Application of Ilex Plants in Urban Greening

Ilex plants have abundant germplasm resources,with unique aesthetic characteristics endowed by their biological characteristics.Based on the demand of urban greening,this paper introduces the beauty of tree form,leaf form and fruit of Ilex plants,expounds the planting form and application mode of point,line and plane of Ilex plants in urban greening,and puts forward some suggestions for urban greening.

A Study of the Impact of the Digital Economy on the Efficiency of Urban Green Economy--Based on the Yangtze River Delta City Cluster

This paper adopts the non-expected output-super-efficiency SBM(Slacks-Based Model)model and principal component analysis to calculate the green economy efficiency and the digital economy level of 27 prefecture-level cities in China’s Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration between 2011 and 2019,respectively,and examines the impact of the digital economy on the green economy efficiency by using benchmark regression and mechanism analysis.The findings show that,first,the digital economy has a significant contribution to the green economic efficiency of cities,and this conclusion still holds after robustness tests such as replacing explanatory and interpreted variables and introducing province-fixed effects.Second,through the mechanism test,it is found that the digital economy can indirectly promote urban green economic efficiency through the positive mechanism effect of promoting industrial structure upgrading.

China’s urban green innovation:Regional differences,distribution dynamics,and convergence

Urban green innovation(UGI)is essential to environmental protection,ecological conservation,and high quality economic growth.Using green patents,our study assessed the level of UGI of 287 Chinese cities at and above the prefecture level.Then,using the Dagum Gini coefficient,kernel density estimation(KDE),and con‐vergence models,we examined regional differences,distribution dynamics,and convergence of UGI across China.The study’s findings are as follows:(1)Overall,regional differences in UGI tended to narrow,and the main contributor to these differences was the difference between economic zones.(2)KDE showed that the level of UGI was rising,which was polarized within each economic zone.(3)The national UGI in economic zones other than the Northeast and Middle Yellow River Economic Zones featured significantσconvergence,while each economic zone showed absolute and conditionalβconvergence.

Does innovative city pilot policy promote urban green growth in China?An analysis of green total factor productivity,2005-2020

The innovative city pilot policy(ICPP)is an essential manifestation of China’s construction of an innovative and green-driven development country.We incorporated urban green total factor productivity(GTFP)growth into the evaluation of ICPP.Based on the panel data of 223 cities in China from 2005 to 2020,we used the difference-in-differences model to empirically assess the influence and mechanism of the ICPP on urban GTFP growth.The main results show that(i)The ICPP has maintained an effectively fluctuating promotion on urban GTFP growth,mainly manifested in the urban green technological progress improvement.(ii)The ICPP has urban heterogeneity in promoting GTFP growth in pilot cities,mainly affecting key cities such as provincial capitals.(iii)The interaction between the agglomeration of producer services and the ICPP inhibits GTFP growth in pilot cities.

GIS-Based Analysis to Identify the Distribution and Accessibility of Urban Green Space in Dhaka Metropolitan City, Bangladesh

Urban Green Space (UGS) plays an important role in minimizing the negative effects of urbanization on city dwellers, which is predominantly factored into the accessibility to UGS. This study elucidated the distribution and accessibility of UGS in Dhaka, Bangladesh considering the paucity of such important scientific studies in the given area. The methodological structure of this study employed a multispectral Landsat satellite image from 2020 for identifying the logically defined UGSs, as well as a minimum proxy distance being the parameter to estimate accessibility to the UGS through a primary survey scheme and literature review. Considering UGS as a public area, we adopted a hybrid (combination of supervised and unsupervised classification) method followed by post-classification for UGS distribution assessment. The unsupervised classification identified the overall distribution of green spaces, whereas the anomalies of generated classes were rectified during the post-classification. Following the study findings, UGS in Dhaka metropolitan city accounts for only 602 ha or 1.9% of the total geographical space, with Ramna thana ranked as the highest contributor of 111 ha. However, in terms of accessibility to the UGS by city residents, 19.9% of the buildings in Dhaka metropolitan city were computed to be within the determined proxy distance of 500 m around the UGS. Also, parallel to UGS distribution, green space in Ramna thana (111 ha) exhibited the highest accessibility rate (64%) to the UGS compared with other thanas in Dhaka metropolitan city. The baseline findings will contribute to the long-term sustainable urban planning and development of more accessible green spaces in the study area.

Factors influencing the concentration of negative air ions during the year in forests and urban green spaces of the Dapeng Peninsula in Shenzhen, China

Negative air ions(NAIs)benefit the mental and physical health of humans,but rapid urbanization can decrease the abundance of NAIs.Quantifying the spatial and seasonal distribution of NAIs and determining the factors that infl uence the concentration during urbanization is thus essential.In the present study of a typical developing urban district in southern China,negative air ion concentrations(NAICs)in 60 forests sites and 30 urban green spaces were quantifi ed on seven consecutive days in each of the four seasons.Large seasonal variations in NAIC were revealed in forests and urban green spaces with trough values in summer.NAIC progressively decreased from forests to urban green spaces and was infl uenced by local land morphology,vegetation characteristics,and climatic factors.The vast,heavily vegetated northeastern region was the richest area for NAIs,whereas the narrow central region(urbanized area)was the poorest,implying dramatic impacts of urbanization on the spatial distribution of NAIs.The relationship between air temperature and NAIC was better fi tted with a quadratic equation than a linear equation.Moreover,the NAIC was more sensitive to local morphology in urban green spaces than in urban forests,indicating the vulnerability of NAIs in urbanized areas.Therefore,the appropriate design of local urban morphology is critical.

Construction of Ecological Network for Urban Green Space System from the Perspective of Landscape Ecology:A Case Study of Wanzhou District, Chongqing Municipality

Green spaces in Wanzhou District, Chongqing Municipality were not closely linked and failed to form an integrated ecological network, this paper analyzed and assessed current situation of green spaces in the local area from the perspective of landscape ecology, and then established the landscape ecology-oriented ecological network construction, restructured green paces in Wanzhou District using the landscape composition of "patch–corridor–matrix", and connected the scattered green patches using green corridors, so as to form a reasonable ecological network of green spaces.

Pattern Change of Urban Green Space in Beijing from 2000 to 2010

With the rapid urbanization in Beijing, the vegetated surfaces have been increasingly replaced by impervious built surfaces. A clear recognition on the changes in green spaces pattern is vital for urban administrators and planners to optimize the urban development areas and define the ecological protection red lines. Based on the SPOT images and field investigation data of urban green spaces within the sixth ring road of Beijing in 2000, 2005 and 2010, the study investigated the dynamic changes of urban green spaces in this area, by means of GIS techniques and landscape ecology methods. The results indicated that green spaces in Beijing have decreased by 207 km2 from 2000 to 2010 at the expense of agricultural lands and waters. Although there has been some increases in urban forests and grasslands, it cannot compensate the rapid decrease of urban green spaces. The land cover types conversion occurred mainly in the areas between the fifth and sixth ring roads while the zones encircled by the fourth ring road had a little change. In addition, landscape metrics such as number of patches(NP) and shape index(SHAPE) increased, but the mean nearest-neighbor distance(MNN), aggregation index(AI) and patch cohesion index(COHESION) decreased during the period of 2000-2010. Also green landscapes became considerably isolated and fragmented. The study disclosed the obvious changes of green space size, composition and layout in urban districts of Beijing City from 2000 to 2010, and highlighted that construction of urban green space should consider not only the geometric or aesthetic effect, but also the increase of vertical green volume and optimization of spatial layout to fully develop the ecological service functions of green spaces.

Study on Ecological Development of Urban Parks

Research background,significance,characteristics and planning methods of the ecological development of urban parks were elaborated.This paper took green space planning of Xishan Park in Qianxi City for example,explored the application of ecological development theories in green space planning of urban park.

Application of Drought-resistant Varieties in Urban Green Spaces

As the connotations of urban green spaces and urban eco-green spaces have been more realized,drought-resistant green spaces have become a unique development trend,and drought-resistant flowers have been more applied in green spaces.This paper summarized characteristics of drought-resistant flowers,foreign and domestic researches in this field,advantages and disadvantages of their application in urban green spaces,and proposed key directions of the future researches.

Urban avifauna distribution explained by road noise in an Eastern European city

In Eastern Europe,efforts are being made for road infrastructure development,as this area has not yet reached the level of that in the West.Road noise negatively affects birds,especially in urban habitats.Therefore,seven green spaces from an Eastern European city were monitored,which were selected according to the urbanization gradient and the hydrographic peculiarities of the area.The correlation between species richness and human population density,urban mobility,or road noise was verified.These three factors together explained over 99%of species richness distribution in habitats and during study periods.Road noise was the strongest predictor and the most negative influencer of bird species.These correlations were higher when we also considered the variability of species in habitats over time,instead of the total species richness of a habitat,as it expresses more accurately the impact of noise on the presence of species.The presence of species has decreased from one habitat to another along the urbanization gradient,from the edge of the city to the center,both in the case of terrestrial and aquatic green spaces.The most central park differed significantly from the other terrestrial green spaces in the city.At the same time,no significant differences were registered between the aquatic habitats or the rest of the terrestrial habitats.The ideal mitigation measure in this case would be that there are no roads in the immediate vicinity of green spaces.Still,if this is not possible(as in the case of all the existing green spaces in a city),we discuss/recommend placing noise barriers at the edge of green spaces or high-speed roads.

Species-Related Difference to Noise Reduction Between Trees in Urban Forest: The Abidar Forest Park (Case Study)

Sound pollution is one of the most important urban problems which endangers mental and physical health of the residents.This study was aimed to assess the influence of different tree species,including Fraxinus rotundifolia,Robinia pseudoacacia,Platanus orientalis,Platycladus orientalis,and Pinus eldarica,in reducing noise pollution in the Abidar Forest Park.A further objective was to identify the contaminated areas of Sanandaj city and to propose suitable noise absorbent tree species in consistent conditions.For each tree stands the noise measurements were performed during intervals at frequencies of 250,500 and 1000 Hz,besides an open area with the same topography.With regards to the second purpose,a total of 50 stations with residential,commercial,residentialcommercial,and green space applications were selected across the city.Equivalent Continuous Sound Pressure Level(Leq)was determined in five replicates for 30 min.The measurements were performed under stable weather conditions and low wind velocity at 17:00(traffic peak)in summer and fall.All of the Leq values were above the threshold noise level.The highest noise reduction was recorded in summer(i.e.,green season);Platanus and Platycladus species demonstrated the highest and lowest noise absorption(31.43 dB and 22.28 dB,respectively).Furthermore,a meaningful difference was observed between Leq values of commercial,residential,commercial-residential,and green space urban applications,and the central parts of the city showed noticeable noise pollution.Taken together,due to being exposed to higher than the acceptable threshold noise level,the residents of Sanandaj will be endangered to health problems in the near future;thus consideration should be given to the noise pollution sources.

Balanced Consideration of Urban Park Green Space to Provide Services and Disservices

Ecosystem services(ES),the benefits of ecosystem function and structure to human well⁃being,have been receiving continued attention from international community since the publication of the millennium ecosystem assessment(MA).While humans enjoy all kinds of services provided by the ecosystem,they are also adversely affected by the services provided by the ecosystem,which are called ecosystem disservices(EDS).Based on EDS related research,this paper expounds the EDS concept and connotation to urban park green space as the research object,defines the concept and classification of urban park green space ecosystem disservices(PEDS),and introduces the influencing factors of the listed examples of urban PEDSs.It also discusses equilibrium relationship of the urban park green space service and disservice,and summarizes the research on urban PEDS to improve the meaning of human well⁃being.Finally,it points out the factors that should be considered in the planning,design,management,and maintenance of future urban park green space.

Development of green urbanization under the guidance of deep ecology

At present, green urbanization process is in the initial state in China. In the process of development, how to promote urban development and urbanization will highly integrated. And the ecological environment protection and economic development is an urgent problem to be solved. Based on the guidance of deep ecology, this paper studies the development process of green urbanization; and literature review method and exemplification method are adopted. Firstly, the concept of green urbanization is demonstrated. Secondly, combined with the current situation of green urbanization in China, guided by analysis of deep ecology, the challenge for the development of urbanization is analysed. Finally, based on the deep ecology guided by revelation, the green urbanization path is put forward.

How Multi-Sensory Perception Plays a Landscape Restorative Role in Adelaide's Urban Green Space

Urban green space is an effective psychological restoration landscape site.However,Adelaide's urban green space tends to focus on visual design but neglect non-visual senses.Sensory influence is interactive and has profound and subtle effects on tourists.The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between auditory,tactile,and psychological restoration ofxirban green space from a multi-sensory perspective.This study used quantitative research methods to investigate auditory and tactile-related landscape factors that have a positive effect on restoration.It is expected that this study will contribute to the high-quality restoration of urban green space and promote human health.

Optimization of Green Space Plant Configuration in Residential Areas of Chongqing Central Business District Based on Green Plot Ratio—A Case Study of Xuhui City Residential Community

The current urban green space construction was guided by a two-dimensional index evaluation system, resulting in weak ecological benefits of green space. Green plot ratio (GPR), as a three-dimensional indicator, can characterize the ecological benefits of green areas and the ability of green areas to participate in the operation and regulation of urban ecosystems. As an important component of urban green space, the GPR index was added to the two-dimensional index evaluation system to optimize the green space, which can promote the development of low-carbon, healthy and ecological green space. Based on the research of 22 residential districts in the central city of Chongqing, the Leaf area index (LAI) index of common native garden plants in Chongqing was formed to improve the accuracy of green capacity index measurement in Chongqing. The study also took the residential community of Sunrise City in Banan District of Chongqing as an example, and carried out the optimization design practice from four types of residential community green areas: green areas next to houses, road green areas, concentrated green areas, and green areas attached to public service facilities.

Understanding the Challenges of Implementing Green Roofs in Multi-Family Apartment Buildings:A Case Study in Khulna

Green roofs are widely recognized for their multifaceted benefits to the environment,economy,and society,constituting the fundamental pillars of sustainability.These roofs contribute to the enhancement of bio-physical diversity,provision of food resources,regulation of temperature and rainfall-runoff patterns,creation of wildlife habitats,and augmentation of aesthetic and recreational value.While Bangladesh,with its favourable climatic conditions and rapid urbanization,possesses immense potential for harnessing the advantages of green roofs,their adoption remains limited in both research and practical applications within the country.Addressing this research gap,the present study aims to investigate the barriers impeding the implementation of green roofs in existing or new multi-family apartment buildings,focusing specifically on the city of Khulna.Through a combination of case studies and a comprehensive questionnaire survey administered to diverse stakeholders including apartment dwellers/owners,architects,developers,and government officials with varying levels of expertise,this research sheds light on the obstacles hindering Green Roof Implementation(GRI).The identified barriers encompass a lack of governmental policies,inadequate technological advancements,inaccurate estimation of economic benefits,and individual resistance.In light of the perspectives of various GRI stakeholders,strategic proposals encompassing policy,technical,economic,and social dimensions are presented to surmount these barriers.The outcomes of this study contribute to the dissemination of knowledge pertaining to the impediments to GRI implementation,thereby inspiring further research endeavours and enabling decision-makers to formulate robust policies facilitating the widespread adoption of green roofs.

Research and Experience Reference on London’s Response to Climate Change in the Twenty-first Century

London’s approaches to tackling climate change after the 21st century are multifaceted and relatively systematic.The aim of this research paper is to analyse London’s actions in response to climate change and to draw out what valuable lessons London has for the world in terms of its response to climate change.This paper provides an in-depth analysis of London’s policies and actions on climate mitigation in the areas of“greenhouse gas emissions”and“energy infrastructure”,and climate adaptation actions in the areas of“city green belt and urban afforestation”,“UHI and thermal crisis management”and“water supply infrastructure and sustainable drainage”.It then examines the positive aspects of these actions to determine what London has to say about climate change to the rest of the world and other cities.This paper also discovers that to effectively mitigate and adapt to climate change,London has not only established carbon reduction targets,but also created a large academic research network,represented by the LCCP.At the same time,London has developed a scientific climate change adaptation planning framework(P2R2)that focuses on four key areas:Economic,environmental,health,and infrastructure sectors,and three types of risks:Flooding,heat,and water supply,and emphasizes the dynamics and flexibility of each adaptation strategy.

德化县城区绿地系统生态规划

当前在城市总体规划完成后才进行绿地系统规划,这样导致绿地建设的滞后性,为加快生态县建设,德化应加快绿地系统规划,文章在研究国内外有关城市绿地系统规划建设的基础上,提出德化县绿地系统规划的指导思想与内容。

Discuss on the Countermeasures and Measures for the Development of Yunnan-style Gardens in the Southwestern Frontier of China——A Case Study on Honghe Hani-Yi Autonomous Prefecture

Yunnan gardening in the southern extension of the Himalayas has its specificity.Because of extremely rich elements,the natural endowment has objectively"casted"a series of vivid"Chinese ink paintings",that is to say you can"move and then see a new scene,turn and then face a new view".Yunnan-style gardens,which imply truth in"paintings"by intricately carving and constantly improve the connotation and extension creation process,are not only an economic phenomenon,but also a cultural category and the crystallization of the collective wisdom of all ethnic groups in Yunnan.The"Yunnan-style gardens"system is being constructed.This paper traced the growth process and proposed development countermeasures and measures based on the analysis of Yunnan s resource endowment.