Characteristics of groundwater and urban emergency water sources optimazation in Luoyang,China

The construction of emergency water sources is the material basis for ensuring urban water safety,and it is also an inherent requirement for maintaining social stability and development.The hydrogeological characteristics of groundwater in Luoyang City from the aspects of the division of groundwater aquifer groups,water yield property and groundwater dynamics were described in this paper.Two emergency water sources were selected on basis of comprehensively considering groundwater resources and ecological environmental effects,groundwater quality and exploitation technology,etc.Then it further analysed the aquifer types,water yield properties and groundwater recharge,runoff and discharge conditions of the two emergency water sources,and evaluate the groundwater resources quantity of the water sources.The results are that the shallow underground aquifer in Luoyang City is thick,coarse,and stable in lithology and thickness.The two water sources enjoy good exploitation potential and can be used as backup water sources to supply water in the event of a water source crisis.

Groundwater Quality Assessment for an Indian Urban Habitat： A GIS Approach

Groundwater is an essential source of drinking water for many Indian urban habitats. Large numbers of people consume ground water instead of municipal tap water due to contamination of tap water. Groundwater is extracted from thousands of bore wells, and used for potable purpose without proper testing and treatment. This paper describes a groundwater quality monitoring strategy and database model developed for Gulbarga city, located in Karnataka, India. Sampling wells are selected one each in 55 wards of the city corporation having easy access for regular sampling. Various attributes of sampling wells including their spatial coordinates, location address and a photograph are registered for ready recognition on site. Water samples are collected and analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters. Spatial coordinates and levels of sampling points are measured on site using a hand held GPS instrument. Gulbarga city map is digitized. A GIS database of the measured spatial and water quality data is developed using ArcGIS Desktop 9.3, and ground water quality maps are prepared which may serve as useful tools for developing policy, and regulatory mechanism for sustainable groundwater use.

Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Domestic and Irrigation Purposes in Northern Bamenda (Cameroon)

Safe and reliable drinking water availability constitutes a nightmare in many towns of developing countries and is usually appreciated from its physical appearance without prior knowledge of its chemical and biological properties. This study investigates the suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigational purposes through physico-chemical and bacteriological analyses in the Northern part of Bamenda Town (Cameroon). Thus, 20 groundwater samples were collected from hand-dug wells and spring sources in September 2018 (rainy season) and February 2019 (dry season) and physico-chemical and bacteriological characteristics were determined. The results revealed that pH ranged from 5.5 to 6.6, thus enabling the classification of the water as slightly acidic. Electrical conductivity varied between 0.01 - 0.06 μS/cm. The relative abundance of ions was such that Ca2+ > K+ > Mg2+ > Na+ for cations and HCO-3 > Cl- > NO-3 > SO-4 for anions. The water types were Ca-Mg-NO3 in both dry and rainy seasons. The results revealed that the mechanisms controlling groundwater chemistry are rock weathering and atmospheric precipitation. Indicator bacteria such as E. coli, Shigella, Enterobacteria, Vibrio, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus were detected in the studied groundwater samples, thus the water sources may pose a threat to public health.

Drinking water safety and the development of purification technology

This paper briefly introduced the evolution of purification technology for drinking water over time. After description of the 1st generation processes in the beginning of the 20th century - conventional processes and the 2nd generation processes in 1970s - advanced treatment processes, a tertiary processes - UF (ultrafiltration) based on integrated processes was proposed. Moreover, reaction measures (dosing variety of regents for different contaminants) for urban source water emergencies were illustrated in brief. A new technology of KMnO4 and potassium permanganate composite (PPC) for drinking water purification which was developed by Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) was concisely introduced.

2019-2020年福建水体总放射性监测

2019—2020年在福建省设置河流、湖泊(水库)、饮用水源地水、地下水监测点位,定量分析水中总α、总β放射性活度浓度。试验表明:河流总α、总β放射性活度浓度测定值分别为0.004 Bq/L~0.130 Bq/L、0.056 Bq/L~0.840 Bq/L,湖泊(水库)测定值分别为0.005 Bq/L~0.057 Bq/L、0.066 Bq/L~0.170 Bq/L,饮用水源地水测定值分别为0.001 Bq/L~0.103 Bq/L、0.039 Bq/L~0.243 Bq/L,地下水测定值分别为0.012 Bq/L~0.110 Bq/L、0.046 Bq/L~1.10 Bq/L。说明2019—2020年福建地区地表水、地下水总α、总β放射性变化稳定,未出现异常,饮用水源地水放射性水平符合国家标准。

贵州省黔东南州城市湖库型饮用水源氮磷污染特征及富营养化风险评价

选取贵州省黔东南州18个城市湖库型饮用水源为研究对象,通过枯、丰、平水期的水质开展监测,阐述了黔东南州城市湖库型饮用水源氮、磷的污染特征,并利用综合营养状态指数法对其水体营养化风险进行评价。结果表明,黔东南州城市湖库型饮用水源水体总氮平均浓度为0.76 mg/L,其中硝酸盐占70.0%;总磷平均浓度为未检出,其中可溶性磷酸盐占80.5%。黔东南州城市湖库型饮用水源中氮磷时空分布特征明显,总氮和硝酸盐浓度随水期的变化基本一致,氨氮总体变化不大;总磷和可溶性磷酸盐浓度随水期变化基本一致。利用SPSS Statistics 19.0中的Pearson双侧检验法检验污染因子之间的相关性,枯、丰、平水期仅有COD_(Mn)与Chl-a均呈显著正相关性。利用综合营养状态指数法对黔东南州城市湖库型饮用水源进行评价,枯水期贫营养占66.7%、中营养占33.3%;丰水期贫营养占50.0%、中营养占50.0%;平水期贫营养占38.9%、中营养占61.1%,富营养化风险程度从大到小依次为平水期、丰水期、枯水期,并采用氮磷浓度比(TN/TP)深入分析,得出水源营养盐限制因子主要为磷限制状态,控制磷污染是预防黔东南州湖库水源水体富营养化有效途径。

城市型饮用水水源地“一湖一策”实践与探讨——以董大水库为例

为解决城市型饮用水水源地防洪能力不足、水源保护区水土流失、水资源短缺、面源污染复杂、生物多样性下降、区域执法监管能力不足等问题,以国家大型中心城市饮用水水源地董大水库为例,从防洪安保、水源保护区、水资源、水环境、水生态、执法监管6个方面提出建议和对策措施,以便更好地实施“一湖一策”,改善城市型水源地生态环境,保障城镇居民饮用水安全。

浅析集中式饮用水水源地污染防治方法

集中式饮用水水源地作为城市供水系统的重要组成部分,其水质状况直接关系到公众的健康和社会的稳定发展。然而,随着工业化和城镇化的快速推进,水源地污染问题日益严重,给水源地管理和保护工作带来了极大的挑战。因此,深入研究集中式饮用水水源地污染防治方法,对于保障水源地水质安全、维护公众健康具有重要意义。

粤北地区乡镇集中式饮用水水源保护区划分方案优化方法分析——以韶关市乡镇水源地“划、立、治”工作实践为例

饮用水安全与人民群众的生活健康密切相关,集中式饮用水水源保护区的划定是保证水质安全的重要措施。本文以韶关市乡镇水源地“划、立、治”工作实践为例,分析粤北地区乡镇集中式饮用水水源保护区划分方案的优化方法。其间充分调研韶关市乡镇饮用水水源地现状,分析水源保护区划分技术路线,探讨划分方案优化方法,并提出划定后的建设管理建议,为后续乡镇饮用水水源保护提供科学依据。

集中式饮用水水源地水质状况及污染防治方法探究

本文主要探讨了集中式饮用水水源地的水质状况、污染源、污染防治的重要性以及相应的防治方法和策略。随着工业化和城市化的快速发展,水源地污染问题日益严峻,对人类健康造成了极大威胁。因此,有效的水质污染防治措施对保障人民的饮用水安全至关重要。

华北地区水源置换某地表水厂工程的设计浅析

在地下水压采和水源置换的背景下,开展华北地区某地表水厂工程建设工作,探讨短流程、紧凑型水厂建设形式的设计要点。该地表水厂主要服务于周边的工业园区及居住区,设计规模为5.0×10^(4)m^(3)/d,自用水系数5%。净水厂出厂水水质符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》的要求,主体工艺采用机械混合絮凝—斜管沉淀池—浸没式超滤工艺,对设计水质下的工艺设计参数进行了分析探讨。本工程对水库水低温低浊、微污染等季节性水质变化均有很好的适用性,抗冲击负荷能力强,水质保障率高。

Ammonia pollution characteristics of centralized drinking water sources in China

The characteristics of ammonia in drinking water sources in China were evaluated during 2005-2009. The spatial distribution and seasonal changes of ammonia in different types of drinking water sources of 22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions and 4 municipalities were investigated. The levels of ammonia in drinking water sources follow the order of fiver 〉 lake/reservoir 〉 groundwater. The levels of ammonia concentration in river sources gradually decreased from 2005 to 2008, while no obvious change was observed in the lakes/reservoirs and groundwater drinking water sources. The proportion of the type of drinking water sources is different in different regions. In river drinking water sources, the ammonia level was varied in different regions and changed seasonally. The highest value and wide range of annual ammonia was found in South East region, while the lowest value was found in Southwest region. In lake/reservoir drinking water sources, the ammonia levels were not varied obviously in different regions. In underground drinking water sources, the ammonia levels were varied obviously in different regions due to the geological permeability and the natural features of regions. In the drinking water sources with higher ammonia levels, there are enterprises and wastewater drainages in the protected areas of the drinking water sources.

Designing principles of an ecological water storage basin on coastal saline: a case study

The degradation of water source environment becomes serious problems accompanying with rapid urbanization in China. Ecological engineering provides ecologically sound and cost effective solution to solving this problem. As a case study, a 15 hm 2 ecological water storage basin for a water plant was designed and constructed on the TEDA area in Tianjin City. Located on saline, the construction of this project has to face serious difficulties, such as high salinity, scarce seed banks of macrophytes, and strong winds. Freshwater replacement, soil amendation and macrophytes planting at the basinshore, wooden water breaker and plastic membrane installation and other measures were conducted for the assistance of plant community establishment. The result showed that the chloride concentration in the basin water decreased from 11600 mg/L to less than 100 mg/L, and the chloride content in the basin sediment decreased from 2 1% to 0 35% after freshwater soaking. The introduced macrophytes of 8 species all survived and 11 other macrophytes species were occurred in the basin. A new ecosystem was created with increased biological diversity in the original saline, and the water quality was improved. This ecological water storage basin also provided a pleasing landscape for local people.

区域集中式饮用水水源地管理与保护探讨

分段梳理近年来江苏省集中式饮用水水源地管理与保护的4个发展阶段,总结水源地管理和保护的工作经验与成效,依据集中式饮用水水源地管理与保护相关规范,结合江苏实际,提出未来水源地管理与保护工作建议。

Importance and vulnerability of lakes and reservoirs supporting drinking water in China

Drinking water is closely related to human health,disease and mortality,and contaminated drinking water causes 485,000 deaths from diarrhea each year worldwide.China has been facing increasingly severe water scarcity due to both water shortages and poor water quality.Ensuring safe and clean drinking water is a great challenge and top priority,especially for China with 1.4 billion people.In China,more than 4000 centralized drinking water sources including rivers,lakes and reservoirs,and groundwater have been established to serve urban residents.However,there is little knowledge on the percentage,serving population and water quality of three centralized drinking water source types.We collected nationwide centralized drinking water sources data and serving population data covering 395 prefecture-level and county-level cities and water quality data in the two most populous provinces(Guangdong and Shandong)to examine their contribution and importance.Geographically,the drinking water source types can be classified into three clear regions exhibiting apparent differences in the respective contributions of rivers,lakes and reservoirs,and groundwater.We further found that overall,lakes and reservoirs account for 40.6%of the centralized drinking water sources vs.river(30.8%)and groundwater(28.6%)in China.Lakes and reservoirs are particularly important in the densely populated eastern region,where they are used as drinking water sources by 51.0%of the population(318 million).Moreover,the contribution to the drinking water supply from lakes and reservoirs is increasing due to their better water quality and many cross-regional water transfer projects.These results will be useful for the government to improve and optimize the establishment of centralized drinking water sources,which provide safe and clean drinking water in China to safeguard people's lives and health and realize sustainable development goals.

乡镇级饮用水水源地周边土壤重金属来源解析

文章对北方城市乡镇级集中式饮用水水源地周边土壤中的污染物进行了研究,共采集343个表层土壤样品,分析了土壤理化指标pH、OM和CEC和8项重金属Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni,采用相关性分析、主成分分析及PMF模型对重金属的主要污染来源进行解析。研究结果显示:(1)研究区中95.3%的土壤pH处于碱性范围,pH建设用地高于农用地,OM和CEC均为农用地高于建设用地。Cd和Hg的CV分别为71.4%和160%,属于强变异和异常强变异,其他6种重金属均属于中等强度变异。PLI反映所有金属元素的富集情况,均值0.92,建设用地的富集程度高于农用地。(2)相关性分析结果显示,OM和CEC与重金属的浓度呈正相关,但并不是重金属富集的主要影响因素;p H与Pb呈负相关性,与其他重金属没有相关性。Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn 4种重金属显著正相关,且相关系数较高,说明这些元素具有同源性,As与Cd、Hg与Cd、As和Cr均不相关。(3)主成分分析及PMF解析结果显示:人类活动输入对重金属的累积起到很大的作用,其中市政污水排放源贡献率为1.8%;自然源与交通源的混合源贡献率为56.9%;工业源贡献率为21.9%;农业源贡献率为19.4%。

Presence, dissemination and removal of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in urban drinking water system: A review

Antibiotic resistance in aquatic environment has become an important pollution problem worldwide. In recent years, much attention was paid to antibiotic resistance in urban drinking water systems due to its close relationship with the biosafety of drinking water. This review was focused on the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, as well as the presence, dissemination and removal of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the urban drinking water system. First, the presence of ARB and ARGs in the drinking water source was discussed. The variation of concentration of ARGs and ARB during coagulation, sedimentation and filtration process were provided subsequently, in which filtration was proved to be a promising technology to remove ARGs. However, biological activated carbon (BAC) process and drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) could be incubators which promote the antibiotic resistance, due to the enrichment of ARGs and ARB in the biofilms attached to the active carbon and pipe wall. Besides, as for disinfection process, mechanisms of the inactivation of ARB and the promotion of conjugative transfer of ARGs under chlorine, ozone and UV disinfection were described in detail. Here we provide some theoretical support for future researches which aim at antibiotic resistance controlling in drinking water.

鄂州市集中式饮用水源地周边土壤环境质量监测及评价

为监测和评价鄂州市集中式饮用水源地周边土壤环境质量状况,选取2个具有代表性的市级集中式饮用水源地周边土壤为监测对象,对采集样品的理化指标、无机污染物和有机污染物共计14项指标进行了监测分析。采用单项污染指数法、内梅罗污染指数法对鄂州市2021年的土壤环境质量进行了评价。结果表明:2021年凤凰台、雨台山2个饮用水源地5个点位中有3个点位的土壤样品镉元素超过土壤污染风险筛选值,用内梅罗污染指数法评价,凤凰台水源地取水口及一级保护区的土壤状况为清洁(安全),二级保护区的土壤状况为尚清洁(警戒线),雨台山水源地取水口及二级保护区2个点位土壤状况均为轻度污染,一级保护区为尚清洁(警戒线)。研究结果为保护鄂州市集中式饮用水源地周边土壤的安全提供了理论依据。

贵州典型乡镇集中式饮用水源重金属分布特征及健康风险评估

为揭示贵州典型乡镇饮用水源的重金属分布特征及健康风险水平,于2020年6月、2021年1月采集该区域26个乡镇集中式饮用水源水样,通过对水样中铁、铜、锰、锌、砷、六价铬、汞、铅、镉进行检测,分析其污染水平,并运用美国EPA健康风险评价模型对其进行健康风险的初步评价。结果表明:研究的26个乡镇饮用水源重金属含量均符合《GB 5749—2006生活饮用水卫生标准》要求,总体污染程度较低。季节变化对水源地水体的重金属浓度影响明显,丰水期金属浓度比枯水期高1.0~9.9倍,且岩溶水型水源地水质对季节的影响更为敏感。健康风险评估结果显示,研究区域内水源健康风险以化学致癌风险为主,主要风险因子是砷。重金属的非致癌健康风险数量级为10^(-12)~10^(-10),致癌健康风险数量级为10^(-10)~10^(-7),均远低于ICRP和EPA推荐的最大可接受风险水平;饮用水源重金属健康风险按水源地类型排序为河流型>岩溶水型>湖库型。

佛山市主要集中式饮用水水源地富营养化及水华分级评估

对佛山市主要集中式饮用水水源地富营养化及水华程度进行研究,于2022年期间在上游水源保护区设点,对TP、TN、Chl a、CODMn、DO、pH、藻类等指标进行检测。结果表明:监测期间水体富营养化程度较低,除夏季汛期个别样点出现轻度富营养化外,其余月份各点检测数据均较为平稳,保持在贫营养化水平;水体总体没有出现水华风险。