation of SARus and, focusing on the power model,to evaluate the global heterogeneity in its fit and slope. Methods: We tested the performance of multiple statistical models in accounting for the way in which species richness increases with area, and examined whether variability in model form was associated with various methodological and environmental factors. Focusing on the power model, we analyzed the global heterogeneity in the fit and slope of the models through a meta-analysis. Results: Among 20 analyzed models, the linear model provided the best fit to the most datasets, was the top ranked model according to our efficiency criterion, and was the top overall ranked model.The Kobayashi and power models were the second and third overall ranked models, respectively.The number of green areas and the minimum number of species within a green area were the only significant variables explaining the variation in model form and performance, accounting for less than 10% of the variation. Based on the power model,there was a consistent overall fit (r2=0.50) and positive slope of 0.20 for the species richness increase with area worldwide.Conclusions:The good fit of the linear model to our SARu datasets contrasts with the non-linear SAR frequently found in true and non-urban habitat island systems;however, this finding may be a result of the small sample size of many SARu datasets. The overall power model slope of 0.20 suggests low levels of isolation among urban green patches, or alternatively that habitat specialist and area sensitive species have already been extirpated from urban green areas.

Changing Concepts of City and Urban Planning Practices in Guangzhou(1949–2010): An Approach to Sustainable Urban Development

By focusing on Guangzhou, this paper examines how different concepts of city in terms of urban-rural relationships are shaped in transforming China since 1949, and explores how they influence the way in which urban planning are practiced. In the pre-reform era, the city was defined as a productive space under the system of urban-rural segregation established for securing rapid industrialization. Urban planning was thus only concerned with the development of urban areas. In the 1980 s and 1990 s after the reform, institutional change and economic transformation mobilized the urban-rural linkages. The development of suburban areas was then considered by urban planning, but this consideration was a passive response to urban problems such as population explosion and water resources protection. Since the new millennium, the agenda for sustainable development and problems of uneven urban-rural development have called for the development of urban-rural integration. In this context, the city is conceptualized as a complex of mountain, city, river, farmland and sea, reconstructing the ideology of urban-rural division in defining urban development. Urban planning has therefore sought in an active way to develop a sustainable city embracing rural and natural elements, and to balance economic growth and environmental protection. It is argued that developing the concept of city as a complex of urban and rural elements contributes to the urban planning for sustainable urban development, while this conceptualization relies on the recognition of the integrated urban-rural relationship.

Multi-source Data-driven Identification of Urban Functional Areas:A Case of Shenyang,China

Urban functional area(UFA)is a core scientific issue affecting urban sustainability.The current knowledge gap is mainly reflected in the lack of multi-scale quantitative interpretation methods from the perspective of human-land interaction.In this paper,based on multi-source big data include 250 m×250 m resolution cell phone data,1.81×105 Points of Interest(POI)data and administrative boundary data,we built a UFA identification method and demonstrated empirically in Shenyang City,China.We argue that the method we built can effectively identify multi-scale multi-type UFAs based on human activity and further reveal the spatial correlation between urban facilities and human activity.The empirical study suggests that the employment functional zones in Shenyang City are more concentrated in central cities than other single functional zones.There are more mix functional areas in the central city areas,while the planned industrial new cities need to develop comprehensive functions in Shenyang.UFAs have scale effects and human-land interaction patterns.We suggest that city decision makers should apply multi-sources big data to measure urban functional service in a more refined manner from a supply-demand perspective.

The Interaction of Population,Industry and Land in Process of Urbanization in China:A Case Study in Jilin Province

Urbanization is a complex process that covers a wide range of topics, of which population, industry and land urbanization are three important aspects. Jilin Province is an important agricultural province in China. The contradiction between population, industry and land urbanization is especially prominent here, and its coupling development is of great practical significance. In this paper, the coupling degree of population-industry-land urbanization in Jilin Province in 1990, 2000 and 2010 is measured by coupling mode. The spatial pattern of the coupling degree is analyzed by trend surface analysis and global and local spatial autocorrelation. The influence factors and their spatial differentiation are discussed using multiple linear regression(MLR) model and geographic weighted regression(GWR) model. The results show that: 1) the coupling degree of population-industry-land urbanization in Jilin Province is at a low level. Judging from the change of time scale, the urbanization of most research units is becoming more and more coordinated. From the comparison of spatial scales, there is significant spatial difference in the research units of different administrative levels. 2) Judging from the global change trend, the coupling degree of population-industry-land urbanization in the central region is higher than that in western and eastern regions. The coordination of urbanization in the central region is relatively good, and the distribution of the cold and hot spots is basically the same as that overall. 3) The spatial pattern of the coupling degree is related to the cold and hot spot distribution of the influence coefficient of urban population density and per capita urban construction land. The variation of the coupling degree spatial pattern is synchronous with the spatial change of the urban population density influence coefficient. 4) The degree of agglomeration of the urban population is the main factor promoting the coupling pattern of population-industry-land urbanization in Jilin Province, and the extent of its influence is gradually increasing. In addition, the level of city administrative, the efficiency of urban expansion and the capacity of market consumption also have an important influence on the coupling pattern.

Towards a sustainable campus-city relationship:A systematic review of the literature

The relationship between a university and its city is considered strategical to achieve university targeted ambitions and visions.The university-city relationship is also encouraged for the benefit of the city,as universities unleash their respective cities’potentials to act as driving forces not only for their local communities,but also for the whole nation.Therefore,maintaining a mutual relationship between the university and the city is considered essential to accomplish strategic goals for both.However,the nature of this relationship is quite complex,overlapped,interconnected,and diverse.Therefore,this paper conducted a systematic review of the literature on university-city and campus-city relationships to evaluate recent research trends to uncover the aspects that connect universities with their respective cities.The search included articles published in 4 different databases from January 1990 to January 2021.A total number of 50 articles were selected in this review.The findings uncovered different aspects that could help or hinder university-city relationship based on the physical and functional linkage between the campus and the city.Moreover,findings have shown that it is necessary to understand universities according to their contextual differences,as universities have shown different impacts on their respective cities in terms of their sizes and locations.Results have also shown that the impact of the physical connection between the university and the city goes far beyond campus’s accessibility as it deeply affects students’social life as well.Therefore,decision makers,stakeholders,and university administrators need to co-design campus development process especially in the early stages to maximize the mutual benefits of campus-city relationship.The main conclusions of this paper address several perspectives and lessons for a more sustainable campus-city relationship.

要素流动对城乡融合发展的影响机理与空间分异研究

城乡要素双向自由流动有利于提高要素配置效率和优化城乡关系,促进城乡融合发展。现有关于要素流动对城乡融合发展的研究主要围绕传统生产要素对城乡融合发展的研究展开讨论,鲜有文献将数据这一新型生产要素纳入城乡要素流动范围并探索其对城乡融合发展的影响机理。基于2010—2021年中国31个省份的面板数据,在测算要素流动、城乡融合发展水平的基础上,构建双向固定效应模型、地理加权回归模型和中介效应模型实证检验要素流动对城乡融合发展的影响效应及作用机制。研究发现:第一,全国要素流动总指数呈现出小幅度增长的态势,位于均值之上的地区中64%是城乡融合发展试验区,说明城乡融合发展政策实施具有重要的引导作用;第二,要素流动显著促进城乡融合发展,这一结论在引入城乡之间距离作为工具变量进行内生性检验、采用删除4个直辖市和缩短时间窗口的方法进行稳健性检验之后仍然成立;第三,空间异质性分析中,劳动力、土地和数据要素始终表现出促进城乡融合发展的作用,随着时间的推移,土地要素对不同地区城乡融合发展影响程度逐渐增强、影响范围逐步扩大,技术要素对城乡融合发展的促进逐渐凸现,由华东和华南地区向东北和西南地区转移;第四,在要素流动影响城乡融合发展的过程中,电商销售是要素流动影响城乡融合发展的重要途径,农业机械化和产业结构变迁并未发挥出中介变量的作用,不同于已有的研究结果。因此,今后持续深化城乡融合发展的内涵与外延、拓展深度与广度;始终以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导,运用科学的世界观和方法论,坚持整体推进与试点示范相统一的指导原则,推广实践中形成的典型经验。研究结论为城乡要素双向合理流动的机制建立、城乡融合发展体制机制的健全提供了理论和经验上的参考。

共同富裕视域下乡村治理共同体建设的理论逻辑与实现路径

实现农民农村共同富裕是实现全体人民共同富裕中最艰巨最繁重的任务,这意味着加强和创新乡村治理将承担更多实现共同富裕的目标任务。为此,需在共同富裕视域下建设乡村治理共同体,实现农民农村共同富裕与乡村治理有效的高度统一。就其联系而言,实现共同富裕是乡村治理共同体建设的基本前提与价值导向,乡村治理共同体建设则是共同富裕的实现方式与本质要求,由此表现出二者互为实现途径与目的的内在耦合关系。就其理论逻辑而言,马克思共同体思想和城乡关系理论内在统一的思想奠基是其理论本源,习近平共同富裕观与乡村治理思想内在统一的现实指引是其理论创新,中华优秀传统文化中的“大同”理想与乡村治理思想的当代升华是其理论底蕴。就其实现路径而言,需坚持和加强党建引领,强化统筹乡村治理共同体的“内涵”和“外延”;发展壮大农村集体经济,筑牢乡村治理共同体建设的物质基础;健全“三治融合”乡村治理体系,完善乡村治理共同体的治理机制;积极推动城乡融合,激活乡村治理共同体建设的内生动力。

The Importance of Legibility and Its Relationship with the West End Regeneration Programme

Legibility is a significant quality of urban spaces. It affects people's knowledge of space and options available to them. This paper focused on the importance of the legibility of urban spaces and its relationship with urban design projects, and took the regeneration of Oxford's West End for example to il ustrate how to make urban open green spaces clearly legible.

基于文本分析法的城乡融合政策变迁研究——以重庆市为例

城乡融合发展是打破城乡二元体制、缩小城乡发展差距的必由之路,探究城乡融合政策变迁对于识别城乡融合发展趋势具有重要意义。在厘定城乡融合发展阶段基础上,建立“政策阶段—政策目标—政策工具”三维框架,以重庆市为例,对其2002—2022年的163份城乡融合政策进行文本编码和量化分析,从政策目标、政策工具两方面探究政策变迁趋势。研究发现:作为实现城乡融合发展的必要支撑,城乡融合政策根据政策环境变化而动态演进、创新发展,其变迁趋势为要素互补高级化、参与主体多元化、产业形式多样化、改革创新精准化。据此,从提升城乡要素互补水平、营造社会参与良好环境、推进农村产业融合发展、加大改革创新力度四个方面提出管理启示,以期为城乡融合发展提供参考与借鉴。