Study on Functions and Countermeasures of Disaster Prevention and Reduction of Urban Green Land

From the advanced experiences at home and abroad,according to the requirements of emergency evacuation at earthquake disaster,then strategies and methods to disaster prevention and reduction functions of urban green land construction were put forward.

Study on Spatial Heterogeneity of Urban Green Land Based on ETM+ Image in Shenzhen City

[Objective] To discuss the influence of the spatial heterogeneity of different green land types on their corresponding ecological efficiency and functions. [Method] ETM+ Images are utilized to classify urban green land into three categories, i.e. park green land, affiliated green land and other green lands; the principles of geostatistics are adopted to analyze their spatial heterogeneity. [Result] Spatial heterogeneity of different green land types differs greatly, which follows the scale law of 'affiliated green land < other green lands < park green land'. [Conclusion] The ecological functions and process of different green land types are different in scale; and the shapes of semi-variance functions are closely related to the spatial range, size and variety of ground objects, which however differ slightly in different directions, look similar or tend to isotropy.

Status of and Strategies for the Planning and Design, Maintenance and Management of Chinese Urban Green Land——Application of Ecological Concepts in This Field

The sustainability of the planning and design goals of urban green land and that of its maintenance and management are mutually related and act as an organic whole. For a long time, the independence of the two is more prominent than their organic connection. This research has made preliminary considerations from three aspects. First, it concerns infusing the concept of ecology, contemplating and demonstrating space, as well as reducing the incidence of plant diseases and insect pests of urban green land. Second, the arrangement of flowers and trees for the planning and design of urban green land should comply with the biological attributes of flowers and trees to realize the organic unification of biological and scenic attributes of flowers and trees. Third, the planning and design of urban green land should attach importance to the organic unification of biological and scenic attributes of lawn grass seeds and reduce the difficulty of maintaining lawn. This research attempts to reduce the pressure of maintaining urban green land from the beginning, i.e. the planning and design of urban green land. It also tries to reduce the cost of maintenance and management to the realize planning and design goals of urban green land and the sustainability concerning its maintenance and management and arrive at the mutual unification of the planning and design as well as maintenance and management of urban green land.

Study on Current Status of Urban Green Land in Jinghong City of Xishuangbanna

Urban green land was the important component of urban ecological system and occupied a decisive position in ameliorating urban ecological environment. By using GIS, the author analyzed the image data of Quick Bird satellite, interpreted remote sensing images, and extracted patch space attribute information of urban green land. The author also obtained highly-precise attribute information and map of urban green space of Jinghong City, through establishing and compiling of geographic data, drawing of maps and measuring of area. And the survey on garden plants' species, quantity, distribution, growth and establishment of artificial plants community had been carried out, so as to analyze the basic characteristics of urban green land in Jinghong City. It could be known from the survey result that each green land index had reached state standard for garden city. It could be concluded that the characteristics of urban green land in Jinghong City were:diversified urban green land types, unique character of park green land, remarkable maintenance effect of green land, rich garden plants species, garden plants with distinguish national culture and widespread application of native plants.

Ecological compensation mechanism for urban green land and its application in Shanghai, China

Urban green land compensation plays an impor-tant role in county development,ecological environment management and many other fields.The concept,methods and principles of urban green land are introduced in this paper.According to the pay fee method,the value and ecological function of various types of urban green land were analyzed.The cost-benefit analysis method(CBAM)was used to estimate different external diseconomy benefits caused by green land loss.The authors applied CBAM to estimate such benefits in the case of Shanghai,China,and calculated the actual compensation value for green land.Results indicated that in 2002,the compensation value for the green land of Shanghai was RMB 8.58×10^(5) Yuan/hm^(2).

The Land Management Pattern in " Green Heart" Area——A Case Study of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan Urban Agglomeration

By analyzing the status quo of land resources in " green heart" area of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration,and problems existing in land management,this article puts forward some countermeasures and proposals as follows:establish new land management mechanism in " green heart" area;based on land planning," green heart" overall planning and policies and regulations,manage land and promote the protection of urban ecological environment.

Pattern Change of Urban Green Space in Beijing from 2000 to 2010

With the rapid urbanization in Beijing, the vegetated surfaces have been increasingly replaced by impervious built surfaces. A clear recognition on the changes in green spaces pattern is vital for urban administrators and planners to optimize the urban development areas and define the ecological protection red lines. Based on the SPOT images and field investigation data of urban green spaces within the sixth ring road of Beijing in 2000, 2005 and 2010, the study investigated the dynamic changes of urban green spaces in this area, by means of GIS techniques and landscape ecology methods. The results indicated that green spaces in Beijing have decreased by 207 km2 from 2000 to 2010 at the expense of agricultural lands and waters. Although there has been some increases in urban forests and grasslands, it cannot compensate the rapid decrease of urban green spaces. The land cover types conversion occurred mainly in the areas between the fifth and sixth ring roads while the zones encircled by the fourth ring road had a little change. In addition, landscape metrics such as number of patches(NP) and shape index(SHAPE) increased, but the mean nearest-neighbor distance(MNN), aggregation index(AI) and patch cohesion index(COHESION) decreased during the period of 2000-2010. Also green landscapes became considerably isolated and fragmented. The study disclosed the obvious changes of green space size, composition and layout in urban districts of Beijing City from 2000 to 2010, and highlighted that construction of urban green space should consider not only the geometric or aesthetic effect, but also the increase of vertical green volume and optimization of spatial layout to fully develop the ecological service functions of green spaces.

Analysis of Urban Greening of Tai'an City in China Based on Remote Sensing Image with High Resolution

By taking urban greening of Tai'an City of Shandong Province for example,selecting remote sensing image Quickbird with high resolution,and combining visual interpretation with automatic classification of the computer,based on urban green space systematic planning map,green space information of the built-up area has been selected for the research centering on green lands in urban parks,productive green lands,green lands attached to residential areas and units,green lands attached to the road,other green lands,water surfaces and so on.Through the statistics and analysis,the distribution condition of each type of urban green land has been obtained,and some suggestions have been proposed in view of existing problems of urban greening.It should enhance the construction of green lands in urban parks,residential areas and units,improve road greening level,implement vertical greening,increase the area of productive green lands and fully make use of idle lands.

基于Landsat数据的蓝绿空间改善城市热环境分析——以天津市为例

以天津市内六区为研究区域,利用2004年、2011年、2017年间的Landsat卫星遥感影像,综合应用地表温度反演、温度差异分区、土地利用分类解译、景观格局分析等研究方法,探讨城市热环境与蓝绿空间的联系特征。结果表明,2004~2017年城市高温范围区域随着城市建设发展的方向,跨越河流的空间限制不断拓展,而低温范围区域主要集中在蓝绿空间。蓝绿空间具有改善城市热环境的生态作用:在景观格局层面,地表温度与蓝绿空间的斑块周长指数呈显著负相关,与周长面积比指数呈显著正相关;在空间格局层面,地表温度与蓝色空间的斑块所占景观面积比在1500m×1500m尺度样本中相关程度最高,与绿色空间在300m×300m最高,且蓝色空间的热环境改善效率更佳。最终提出面向热环境改善的城市蓝绿空间优化建议,可为生态宜居城市建设提供新思路。

Study on the Layout of Urban Planning in Rapid Urbanization Areas under the Background of Air Pollution

China＇s urbanization has been over the medium-term process,which has made great achievements,but also triggered a huge problem of air pollution. Air pollution has become a big problem after the water pollution in China,and a serious threat to people＇s life and health. Under the background of ＂ the construction of beautiful China＂ and rapid urbanization,how to build a beautiful home has become the focus of attention. Taking Shenyang as an example,the author contrastively analyses the spatial distribution of the main air pollutants（ PM10,PM2. 5,and SO2） and the present situation of land use,and thus finds out the rules between pollutants distribution and land use. Then combining the urban planning scheme and the rules obtained above,reasonable suggestions are proposed for the scheme to improve the air quality,and reduce or avoid air pollution,and providing the basis for the construction of a piece of blue sky. The conclusions are as follows： 1 air pollutants concentration above Light Oil Gas Making Factory in south vice city of Shenyang reaches the peak value,and industrial point source is the main air pollutants emission source; 2 pollutants concentration above greenbelt is the lowest; 3 the overall spatial structure of urban planning can insulate the industrial agglomeration areas to some extent; greenbelt planning covers 40%- 50% of the area with high concentration of air pollutants,and it is suggested to achieve full coverage; traffic planning can achieve shunt most of the pollutants in many regions,but it can also expand the scope of pollutants in some certain regions,in such regions,it should reduce the road density.

铁路网络联系对城市土地绿色利用效率的影响研究——以长三角地区为例

研究目的:探究铁路网络联系对城市土地绿色利用效率的影响及空间溢出效应,为依托铁路交通发展促进土地绿色利用效率提升提供科学依据。研究方法:超效率SBM模型,社会网络分析方法,空间面板模型。研究结果:(1)长三角城市铁路联系强度和土地绿色利用效率均呈现显著的增长趋势,土地绿色利用效率存在着较为明显的区域差异。(2)铁路联系强度的提高促进了本城市土地绿色利用效率的提升,与综合铁路联系相比,高铁联系对本城市土地绿色利用效率的提升作用更加明显。(3)铁路联系的加强促进了本城市产业结构合理化水平的提升和创新产出的增长,进而对土地绿色利用效率产生影响。高铁联系在促进本城市产业结构合理化水平提升和创新产出增长方面的作用更加明显。(4)城市对外铁路联系强度的提高产生了负向的空间溢出效应,抑制了邻近城市土地绿色利用效率的提升。研究结论:应充分发挥铁路建设在优化产业结构、促进创新方面的作用,依托铁路网络加强区域内经济技术合作、发挥各城市比较优势,以推动区域土地绿色利用效率的整体性提升。

Humidifying Effect of Green Space during Spring in Yuxi Park of Shijiazhuang City of China

As one of the important parts of urban ecosystem, urban green space plays an irreplaceable role in maintaining the balance of carbon and oxygen, absorbing the pollution and removing dust, killing bacteria, purifying soil and water. To analyze the spatio-temporal changes of humidifying effect of green lands at the spring daytime, the authors monitored the air humidity within 1.8 m high from various underlying surfaces, including arbor-grass lands, shrub lands, herb lands and a cement pavement, from late February to late April in 2015 and 2016, when it was sunny and windless, in the Yuxi park of Shijiazhuang. The results were compared with the monitoring data of a bare land(190 m×120 m) without environmental interventions such as vegetation and water. The results could be summarized as follows:(1) The humidifying effect of green spaces was the weakest at 8:00 a.m. during the late February, whereas it was the strongest at 10:00 a.m.; from late March to late April, the humidifying effect of green spaces strengthened with the increase of air temperature, and the strongest was noted around 12:00-16:00.(2) The humidifying effect of various types of green lands was the strongest close to the ground, and reduced from 0.2 m to 1.8 m. This vertical stratification became apparent after the plants sprouted, the vertical difference of humidifying effect was the most significant in the herb lands, less significant in arbor-grass lands, and least in the shrub lands.(3) Multiple comparison analysis of the humidity data showed that relative humidity of all green lands achieved the significant level(P < 0.05), indicating the strong effect of landscape plants in adjusting atmospheric humidity in spring.(4) The humidifying effect of the artificial lake was more remarkable before the plants sprouted, however, with the rapid growth of plant leaves, theeffect gradually reduced and became even weaker than the effect of vegetation. Although the humidifying effect in spring was weaker than that in summer and autumn, the effect of humidification was more complicated during the growth of green leaves in spring than in summer and autumn. This is useful to construct the theory system of ecological environment effect of green lands in spring, summer and autumn.

基于Landset8影像的城市绿地冷岛效应分析——以北京市为例

城市绿地由于其内部植被的降温增湿作用,可以有效地缓解城市热岛效应。本文以北京市城市建成区的城市绿地为研究对象,基于2013年7月31日landsat8遥感影像,对北京市地表温度进行反演,结合Google Earth地图,利用遥感影像反演软件、ArcGIS和Fragstats软件,计算城市绿地空间配置对周边环境的冷岛效应,探寻城市绿地的景观格局指数与冷岛效应的对应关系。研究表明:不同城市绿地的冷岛效应存在较大差异,但是都能取得较为明显的降温效果;城市绿地的面积与其冷岛效应之间具有正相关性,而且二者之间表现为线性关系或指数关系;城市绿地的周长面积比与其冷岛效应具有负相关性,而且二者之间表现为倒数关系。

城市空地更新为绿色基础设施的潜力评估

【目的】绿色基础设施(green infrastructure, GI)更新是解决收缩城市空地问题的有效手段,对城市生态系统有功能融合与结构调整的作用。【方法】从功能与结构视角,评估黑龙江省鹤岗市中心城区空地的生态系统服务供给能力和景观连通性,通过多因子叠加分析法评估城市空地更新为GI的潜力。【结果】鹤岗市中心城区生态系统服务供给能力较强的空地占比26.47%,景观连通性较强的空地占比16.26%,整体更新潜力不高,具有较高更新潜力的空地仅占22.19%,主要为面积较大的空地。【结论】通过构建城市空地更新为GI的潜力评估体系,提出了增加式、合并式、插入式与预留式空地更新模式,以及收缩城市空置用地更新的针对性规划策略,可为收缩城市空地再利用的规划实践与GI格局优化提供依据。

基于混合用地模式识别的济南市老城区典型片区绿色空间降温效应分析

城市绿色空间可以通过生态系统服务调节功能有效缓解城市热岛效应,降低高温健康胁迫风险。城市中心城区特别是老城区建成环境具有高度异质性,复杂建成环境中绿色空间的降温效应,特别是混合用地模式中绿色空间的降温强度、阈值、形状等还需进一步明晰。在厘清城市热环境影响因素和绿色空间降温机制基础上,构建了“冷热岛分析提取-混合用地模式聚类识别-混合用地模式热效应分析-典型绿色空间降温效应分析”的研究框架。针对当前城市绿地指标失实、结构失衡、功能失调等现实问题,选择济南市老城区典型片区进行实证研究,重点分析了中层建筑混合用地模式中绿色空间的降温强度、降温面积阈值、形状及植被覆盖度等,总结了具有高降温效能的绿色空间模式,为促进城市健康人居环境发展提供借鉴。

山东半岛耕地绿色利用效率的区域差异与影响因素分析

【目的】对山东半岛城市群耕地绿色利用效率的区域差异与影响因素进行分析,为实现区域耕地资源的合理配置及可持续利用提供科学依据。【方法】应用Super-SBM模型、莫兰指数(Moran’s I)、核密度估计以及Tobit回归模型进行分析。【结果】2000~2020年,山东半岛城市群耕地绿色利用效率整体呈上升趋势,区域层面,省会、鲁南经济圈总体呈上升趋势,而胶东经济圈呈波动下降趋势;城市群耕地绿色利用效率总体呈现出西北高、东南低的区域差异格局;城市群耕地绿色利用效率存在两极分化现象,城市群整体以及3大经济圈的区域差异均呈先扩大后缩小态势;农业生产条件、自然环境条件、耕地资源禀赋、科学技术水平以及经济发展水平对城市群耕地绿色利用效率均有显著影响。【结论】山东半岛城市群耕地绿色利用效率的区域差异正在逐渐缩小,受农业生产条件影响较大,未来应从优化农业投入结构入手,逐步缩小区域差异,并加强耕地绿色低碳利用,进而提高耕地绿色利用效率。

经济增长目标管理对城市土地绿色利用效率的影响——基于282个地级及以上城市的经验证据

研究目的:利用2006—2021年全国282个地级及以上城市的面板数据,系统考察经济增长目标管理对城市土地绿色利用效率的影响。研究方法:超效率SBM模型,固定效应模型。研究结果:(1)经济增长目标对城市土地绿色利用效率呈现明显的负向影响效应,且这一结论通过了克服内生性等一系列稳健性检验。(2)正式与非正式环境规制均能够减缓经济增长目标对城市土地绿色利用效率的负向影响,且后者的调节效应更强。(3)经济增长目标存在明显的自上而下逐级加码现象,且目标加码行为会对城市土地绿色利用效率产生抑制作用。(4)当目标约束程度为一般约束和硬约束,以及目标完成情况从未完成、正常完成到超额完成时,经济增长目标对城市土地绿色利用效率的负向影响显著且逐渐增强。研究结论:进一步淡化GDP增速在官员绩效考核中的重要性,尽量采用“留有余地”的软约束方式设定经济增长目标,重视环境规制的约束作用。

“同一健康”视角下以绿色基础设施为导向的城市空置土地转化研究

【目的】将城市空置土地转化为绿色基础设施,对建设健康城市具有生态、经济、社会等多方面的优化效应。引入“同一健康”理论,阐述将城市空置土地转化为绿色基础设施的健康效应,并以此为基础构建转化路径,进一步探讨城市空置土地的分类与评价方法,作为转化后绿色基础设施的分类依据。【方法】基于文献综述与案例分析,对近20年国内外城市空置土地相关研究文献与实践案例进行梳理与总结。【结果】将城市空置土地转化为绿色基础设施的健康效应包括人类健康、生物健康、环境健康3个方面,转化路径遵循“基础研判——类型学研究”“潜力评析——评价体系构建”“转化方向——模式与措施”探索3个递进的阶段。【结论】阐释了将城市空置土地转化为绿色基础设施的意义、评价方法以及转化模式,探讨了中国城市空置土地研究价值认知缺失的空白,以及未来在中国国情下城市空置土地向绿色基础设施转化的实践与研究方向。

林长制政策对城市土地绿色利用效率的影响

林长制政策是中国新发展理念下的创新性举措,也是促进土地集约利用和推动生态文明建设的重要支撑。为探究林长制政策与城市土地绿色利用效率的关系,该研究基于2017年合肥市、安庆市与宣城市设立林长制政策这一准自然实验,选取2006—2020年中国232个地级及以上城市的面板数据为样本,采用数据包络分析方法测算了城市层面的土地绿色利用效率,并在机制分析的基础上运用合成控制法和渐进双重差分法构建反事实框架,识别了林长制政策对城市土地绿色利用效率的影响及路径。研究发现:①整体来看,样本期内合肥市、安庆市、宣城市的城市土地绿色利用效率的年均增长率分别为12.103%、16.090%、7.505%,表明林长制政策显著提高了城市土地绿色利用效率,而且促进效应在政策未实施前效率低的地区表现得更加明显。经过一系列稳健性检验,该结论依然成立。②分年份来看,合成控制法的政策效应与城市土地绿色利用效率的年增长率都表明林长制政策的促进作用具有长期性和滞后性,随着时间的推移促进作用越强。③机制检验结果表明,林长制政策主要通过提高政府环境注意力、经济集聚水平和公众环境关注度来提高城市土地绿色利用效率。由此,该研究建议政府积极建设林长制政策体系。通过林长制政策压实领导干部生态责任,提高政府的生态环境注意力,进而推动政府在提高土地绿色利用效率中做出更多努力;领导干部应摒弃生态保护与经济发展无法共促的思想,通过提高经济集聚水平,提高城市土地绿色利用效率;政府应积极带动多元主体参与林长制政策与环境治理,拓宽公众参与渠道,完善公众参与机制,激发公众参与的积极性和主动性。

环境规制对城市土地绿色低碳利用水平的空间效应

研究目的:探讨环境规制对城市土地绿色低碳利用水平的空间影响机制及其空间效应,为协同推进生态环境高水平治理与城市土地高质量利用提供参考。研究方法:投影寻踪模型,空间相关性检验模型和空间计量模型。研究结果:(1)2003—2020年,全国环境规制和城市土地绿色低碳利用水平均呈现持续上升的变化趋势,不同区域表现出不同程度的上升态势。(2)环境规制和城市土地绿色低碳利用水平均存在显著的正向全局空间自相关性,并且空间集聚呈现波动强化的趋势。(3)全国环境规制对城市土地绿色低碳利用水平的影响具有显著的正向空间溢出效应,区域间环境规制正向空间溢出效应表现出“东部>中部>西部>东北”依次递减特征。研究结论:通过“释放环境规制的空间溢出效应”“规范环境规制的执行互动策略”“构建环境规制的区域联动网络”持续提升城市土地绿色低碳利用水平。