Study on Functions and Countermeasures of Disaster Prevention and Reduction of Urban Green Land

From the advanced experiences at home and abroad,according to the requirements of emergency evacuation at earthquake disaster,then strategies and methods to disaster prevention and reduction functions of urban green land construction were put forward.

Overview on Mangrove Forest Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Functions

This paper provides a comprehensive overview on coastal protection and hazard mitigation by mangroves.Previous stud-ies have made great strides to understand the mechanisms and influencing factors of mangroves’protection function,including wave energy dissipation,storm surge damping,tsunami mitigation,adjustment to sea level rise and wind speed reduction,which are sys-tematically summarized in this study.Moreover,the study analyzes the extensive physical models,based on indoor flume experi-ments and numerical models,that consider the interaction between mangroves and hydrodynamics,to help our understanding of mangrove-hydrodynamic interactions.Additionally,quantitative approaches for valuing coastal protection services provided by man-groves,including index-based and process-resolving approaches,are introduced in detail.Finally,we point out the limitations of previous studies,indicating that efforts are still required for obtaining more long-term field observations during extreme weather events,to create more real mangrove models for physical experiments,and to develop numerical models that consider the flexible properties of mangroves to better predict wave propagation in mangroves having complex morphology and structures.

RESEARCH ON SYSTEM OF FLOOD DISASTER CONTROL AND REDUCTION SUPPORTED BY GIS IN MEDIUM AND SMALL BASINS

Southeast China coastal areas belong to subtropical monsoon climatic zone, thus easily affected by floods resulted from typhoons and rainstorms. Since the areas of river basins are small, rivers flood regulation capacities are low, and therefore flood hazard is grave. In this paper, taking the Yongjiang basin in southeast China as an example, the approaches and methods of geographic information system(GIS) applied to flood disaster control and reduction research on small basin are explored. On GIS help the rainfall runoff calculation model and the river channel flood routing model are developed. And the evaluating flood submerged area and the damage assessment models are built supported by digit elevation models. Lastly the decision support system on GIS supported for flood control in research basin has been set up. This greatly improves flood proofing decision making capacities in river basin, and provides valuable information and a mode for flood prevention and reduction in the medium and small basin. Meanwhile, the research indicates that technologies of GIS provide a powerful tool for flood disaster control.

Integrated Disaster Prevention and Reduction for Areas along the Belt and Road during the 14th Five-Year Plan Period:Global Disaster Reduction and Key Issues for Major Areas

Disaster prevention and mitigation,as the greatest common divisor of people s interests in the construction of the Belt and Road,can not only guarantee the safety of Chinese enterprises going abroad and China s foreign investment but also promote the sustainable development in countries and regions along the route,which is conducive to the realization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals for 2030.On the eve of China s disaster prevention and reduction plan during the 13th Five-Year Plan period,this paper studies the key issues in integrated disaster prevention and reduction for major areas along the Belt and Road.First of all,it analyzes the importance and urgency of integrated disaster prevention and mitigation for areas along the Belt and Road.Secondly,from a global perspective,it analyzes the measures for the construction and innovation of disaster prevention and reduction technical system,the key issues in the disaster risk management and the focuses of disaster prevention and reduction international cooperation mechanism along the Belt and Road.At last,from the strategic level,it analyzes systematically the major areas and key fields for research and practice of integrated disaster prevention and reduction along the Belt and Road,including research and practice on disaster prevention and reduction of Silk Road Economic Belt,research and practice on disaster prevention and reduction of Maritime Silk Road,research and practice on disaster prevention and reduction in the construction of major protects,research and practice on disaster prevention and reduction in the construction of the six economic corridors,research and practice on the construction of disaster prevention and reduction information platform and research and practice on the building of cross-border and cross-regional rescue capability.

Planning of Urban Public Disaster-prevention Green Spaces: A Case Study of Living Water Park in Chengdu City

Based on disaster-prevention functions of urban public green spaces, necessity and significance of emergency shelters in a city were analyzed. Taking Living Water Park in Chengdu for example, planning of urban public disaster-prevention green spaces was analyzed to further explore planning of urban disaster-prevention green space system and refugee spaces, and provide instructions for the planning and construction of urban disaster-prevention green spaces in China.

Preparing Youth for Disasters: The Need for a Contextualised Disaster Risk Reduction Curriculum in Schools

This study draws from detailed qualitative case studies of three schools that practise disaster risk reduction (DRR) education initiatives in their curriculum in Nepal. Using curriculum mapping and discourse analysis, it aims to elaborate the significance of relevant disaster risk reduction (DRR) content in school curriculum to prepare youths for disaster response and recovery. It elaborates the nature of the current DRR content covered in curricula and textbooks and provides suggestions to address the identified disaster-related issues in the school curriculum. It further elaborates that incorporation of local and contextualised DRR content in school curricula contributes to the establishment of the “culture of resilience” in disaster prone context like Nepal. It concludes that more organised and holistic approach is essential to develop disaster and management knowledge, skills and attitudes to youths.

Urban Flood Disaster Risk Assessment and Planning Response: A Case Study of Handan, Hebei Province

Flood disaster is a serious threat to urban security,and flood control and drainage planning is an important measure to ensure urban security.This paper takes planning guidance to empirical research as the main axis.On the basis of meteorological data and spatial data,through the analysis on the risk of disaster-causing factors of flood disasters,the sensitivity of disaster-pregnant environment,the vulnerability of disaster-bearing bodies and the ability of disaster prevention and mitigation,12 indicators are selected to construct a comprehensive evaluation index system for flood disaster risk.Handan City is taken as an example to study the spatial distribution characteristics of flood disaster risk.Based on AHP,weights are assigned to the evaluation indicators of flood disasters in the system,and the risk visualization is carried out in GIS.According to comprehensive risk assessment results,it could put forward corresponding disaster prevention planning strategy for defending flood disaster in Handan City.

Reflection on China's Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Construction after Rainstorm and Snowstorm

On July 10,2004,Beijing was hit by the rainstorm that has not been seen for many years,which caused water accumulation in many places of the urban area,power supply interruption in many places,and traffic paralysis for nearly 5 h. On July 12,2004,the rainstorm in Shanghai lasted less than 1 h,but it caused 7 deaths,more than 20 injuries,extensive power outages and traffic paralysis. At the end of 2005,the continuous snowfall in Weihai City of Shandong Province for half a month caused direct economic losses of over 200 million yuan,and the continuous heavy snowfall had a serious impact on people’s lives. From July 17 to 23,2021,Henan Province suffered a rare extremely heavy rainstorm in history,with a direct economic loss of 120.6 billion yuan. Faced with such urban meteorological disasters and other types of urban disasters,combined with the current situation of disaster prevention and reduction in China,what will managers,decision-makers,and experts and scholars think about from them.

Status quo and Existing Problems of Seismic Prevention Planning in Counties and Districts——a Case Study of Hongsibao District, Wuzhong City,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

This paper introduced domestic and overseas status, the historical evolution and the development history of earthquake disaster reduction planning. The urgencies and realistic significance were analyzed to carry out earthquake disaster reduction planning for districts or countries in the northwest. With Hongsibao District in Wuzhong City, Ningxia Province as an example, this article analyzed in detail the present situation and the special problems of earthquake disaster reduction planning in Northwest China. The relevant solving measures were put forward in order to offer a reference for the scientific establishment and effective implementation of earth- quake disaster reduction planning in Northwest China. The foundation of earthquake disaster reduction in the Hongsibao District is still very weak, there is a single earthquake monitoring means, the emergency rescue system is not complete, the working mechanism is not perfect, and the lack of funding for the work of earthquake disaster reduction.

Analysis of Main Climatic Disasters in Rice Production in Changsha and its Strategies

According to the meteorological data from National Basic Meteorological Station in Changsha in recent 43 years and statistics of occurrence time and intensity of main meteorological disasters for rice in Changsha in recent 13 years,a comparison was conducted to the meteorological situations between the first 30 years and the last 13 years.Results indicated that the main meteorological disasters in rice production in Changsha showed an increasing occurrence tendency of high temperature damage,drought and cold-dew wind,but a decreasing occurrence tendency of low temperature,late spring cold,dry and hot wind,gale,hail,flood,cloudy and drizzly day.In the end,some corresponding strategies for preventing and reducing meteorological disasters in rice production were put forward.

超大城市洪涝灾害成因综合解析——以重庆市为例

近年来,极端天气事件呈现趋多趋强态势,变化环境下洪涝灾害频发给社会经济发展带来严峻挑战。重庆是中国西部超大城市和成渝城市群“双核”之一,主城区地貌以山地、丘陵为主,受上游江河来水和三峡库区回水的双重影响,洪涝灾害风险突出。以重庆市历年洪涝灾害事件为基础,梳理重庆市防涝减灾现状,分析水文、地理、地形、城市化、气象等因素对重庆市洪涝灾害发生频率和强度的影响,结合这些洪涝灾害致灾因子进一步对重庆市的孕灾环境和承灾体进行分析,提出针对重庆中心城区洪涝治理的对策建议。分析发现:重庆市洪涝灾害受多种因素综合影响,特殊的地理位置和山地城市的地形条件决定了重庆防洪治涝的艰巨性;重庆市河流纵横,山高谷深,完全具备发生洪涝灾害的孕灾条件;应充分考虑气象水文和经济社会发展的新情况,根据三峡水库等建成后的洪涝灾害特征和城区防洪防涝能力现状,及时优化城市洪涝灾害防御体系。

The Design and Implementation of SMS Gateway Interface for Early Warning Plan for Meteorological Hazards Based on CMPP Protocol

Relying on CMPP (China Mobile Peer to Peer) protocol,we propose and design SMS (Short Message Service) gateway interface for early warning plan based on real-time meteorological database application,in order to form the meteorological mobile internet service system which is 'One point connect,service the whole province' for short.Accessing interface system to each city's SMG (Short Message Gateway) through standard protocol,we establish the information transmitting channel of short message platform and mobile SMG to realize the store-forward and flow control of short message.In addition,the stable and dependable communication connect of interface system and mobile SMG should be ensure,and the connect could be reconstructed while encountering any error,as well as committing short message would be stopped due to interruption of connect.

水利测雨雷达在四川省的应用与思考

四川省川西高原、攀西地区及盆周山区等地山高坡陡、沟壑纵横,传统降水量监测和预报手段存在多方面制约。水利测雨雷达能够精准监测近地面2 km的空中雨,且具有外推1~3 h的预报能力,能够提升预报精度、延长预见期、缩短预警时间、增加预演场景、细化预案措施,有力推动水旱灾害防御“四预”工作。以四川省科技赋能防灾减灾救灾“揭榜挂帅”项目“一次榜单”为契机,聚焦四川川西高原、攀西地区及盆周山区等地常发的山洪泥石流灾害,通过研发二维轻量化X波段相控阵双极化测雨雷达提升测雨精度,研发适用于无人区的地面降水观测设备,研究雷达组网技术和降水反演算法,研发捕捉山洪泥石流灾害“前兆信号”“演进过程”的智能监测设备,构建“天空地”一体化融合监测感知体系,建立山洪泥石流多源异构监测数据的融合机制,搭建中小流域洪水预报及山洪灾害预警预报平台,力求弥补山洪泥石流易灾区面雨量监测精度不足的短板,提升中小河流洪水防御和山洪泥石流灾害临灾监测预警预报能力。

川西地区中小学防震减灾科普现状及需求研究——以四所中小学校为例

为摸清川西地区中小学的防震减灾需求,选取川西地区雅安市雨城区太平实验小学、甘孜州丹巴县城区第一学校、天全中学、泸定中学4所中小学校开展防震减灾科普现状及需求的调查研究。研究结果显示,川西少数民族地区中小学现有防震减灾科普产品种类、呈现形式比较单一,科普产品针对性较弱;川西地区对防震减灾科普产品的需求更趋向地震风险防范、地震应急救援等知识的系统学习。本研究结果可为今后更好地研发有针对性的防震减灾科普产品和开展地域性防震减灾科普工作提供依据。

少震地区公众防震减灾科普需求与认知的调查和分析——以江西省为例

本研究旨在探索江西省公众对防震减灾科普知识的认知和需求。通过设计并实施问卷调查,广泛收集了公众的反馈,以评估他们对防震减灾信息的需求及偏好的获取信息渠道。研究发现,大部分受访者表达了对防震减灾科普知识的强烈需求,尤其强调了对实用、易于理解和可操作内容的偏好。在信息获取渠道方面,数字媒体,尤其是互联网和电视,是科普知识的主要获取渠道。然而,主要挑战包括科普内容过于理论化、专业化和复杂化,且信息获取途径较为有限。基于这些调查结果,本研究建议相关部门和组织加强实地演习、利用数字媒体进行宣传和实践经验的分享,扩大传播渠道,同时简化专业内容,从而更有效地满足公众需求,提升公众的防震减灾意识和能力。

智慧应急赋能城市减灾:本土建构、现实困境与提升路径

智慧应急既是城市减灾治理现代化转型的一个前瞻性概念,也是智慧城市在风险社会中需要不断探索的理论前沿。该文从城市减灾的视角,系统阐释智慧应急的技术内涵、治理内涵和价值内涵,实现智慧应急赋能城市减灾的本土建构;通过全景式观察智慧应急赋能城市减灾过程中所存在的多源异构数据整合与共享难题、技术驱动与制度变革间衔接问题以及技术与权力滥用引发“数字利维坦”之恶等现实困境;尝试从建立数据标准规范体系、构建多元协同治理机制和协调价值主体利益诉求等维度探索提升路径,以期为智慧应急在城市减灾应用与实践中提供理论基础和政策指引。

城市韧性张力:学理因由、双因耦合与水平评估

在气候变化和经济全球化背景下,提升城市韧性、减轻灾害风险是实现城市数字治理和高质量发展的重要基点。论文提出使用“韧性张力”表征城市韧性水平和提升空间,运用“风险—韧性”双因耦合矩阵测量山西省11个地级市的韧性状态,确定不同类型城市的韧性发展方向。研究表明:(1)山西省七成以上地级市的灾害风险水平偏低、韧性张力较好。(2)年均灾害损失占财政支出的比值与灾害防治及应急管理实际支出比的失衡反映了城市应急资金储备的不足。(3)融合吸收、恢复、适应和调整阶段的韧性过程曲线有助于发现韧性“赤字”并预测趋势。针对参与韧性建设的不同主体,坚持问题导向、因地制宜和风险沟通,切合时宜助推韧性张力提升。

城市轨道交通大型换乘车站应急防灾设计

[目的]鉴于大型城市轨道交通(以下简称“城轨”)换乘车站数量不断增加,以及该类车站具有埋深较大、人员密集、逃生救援场地受限的特征,应急防灾难度和压力十分突出,因此需要对此类型车站的应急防灾进行设计。[方法]以武汉光谷广场综合体工程作为实际案例,从火灾防护、大客流防护、洪涝防护、恐袭防护及突发疫情防护等5个重点方面,分析大型城市轨道交通车站所面临的灾害特征,结合方案设计、模拟仿真、计算分析等方式,对不同类型的灾害提出解决方案。[结果及结论]采用开放式的建筑布局和贯通的人行交通层,结合自然排烟与下沉广场设置准安全区,是困难条件下大型地下空间的有效消防措施;结合车站特点分析客流高峰情况,对不同时段、不同类型的使用人群进行分类,并设置相对独立、交叉少的流线,以有效地进行大客流防护;除常规的洪涝防护措施外,提高与周边地下空间的硬隔离措施,如增加防淹门是作为洪涝防护的必要手段;提高站内的通透性,快速疏解乘客,避免堵塞滞留可有效防护恐怖袭击;对于突发疫情防护,应严格按照我国相关管理规定,落实日常防控管理,适时采取一般疫情或较大疫情响应措施。

城市生态防减灾中人工智能技术应用的进展与逻辑框架

在全球气候变化影响下,传统工程防灾难以解决自然灾害风险的不确定性问题。生态防减灾(Eco-DRR)作为国际韧性城市的前沿理论,对我国韧性城市发展有重要参考价值,人工智能(AI)技术可以很好地解决城市生态防减灾的不确定性问题,然而当前Eco-DRR理论研究与AI技术的实践应用存在断层。该文使用PRISMA2020框架调查城市Eco-DRR中AI技术应用的实践案例,通过质性研究总结城市Eco-DRR中AI技术的应用场景,从生态系统灾害调节服务评估、自然灾害风险评估、Eco-DRR方案决策以及Eco-DRR实施监测与后评估4个阶段剖析城市Eco-DRR中AI技术应用的典型案例。最后基于案例研究提出城市Eco-DRR领域AI技术应用的逻辑框架,总结其在应用过程中工具选择和数据准备的实践经验,探讨城市防灾中Eco-DRR的智能实现途径,为我国城市综合防灾和韧性城市建设提供借鉴。