Characteristics of groundwater and urban emergency water sources optimazation in Luoyang,China

The construction of emergency water sources is the material basis for ensuring urban water safety,and it is also an inherent requirement for maintaining social stability and development.The hydrogeological characteristics of groundwater in Luoyang City from the aspects of the division of groundwater aquifer groups,water yield property and groundwater dynamics were described in this paper.Two emergency water sources were selected on basis of comprehensively considering groundwater resources and ecological environmental effects,groundwater quality and exploitation technology,etc.Then it further analysed the aquifer types,water yield properties and groundwater recharge,runoff and discharge conditions of the two emergency water sources,and evaluate the groundwater resources quantity of the water sources.The results are that the shallow underground aquifer in Luoyang City is thick,coarse,and stable in lithology and thickness.The two water sources enjoy good exploitation potential and can be used as backup water sources to supply water in the event of a water source crisis.

Groundwater Quality Assessment for an Indian Urban Habitat： A GIS Approach

Groundwater is an essential source of drinking water for many Indian urban habitats. Large numbers of people consume ground water instead of municipal tap water due to contamination of tap water. Groundwater is extracted from thousands of bore wells, and used for potable purpose without proper testing and treatment. This paper describes a groundwater quality monitoring strategy and database model developed for Gulbarga city, located in Karnataka, India. Sampling wells are selected one each in 55 wards of the city corporation having easy access for regular sampling. Various attributes of sampling wells including their spatial coordinates, location address and a photograph are registered for ready recognition on site. Water samples are collected and analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters. Spatial coordinates and levels of sampling points are measured on site using a hand held GPS instrument. Gulbarga city map is digitized. A GIS database of the measured spatial and water quality data is developed using ArcGIS Desktop 9.3, and ground water quality maps are prepared which may serve as useful tools for developing policy, and regulatory mechanism for sustainable groundwater use.

Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Domestic and Irrigation Purposes in Northern Bamenda (Cameroon)

Safe and reliable drinking water availability constitutes a nightmare in many towns of developing countries and is usually appreciated from its physical appearance without prior knowledge of its chemical and biological properties. This study investigates the suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigational purposes through physico-chemical and bacteriological analyses in the Northern part of Bamenda Town (Cameroon). Thus, 20 groundwater samples were collected from hand-dug wells and spring sources in September 2018 (rainy season) and February 2019 (dry season) and physico-chemical and bacteriological characteristics were determined. The results revealed that pH ranged from 5.5 to 6.6, thus enabling the classification of the water as slightly acidic. Electrical conductivity varied between 0.01 - 0.06 μS/cm. The relative abundance of ions was such that Ca2+ > K+ > Mg2+ > Na+ for cations and HCO-3 > Cl- > NO-3 > SO-4 for anions. The water types were Ca-Mg-NO3 in both dry and rainy seasons. The results revealed that the mechanisms controlling groundwater chemistry are rock weathering and atmospheric precipitation. Indicator bacteria such as E. coli, Shigella, Enterobacteria, Vibrio, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus were detected in the studied groundwater samples, thus the water sources may pose a threat to public health.

Drinking water safety and the development of purification technology

This paper briefly introduced the evolution of purification technology for drinking water over time. After description of the 1st generation processes in the beginning of the 20th century - conventional processes and the 2nd generation processes in 1970s - advanced treatment processes, a tertiary processes - UF (ultrafiltration) based on integrated processes was proposed. Moreover, reaction measures (dosing variety of regents for different contaminants) for urban source water emergencies were illustrated in brief. A new technology of KMnO4 and potassium permanganate composite (PPC) for drinking water purification which was developed by Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) was concisely introduced.

Ammonia pollution characteristics of centralized drinking water sources in China

The characteristics of ammonia in drinking water sources in China were evaluated during 2005-2009. The spatial distribution and seasonal changes of ammonia in different types of drinking water sources of 22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions and 4 municipalities were investigated. The levels of ammonia in drinking water sources follow the order of fiver 〉 lake/reservoir 〉 groundwater. The levels of ammonia concentration in river sources gradually decreased from 2005 to 2008, while no obvious change was observed in the lakes/reservoirs and groundwater drinking water sources. The proportion of the type of drinking water sources is different in different regions. In river drinking water sources, the ammonia level was varied in different regions and changed seasonally. The highest value and wide range of annual ammonia was found in South East region, while the lowest value was found in Southwest region. In lake/reservoir drinking water sources, the ammonia levels were not varied obviously in different regions. In underground drinking water sources, the ammonia levels were varied obviously in different regions due to the geological permeability and the natural features of regions. In the drinking water sources with higher ammonia levels, there are enterprises and wastewater drainages in the protected areas of the drinking water sources.

Designing principles of an ecological water storage basin on coastal saline: a case study

The degradation of water source environment becomes serious problems accompanying with rapid urbanization in China. Ecological engineering provides ecologically sound and cost effective solution to solving this problem. As a case study, a 15 hm 2 ecological water storage basin for a water plant was designed and constructed on the TEDA area in Tianjin City. Located on saline, the construction of this project has to face serious difficulties, such as high salinity, scarce seed banks of macrophytes, and strong winds. Freshwater replacement, soil amendation and macrophytes planting at the basinshore, wooden water breaker and plastic membrane installation and other measures were conducted for the assistance of plant community establishment. The result showed that the chloride concentration in the basin water decreased from 11600 mg/L to less than 100 mg/L, and the chloride content in the basin sediment decreased from 2 1% to 0 35% after freshwater soaking. The introduced macrophytes of 8 species all survived and 11 other macrophytes species were occurred in the basin. A new ecosystem was created with increased biological diversity in the original saline, and the water quality was improved. This ecological water storage basin also provided a pleasing landscape for local people.

南通市集中式饮用水水源地安全状况及保护措施探讨

水源地是保障饮水安全的源头,饮水安全关系着经济社会的高质量发展及社会安定。南通市滨江临海,区域水资源条件优越,全市已全面实现引江区域供水。本文从水量、水质两个方面对南通市4个集中式饮用水水源地的安全状况进行了综合评价,对潜在的安全隐患进行了全面分析。结果表明,南通市4个集中式饮用水水源地所在河段水量充沛,供水保证率达100%,取水口水质能够达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅲ类水标准。根据分析结果,结合南通市集中式饮用水水源地的特点,提出了集中式饮用水水源地保护对策与建议,旨在为集中式饮用水水源地的长效管理和保护提供技术支撑。

2019-2020年福建水体总放射性监测

2019—2020年在福建省设置河流、湖泊(水库)、饮用水源地水、地下水监测点位,定量分析水中总α、总β放射性活度浓度。试验表明:河流总α、总β放射性活度浓度测定值分别为0.004 Bq/L~0.130 Bq/L、0.056 Bq/L~0.840 Bq/L,湖泊(水库)测定值分别为0.005 Bq/L~0.057 Bq/L、0.066 Bq/L~0.170 Bq/L,饮用水源地水测定值分别为0.001 Bq/L~0.103 Bq/L、0.039 Bq/L~0.243 Bq/L,地下水测定值分别为0.012 Bq/L~0.110 Bq/L、0.046 Bq/L~1.10 Bq/L。说明2019—2020年福建地区地表水、地下水总α、总β放射性变化稳定,未出现异常,饮用水源地水放射性水平符合国家标准。

贵州省黔东南州城市湖库型饮用水源氮磷污染特征及富营养化风险评价

选取贵州省黔东南州18个城市湖库型饮用水源为研究对象,通过枯、丰、平水期的水质开展监测,阐述了黔东南州城市湖库型饮用水源氮、磷的污染特征,并利用综合营养状态指数法对其水体营养化风险进行评价。结果表明,黔东南州城市湖库型饮用水源水体总氮平均浓度为0.76 mg/L,其中硝酸盐占70.0%;总磷平均浓度为未检出,其中可溶性磷酸盐占80.5%。黔东南州城市湖库型饮用水源中氮磷时空分布特征明显,总氮和硝酸盐浓度随水期的变化基本一致,氨氮总体变化不大;总磷和可溶性磷酸盐浓度随水期变化基本一致。利用SPSS Statistics 19.0中的Pearson双侧检验法检验污染因子之间的相关性,枯、丰、平水期仅有COD_(Mn)与Chl-a均呈显著正相关性。利用综合营养状态指数法对黔东南州城市湖库型饮用水源进行评价,枯水期贫营养占66.7%、中营养占33.3%;丰水期贫营养占50.0%、中营养占50.0%;平水期贫营养占38.9%、中营养占61.1%,富营养化风险程度从大到小依次为平水期、丰水期、枯水期,并采用氮磷浓度比(TN/TP)深入分析,得出水源营养盐限制因子主要为磷限制状态,控制磷污染是预防黔东南州湖库水源水体富营养化有效途径。

Presence, dissemination and removal of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in urban drinking water system: A review

Antibiotic resistance in aquatic environment has become an important pollution problem worldwide. In recent years, much attention was paid to antibiotic resistance in urban drinking water systems due to its close relationship with the biosafety of drinking water. This review was focused on the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, as well as the presence, dissemination and removal of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the urban drinking water system. First, the presence of ARB and ARGs in the drinking water source was discussed. The variation of concentration of ARGs and ARB during coagulation, sedimentation and filtration process were provided subsequently, in which filtration was proved to be a promising technology to remove ARGs. However, biological activated carbon (BAC) process and drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) could be incubators which promote the antibiotic resistance, due to the enrichment of ARGs and ARB in the biofilms attached to the active carbon and pipe wall. Besides, as for disinfection process, mechanisms of the inactivation of ARB and the promotion of conjugative transfer of ARGs under chlorine, ozone and UV disinfection were described in detail. Here we provide some theoretical support for future researches which aim at antibiotic resistance controlling in drinking water.

城市型饮用水水源地“一湖一策”实践与探讨——以董大水库为例

为解决城市型饮用水水源地防洪能力不足、水源保护区水土流失、水资源短缺、面源污染复杂、生物多样性下降、区域执法监管能力不足等问题,以国家大型中心城市饮用水水源地董大水库为例,从防洪安保、水源保护区、水资源、水环境、水生态、执法监管6个方面提出建议和对策措施,以便更好地实施“一湖一策”,改善城市型水源地生态环境,保障城镇居民饮用水安全。

粤北地区乡镇集中式饮用水水源保护区划分方案优化方法分析——以韶关市乡镇水源地“划、立、治”工作实践为例

饮用水安全与人民群众的生活健康密切相关,集中式饮用水水源保护区的划定是保证水质安全的重要措施。本文以韶关市乡镇水源地“划、立、治”工作实践为例,分析粤北地区乡镇集中式饮用水水源保护区划分方案的优化方法。其间充分调研韶关市乡镇饮用水水源地现状,分析水源保护区划分技术路线,探讨划分方案优化方法,并提出划定后的建设管理建议,为后续乡镇饮用水水源保护提供科学依据。

现制现售水管理中存在的问题分析

现代城市生活中,现制现售水因其便捷与健康特性日益受到人们的喜爱。随着这一行业的迅猛发展,管理上的诸多问题也逐渐暴露,对公众健康和环境保护构成潜在威胁。基于此,本文对现制现售水管理中存在的问题进行了深入分析,指出了售水商资质与联系信息缺失、公示信息不完整、水质检测与巡查频次不达标、设备清洁及维护不及时以及法律法规更新迟缓等问题,并针对性地提出了一系列具体改进建议,旨在为监管机构提供精准的管理方针,以促进现制现售水行业的可持续健康发展。

浅析集中式饮用水水源地污染防治方法

集中式饮用水水源地作为城市供水系统的重要组成部分,其水质状况直接关系到公众的健康和社会的稳定发展。然而,随着工业化和城镇化的快速推进,水源地污染问题日益严重,给水源地管理和保护工作带来了极大的挑战。因此,深入研究集中式饮用水水源地污染防治方法,对于保障水源地水质安全、维护公众健康具有重要意义。

集中式饮用水水源地水质状况及污染防治方法探究

本文主要探讨了集中式饮用水水源地的水质状况、污染源、污染防治的重要性以及相应的防治方法和策略。随着工业化和城市化的快速发展,水源地污染问题日益严峻,对人类健康造成了极大威胁。因此,有效的水质污染防治措施对保障人民的饮用水安全至关重要。

华北地区水源置换某地表水厂工程的设计浅析

在地下水压采和水源置换的背景下,开展华北地区某地表水厂工程建设工作,探讨短流程、紧凑型水厂建设形式的设计要点。该地表水厂主要服务于周边的工业园区及居住区,设计规模为5.0×10^(4)m^(3)/d,自用水系数5%。净水厂出厂水水质符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》的要求,主体工艺采用机械混合絮凝—斜管沉淀池—浸没式超滤工艺,对设计水质下的工艺设计参数进行了分析探讨。本工程对水库水低温低浊、微污染等季节性水质变化均有很好的适用性,抗冲击负荷能力强,水质保障率高。

中国城市地下水饮用水源地水质状况评价

根据调查的全国建制市和县级城镇的集中式地下水饮用水水源地水质监测结果,评价了我国城市地下水饮用水水源地的水质安全状况、污染特征、变化趋势等,为城市饮用水安全保障提供了重要的基础。评价结果表明,按照水质综合评价方法,全国城市1 817个地下水饮用水源地中,水质安全存在问题的比例高达49.48%,其中有一般理化指标,也有有毒类物质。按照人为污染因子进行评价,不考虑天然水文地球化学特征的影响,有25.88%的水源地受到不同程度的人为污染。

城市饮用水水源地安全评价(Ⅰ):评价指标和方法

在全国城市饮用水水源地安全保障规划相关成果基础上,提出了城市饮用水水源地安全的概念和内涵。利用层次分析方法构建了城市饮用水水源地安全评价指标体系,从水质、水量、风险及应急能力等方面提出具体评价指标,确定了各指标的含义和计算方法。针对城市饮用水水质安全、水量安全、风险及应急能力状况及城市饮用水源总体状况,给出了定性和定量相结合的评价方法,可为城市饮用水水源地安全评价工作提供重要依据。

城市饮用水水源地安全评价(Ⅱ):全国评价

根据我国城市饮用水水源地全面调查成果。应用本文提出的安全评价指标和方法,对水源地水质、水量安全状况进行了综合评价。分析了不合格水源影响的人口、区域分布及主要原因,并对饮用水水源地风险及应急能力状况进行了定性分析。评价表明,我国城市饮用水水源地安全形势仍十分严峻,全国4 555个城市饮用水水源地中,有638个水质不合格,1 233个水量不合格,水质、水量不合格影响人口有9 480万人,饮用水不安全城市有205个,饮用水源污染风险较高,应急能力偏低。根据水源地安全评价成果,提出了城市饮用水源地安全保障规划工作的主要方向。

集中式饮用水源地高锰酸盐指数限值研究

CODMn（高锰酸盐指数）是一个反映地表水体受有机污染物和还原性无机物质污染程度的综合性指标,也是饮用水源地有机污染控制的重要指标. 对人体健康而言,CODMn一般不具备毒理特征,但ρ（CODMn）与经氯消毒后出水中消毒副产物浓度存在一定关联. 2007年典型流域集中式饮用水源地ρ（CODMn）调查结果表明了饮用水源地有机污染总体状况,即：湖库型水源地ρ（CODMn）最高,平均值为（2.70±1.40）mgL；河流型水源地次之,平均值为（2.49±1.26）mgL；地下水型水源地ρ（CODMn）最低. 湖库型和河流型水源地的ρ（CODMn）季节性变化较为明显,1-4月、11-12月较低,5-10月高,最大值均出现在8月；地下水型水源地的ρ（CODMn）较低,并且无明显季节性变化,平均值为（1.11±0.81）mgL. 根据GB 5749-2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》和国内自来水厂主体净水工艺,建议我国饮用水源地ρ（CODMn）标准限值为4.0mgL. 河流和湖库型水源地在不同月水质达标率分别为84.9%-89.0%和81.0%-89.6%,地下水型水源地水质达标率为99.6%. 为提高饮用水源地ρ（CODMn）达标水平,应重点加强河流和湖库型饮用水水源地农业面源的控制.