Multi-criteria Satisfaction Assessment of the Spatial Distribution of Urban Emergency Shelters Based on High-Precision Population Estimation

This article introduces a framework for the multi-criteria satisfaction assessment of the spatial distribution of urban emergency shelters.A GIS-based analytic hierarchy process approach was utilized to conduct the assessment based on selected criteria layers for daytime and nighttime scenarios,respectively.The layers were generated from high-precision land use data based on highresolution aerial images and census data.Considering the uncertainty in criteria weighting,a spatial sensitivity analysis was undertaken for deriving more accurate results.The feasibility of the framework was tested on a case study in Jing'an District,Shanghai,China.The assessment results show that both at nighttime and during daytime,even if all potentially available shelters are open,the demand in large areas can only be marginally satisfied or not satisfied,especially in the northern,eastern,and central parts of Jing'an District.The quantitative analysis of the satisfaction conditions of the buildings or land parcels and the affected people,especially children and the elderly,shows a low satisfaction level of shelter services in these areas.The satisfaction assessment of emergency shelters can help government decision makers find low satisfaction areas of sheltering services and support further locationallocation optimization of urban emergency shelters.

Supply-Demand Analysis of Urban Emergency Shelters Based on Spatiotemporal Population Estimation

Supply–demand analysis is an important part of the planning of urban emergency shelters.Using Pudong New Area,Shanghai,China as an example,this study estimated daytime and nighttime population of the study area based on fine-scale land use data,census data,statistical yearbook information,and Tencent user-density big data.An exponential function-based,probability density estimation method was used to analyze the spatial supply of and demand for shelters under an earthquake scenario.The results show that even if all potential available shelters are considered,they still cannot satisfy the demand of the existing population for evacuation and sheltering,especially in the northern region of Pudong,under both the daytime and the nighttime scenarios.The proposed method can reveal the spatiotemporal imbalance between shelter supply and demand.We also conducted a preliminary location selection analysis of shelters based on the supply–demand analysis results.The location selection results demonstrate the advantage of the proposed method.It can be applied to identify the areas where the supply of shelters is seriously inadequate,and provide effective decision support for the planning of urban emergency shelters.

Evaluation of a Micro-scale Wind Model's Performance over Realistic Building Clusters Using Wind Tunnel Experiments

The simulation performance over complex building clusters of a wind simulation model（Wind Information Field Fast Analysis model, WIFFA） in a micro-scale air pollutant dispersion model system（Urban Microscale Air Pollution dispersion Simulation model, UMAPS） is evaluated using various wind tunnel experimental data including the CEDVAL（Compilation of Experimental Data for Validation of Micro-Scale Dispersion Models） wind tunnel experiment data and the NJU-FZ experiment data（Nanjing University-Fang Zhuang neighborhood wind tunnel experiment data）. The results show that the wind model can reproduce the vortexes triggered by urban buildings well, and the flow patterns in urban street canyons and building clusters can also be represented. Due to the complex shapes of buildings and their distributions, the simulation deviations/discrepancies from the measurements are usually caused by the simplification of the building shapes and the determination of the key zone sizes. The computational efficiencies of different cases are also discussed in this paper. The model has a high computational efficiency compared to traditional numerical models that solve the Navier–Stokes equations, and can produce very high-resolution（1–5 m） wind fields of a complex neighborhood scale urban building canopy（～ 1 km ×1km） in less than 3 min when run on a personal computer.

Integrated water resources management for emergency situations： A case study of Macao

Integrated urban water management （IUWM） is a useful tool that can be used to alleviate water resource shortages in developing regions like Macao, where 98% of the raw water comes from China's Mainland. In Macao, scarce water resources deteriorate rapidly in emergency situations, such as accidental chemical spills upstream of the supply reservoir or salty tides. During these times, only the water from the two freshwater reservoirs in Macao can be used. In this study, we developed urban water management optimization models that integrated the raw water supply from the two reservoirs with various proposed governmental policies （wastewater reuse, rainwater collection, and water saving）. We then determined how various water resource strategies would influence the urban water supply in Macao in emergency situations. Our results showed that, without imported raw water, the water supply from only the two Macao reservoirs would last for 7.95 days. However, when all the government policies were included in the model, the supply could be extended to 13.79 days. Out of the three non-conventional water resources, wastewater reuse is the most beneficial for increasing the Macao water supply, and rainwater collection also has great potential.