An investigation of gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere was conducted at Beijing and Guangzhou urban, Yangtze Delta regional sites and China Global Atmosphere Watch Baseline Observatory （CGAWBO） in...An investigation of gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere was conducted at Beijing and Guangzhou urban, Yangtze Delta regional sites and China Global Atmosphere Watch Baseline Observatory （CGAWBO） in Mt. Waliguan of remote continental area of China. High temporal resolved data were obtained using automated mercury analyzer RA-915^＋. Results showed that the overall hourly mean Hg^0 concentrations in Mt. Waliguan were 1.7±1.1 ng/m3 in summer and 0.6±0.08 ng/m^3 in winter. The concentration in Yangtze Delta regional site was 5.4±4.1 ng/m^3, which was much higher than those in Waliguan continental background area and also higher than that found in North America and Europe rural areas. In Beijing urban area the overall hourly mean Hg^0 concentrations were 8.3±3.6 ng/m^3 in winter, 6.5±5.2 ng/m^3 in spring, 4.9±3.3 ng/m^3 in summer, and 6.7±3.5 ng/m^3 in autumn, respectively, and the concentration was 13.5±7.1 ng/m^3 in Guangzhou site. The mean concentration reached the lowest value at 14：00 and the highest at 02：00 or 20：00 in all monitoring campaigns in Beijing and Guangzhou urban areas, which contrasted with the results measured in Yangtze Delta regional site and Mr. Waliguan. The features of concentration and diurnal variation of Hg^0 in Beijing and Guangzhou implied the importance of local anthropogenic sources in contributing to the high Hg^0 concentration in urban areas of China. Contrary seasonal variation patterns of Hg^0 concentration were found between urban and remote sites. In Beijing the highest Hg^0 concentration was in winter and the lowest in summer, while in Mt. Waliguan the Hg^0 concentration in summer was higher than that in winter. These indicated that different processes and factors controlled Hg^0 concentration in urban, regional and remote areas.展开更多
Urban sediment generated by stormwater management techniques are highly contaminated with various trace elements. The characterization of trace element speciation and mobility are critical information to improve envir...Urban sediment generated by stormwater management techniques are highly contaminated with various trace elements. The characterization of trace element speciation and mobility are critical information to improve environmental risk assessment. This study investigates the spatial and temporal variability of major and trace element release from a sedimentary layer in Django Reinhart stormwater infiltration basin (Chassieu, eastern suburbs of Lyon, France). Sampling was conducted for 3 zones and two dates. Chemical characterization was performed (X-Ray diffraction, ICP-AES). The samples were submitted to Acid Neutralization Capacity & Base Neutralization Capacity ANC-BNC tests, according to European standard 14429 (AFNOR, 2015). Solid matrices were mixed with acid or basic solutions and physicochemical parameters and major and trace element release (i.e. Al, Ca, Fe, P, S, Si, Cu, Zn and total carbon) were followed as a function of pH. The results show that the urban sediment has no significant spatial and temporal variability with regards to element release. This observation is all the more surprising that the samples were collected in three contrasting zones regarding stormwater supply and hydric conditions. Element release follows the same trends as a function of pH with a bell-shaped solubilization curve exhibiting with the highest solubility at extreme pH values. However, the samples showed slight differences concerning the release of major elements. Such differences are related to slight differences in total mineral contents (organic matter, carbonates…) and chemical composition of the sediments. The results show that despite the varying environmental conditions, the sediment chemical properties can be considered as very stable and uniform over space, depending mainly on the local geochemical context and watershed characteristics. This study highlights the strength and affluence of the information obtained by ANC-BNC tests on the release of major and traces metal elements by urban sediments and brings relevant information regarding the management of these sediments.展开更多
In this paper we firstly select main factors relating to urbanization level of Xiantao District in Hubei Province by main element, then, make model of urbanization level by analysis of multiple liner regression, and l...In this paper we firstly select main factors relating to urbanization level of Xiantao District in Hubei Province by main element, then, make model of urbanization level by analysis of multiple liner regression, and lastly predict its urbanization level展开更多
This paper aims to assess the ways in which multi-resolution object-based classification methods can be used to group urban environments made up of a mixture of buildings, sub-elements such as car parks, roads, shades...This paper aims to assess the ways in which multi-resolution object-based classification methods can be used to group urban environments made up of a mixture of buildings, sub-elements such as car parks, roads, shades and pavements and foliage such as grass and trees. This involves using both unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) which provide high-resolution mosaic Orthoimages and generate a Digital Surface Model (DSM). For the study area chosen for this paper, 400 Orthoimages with a spatial resolution of 7 cm each were used to build the Orthoimages and DSM, which were georeferenced using well distributed network of ground control points (GCPs) of 12 reference points (RMSE = 8 cm). As these were combined with onboard RTK-GNSS-enabled 2-frequency receivers, they were able to provide absolute block orientation which had a similar accuracy range if the data had been collected by traditional indirect sensor orientation. Traditional indirect sensor orientation involves the GNSS receiver in the UAV receiving a differential signal from the base station through a communication link. This allows for the precise position of the UAV to be established, as the RTK uses correction, allowing position, velocity, altitude and heading to tracked, as well as the measurement of raw sensor data. By assessing the results of the confusion matrices, it can be seen that the overall accuracy of the object-oriented classification was 84.37%. This has an overall Kappa of 0.74 and the data that had poor classification accuracy included shade, parking lots and concrete pavements. These had a producer accuracy (precision) of 81%, 74% and 74% respectively, while lakes and solar panels each scored 100% in comparison, meaning that they had good classification accuracy.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No. 2003CB415003)the Pilot Project of Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX3-SW-443)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40473055).
文摘An investigation of gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere was conducted at Beijing and Guangzhou urban, Yangtze Delta regional sites and China Global Atmosphere Watch Baseline Observatory （CGAWBO） in Mt. Waliguan of remote continental area of China. High temporal resolved data were obtained using automated mercury analyzer RA-915^＋. Results showed that the overall hourly mean Hg^0 concentrations in Mt. Waliguan were 1.7±1.1 ng/m3 in summer and 0.6±0.08 ng/m^3 in winter. The concentration in Yangtze Delta regional site was 5.4±4.1 ng/m^3, which was much higher than those in Waliguan continental background area and also higher than that found in North America and Europe rural areas. In Beijing urban area the overall hourly mean Hg^0 concentrations were 8.3±3.6 ng/m^3 in winter, 6.5±5.2 ng/m^3 in spring, 4.9±3.3 ng/m^3 in summer, and 6.7±3.5 ng/m^3 in autumn, respectively, and the concentration was 13.5±7.1 ng/m^3 in Guangzhou site. The mean concentration reached the lowest value at 14：00 and the highest at 02：00 or 20：00 in all monitoring campaigns in Beijing and Guangzhou urban areas, which contrasted with the results measured in Yangtze Delta regional site and Mr. Waliguan. The features of concentration and diurnal variation of Hg^0 in Beijing and Guangzhou implied the importance of local anthropogenic sources in contributing to the high Hg^0 concentration in urban areas of China. Contrary seasonal variation patterns of Hg^0 concentration were found between urban and remote sites. In Beijing the highest Hg^0 concentration was in winter and the lowest in summer, while in Mt. Waliguan the Hg^0 concentration in summer was higher than that in winter. These indicated that different processes and factors controlled Hg^0 concentration in urban, regional and remote areas.
文摘Urban sediment generated by stormwater management techniques are highly contaminated with various trace elements. The characterization of trace element speciation and mobility are critical information to improve environmental risk assessment. This study investigates the spatial and temporal variability of major and trace element release from a sedimentary layer in Django Reinhart stormwater infiltration basin (Chassieu, eastern suburbs of Lyon, France). Sampling was conducted for 3 zones and two dates. Chemical characterization was performed (X-Ray diffraction, ICP-AES). The samples were submitted to Acid Neutralization Capacity & Base Neutralization Capacity ANC-BNC tests, according to European standard 14429 (AFNOR, 2015). Solid matrices were mixed with acid or basic solutions and physicochemical parameters and major and trace element release (i.e. Al, Ca, Fe, P, S, Si, Cu, Zn and total carbon) were followed as a function of pH. The results show that the urban sediment has no significant spatial and temporal variability with regards to element release. This observation is all the more surprising that the samples were collected in three contrasting zones regarding stormwater supply and hydric conditions. Element release follows the same trends as a function of pH with a bell-shaped solubilization curve exhibiting with the highest solubility at extreme pH values. However, the samples showed slight differences concerning the release of major elements. Such differences are related to slight differences in total mineral contents (organic matter, carbonates…) and chemical composition of the sediments. The results show that despite the varying environmental conditions, the sediment chemical properties can be considered as very stable and uniform over space, depending mainly on the local geochemical context and watershed characteristics. This study highlights the strength and affluence of the information obtained by ANC-BNC tests on the release of major and traces metal elements by urban sediments and brings relevant information regarding the management of these sediments.
文摘In this paper we firstly select main factors relating to urbanization level of Xiantao District in Hubei Province by main element, then, make model of urbanization level by analysis of multiple liner regression, and lastly predict its urbanization level
文摘This paper aims to assess the ways in which multi-resolution object-based classification methods can be used to group urban environments made up of a mixture of buildings, sub-elements such as car parks, roads, shades and pavements and foliage such as grass and trees. This involves using both unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) which provide high-resolution mosaic Orthoimages and generate a Digital Surface Model (DSM). For the study area chosen for this paper, 400 Orthoimages with a spatial resolution of 7 cm each were used to build the Orthoimages and DSM, which were georeferenced using well distributed network of ground control points (GCPs) of 12 reference points (RMSE = 8 cm). As these were combined with onboard RTK-GNSS-enabled 2-frequency receivers, they were able to provide absolute block orientation which had a similar accuracy range if the data had been collected by traditional indirect sensor orientation. Traditional indirect sensor orientation involves the GNSS receiver in the UAV receiving a differential signal from the base station through a communication link. This allows for the precise position of the UAV to be established, as the RTK uses correction, allowing position, velocity, altitude and heading to tracked, as well as the measurement of raw sensor data. By assessing the results of the confusion matrices, it can be seen that the overall accuracy of the object-oriented classification was 84.37%. This has an overall Kappa of 0.74 and the data that had poor classification accuracy included shade, parking lots and concrete pavements. These had a producer accuracy (precision) of 81%, 74% and 74% respectively, while lakes and solar panels each scored 100% in comparison, meaning that they had good classification accuracy.
