Impact of Land Use Change on Vegetation Carbon Storage During Rapid Urbanization:A Case Study of Hangzhou,China

Land use changes have significant impacts on the carbon balance in an urban ecosystem.When there is rapid development in urbanizing regions,land use changes have a dramatic effect on vegetation carbon storage(VCS).This study investigates the impact of land use change on VCS in a period of rapid urbanization in Hangzhou,China.The results show that:1)from 2000 to 2015,land use in Hangzhou underwent huge changes,mainly reflected in decrease in cropland and wetland and the increased settlement.More than 34.58%of the land was transformed,and the land use changes are primarily characterized by a significant decrease in cropland due to the occupation by settlement.2)over the 15 years,changes in land use led to a decrease of 3.93×10^(5) t of VCS in the urban ecosystem.The large-scale transformation of cropland and wetland,which have a comparatively high carbon density,into land for settlement exerted a negative impact on VCS.3)The central city,which with the Circle-E/I/O mode,had the lowest comprehensive land use dynamic degree,leading to moderate land use change and an increase in VCS;Yuhang and Xiaoshan,which with Multicore-E/O/I mode and Fan-E/O/I modes,had a higher comprehensive land use dynamic degree,drastic changes in land use,and a decrease in VCS.This study proposes a reliable method of estimating changes in VCS,clarifies the relationship between land use change and VCS during rapid urbanization,and provides recommendations for sustainable urban development.

Effects of Forest Type and Urbanization on Carbon Storage of Urban Forests in Changchun, Northeast China

Rapid urbanization has led to dramatic changes in urban forest structures and functions, and consequently affects carbon(C) storage in cities. In this study, field surveys were combined with high resolution images to investigate the variability of C storage of urban forests in Changchun, Northeast China. The main objectives of this study were to quantify the C storage of urban forests in Changchun City, Northeast China and understand the effects of forest type and urbanization on C storage of urban forests. The results showed that the mean C density and the total C storage of urban forests in Changchun were 4.41 kg/m2 and 4.74 × 108 kg, respectively. There were significant differences in C density among urban forest types. Landscape and relaxation forest(LF) had the highest C density with 5.41 kg/m2, while production and management forest(PF) had the lowest C density with 1.46 kg/m2. These differences demonstrate that urban forest type is an important factor needed to be considered when the C storage is accurately estimated. Further findings revealed significant differences in different gradients of urbanization, and the mean C density decreased from the first ring(6.99 kg/m2) to the fourth ring(2.87 kg/m2). The total C storage increased from the first ring to the third ring. These results indicate that C storage by urban forests will be significantly changed during the process of urbanization. The results can provide insights for decision-makers and urban planners to better understand the effects of forest type and urbanization on C storage of urban forests in Changchun, and make better management plans for urban forests.

Spatially Heterogeneous Response of Carbon Storage to Land Use Changes in Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomeration, China

Carbon storage of terrestrial ecosystems plays a vital role in advancing carbon neutrality. Better understanding of how land use changes affect carbon storage in urban agglomeration will provide valuable guidance for policymakers in developing effective regional conservation policies. Taking the Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomeration(PRDUA) in China as an example, we examined the heterogeneous response of carbon storage to land use changes in 1990–2018 from a combined view of administrative units and physical entities. The results indicate that the primary change in land use was due to the expansion of construction land(5897.16 km2). The carbon storage in PRDUA decreased from 767.34 Tg C in 1990 to 725.42 Tg C in 2018 with a spatial pattern of high wings and the low middle. The carbon storage loss was largely attributed to construction land expansion(55.74%), followed by forest degradation(54.81%). Changes in carbon storage showed significant divergences in different sized cities and hierarchical boundaries. The coefficients of geographically weighted regression(GWR) reveal that the alteration in carbon storage in Guangzhou City was more responsive to changes in construction land(-0.11) compared to other cities, while that in Shenzhen was mainly affected by the dynamics of forest land(8.32). The change in carbon storage was primarily influenced by the conversion of farmland within urban extent(5.05) and the degradation of forest land in rural areas(5.82). Carbon storage changes were less sensitive to the expansion of construction land in the urban center, urban built-up area, and ex-urban built-up area, with the corresponding GWR coefficients of 0.19, 0.04, and 0.02. This study necessitates the differentiated protection strategies of carbon storage in urban agglomerations.

Screening Tree Species for Carbon Storage Potential through Urban Tree Inventory in Planted Vegetation

Urban tree inventory is a great tool for gathering data that can be used by different end users. This study attempted to chart the species diversity in planted areas and measure their tree diameter at breast height to screen them for the carbon storage potential. A total of 2860 trees belonging to 36 species were recorded in the planted vegetation in parks and avenue plantation. The dominant species were Azadirachta indicia (25.5%), Conocarpus erectus (19.2%), Ficus spp. (15.5%), Tabebuia rosea (9.2%), Peitophorum pterocarpum (9.0%) and the remaining represents (21.6%) of the tree identified in this study. It was found that the highest contribution of carbon sequestration (CO2 equivalent) is dominated by the Ficus spp. (30.3%) with a total of 3399.3 tCO2eq, followed by Azadirachta indicia (25.4%) with a total of 2845.2 tCO2eq and Conocarpus erectus (20.4%) with a total of 2286 tCO2eq. The entire area has the capability to sequester around 11,213.3 tCO2eq and on average of 3.9 ± 0.1 tCO2eq. In accordance with the findings, it is imperative for the preservation of a sustainable environment to have vegetation that has the capacity to store carbon. The study suggests, there is potential to increase carbon sequestration in urban cities through plantation programs on existing and new land uses and along roads.

Field Test of Energy Storage System on Urban Transit System

The energy storage system charges the energy generated during braking and discharges it again when a vehicle accelerates on urban transit system. The energy storage system is considered to be one of the useful devices for energy storing and recycling. The energy storage system was developed and installed on the test track of Gyeongsan LRT in Korea. This paper presents the test plan and how much energy is saved by the energy storage system through the field test. When the energy storage system is on/off, the energy saving rate is obtained.

Brief analysis on rainwater regulation and storage for pressure alleviation of municipal drainage system

Rainwater plays an important role in the improvement of the drainage performance while leaving the drainage network structure and capacity unchanged.Based on the comparison of rainwater storage performance in projected rainwater drainage systems it shows that the rainwater storage facilities based on the current rainfall intensity computing formulation can improve the drainage system.The results show that the decentralized rainwater drainage network in municipal drainage helps to reduce the designed rainfall intensity capacity in the drainage network.Thus the effect can be equal to increasing the rainfall duration in the rainwater drainage network design.Therefore the rainwater storage facilities in decentralized networks optimize the rainwater drainage network in community rainwater drainage design.It also reduces the capacity of the drainage network and improves the safety of the municipal rainwater drainage system in residential areas.

基于HMCE-Urban模型的淮安市LID措施水量分析

为分析下凹绿地、透水铺装、蓄水池等LID措施对洪峰流量及洪水总量的控制效果,首先提出了HMCE-Urban模型,之后选用九龙和大陡门泵站验证了该模型的有效性,最后利用该模型分析确定了淮安市最佳LID措施。结果表明,当LID措施为35%的10cm下凹绿地,配合20%的透水铺装时,可有效将淮安市50年一遇降雨产生的洪峰流量降低到20年一遇降雨所产生的洪峰流量;受制作成本等限制,不宜在城区建设蓄水池。

Enlightenment From Ancient Wisdom And Experience Of Urban Canal System Against Urban Waterlogging

This paper researches on the causes of the urban waterlogging after rainstorm,and studying on wisdom and experiences of urban canal system against urban waterlogging in ancient China.It is shown that urban canal system was of organic and multifunctions,being titaled as“the blood circulation of city”and that rivers were as the trunk drainage canals,with great density and section for flood passing,tremendous storage capacity,and perfect management.The Forbidden City and Ganzhou are two examples.Enlightenment from ancient wisdom and experiences will help us to solve urban waterlogging problems.

基于牵引网电压和空载电压的多储能系统区间能量管理策略

近年来,随着“双碳”政策的推动,储能技术在城市轨道交通中的应用愈发广泛,呈现出点到线的发展趋势。当一条线路中有多站安装储能装置时,想要进一步提升储能系统的节能效果,必须要解决不同站储能装置的充放电策略个性化设计,以及多储能间协调控制这两个问题。因此,该文提出一种基于实时牵引网电压和空载电压的多储能系统区间能量管理策略。该策略基于多个牵引变电站的空载电压和牵引网电压,对能量管理区间内的列车状态和列车剩余功率进行辨识,基于此计算区间内储能装置的充放电阈值基准值初值及基准值变化的斜率。为进一步提升节能和稳压效果,该策略基于充放电周期、牵引网电压超限频次及储能系统的荷电状态(SOC)等参数,对基准值及其更新斜率进行实时校正。该文在北京地铁的实际线路中进行了验证,结果表明,相较于基于本站空载电压的能量管理策略,提出的策略在降低系统能耗和稳定牵引网电压方面都具有显著的改善效果。

城市绿地碳汇核算和监测研究进展

城市绿地在城市绿色低碳循环发展过程中具有重要作用,准确评估城市绿地碳汇能力是推进城市“碳达峰、碳中和”的一项关键工作。在阐述城市绿地碳汇概念的基础上,从城市绿地碳储量变化和碳排放2个方面梳理了城市绿地碳汇计量的核算方法及应用现状,提出了针对不同尺度、不同管理模式的城市绿地碳汇监测体系构建思路。在此基础上,从城市绿地基线碳汇量、泄漏量等方面阐明了城市绿地碳汇项目减排量的计量方法。研究结果可为提高城市绿地碳汇评估的准确性,推动面向“碳中和”的城市绿地建设提供思路和方法。

滇中城市群碳储量时空演变及其对LULC变化的响应

[目的]通过分析滇中城市群碳储量的时空演变特征及其对土地利用/覆被(land use/land cover,LULC)变化的响应,以深化对该区域碳循环的理解,从而有效地指导碳管理和生态恢复策略的制定。[方法]利用InVEST和PLUS模型模拟并预测1990—2030年滇中城市群碳储量的时空演变规律,结合土地覆被变化数据,定量分析碳储量与LULC变化之间的响应关系。[结果](1)1990—2020年滇中城市群的土地类型主要以林地、耕地和草地为主,林地、耕地和建设用地呈增长趋势,其中建设用地增幅最大;(2)滇中城市群碳储量呈现出“先增后减,逐渐趋于平稳”的变化特征,2000年达到最高值,为1.46×10^(9)t,到2020年下降到1.45×10^(9)t,空间上呈“西高东低”的分布特征;(3)未来不同发展情景下的碳储量预测显示,与2020年相比,4个情景到2030年碳储量均呈下降趋势,其中生态发展情景下降最少,相比2020年下降0.43×10^(7)t,而耕地发展情景下降最为显著,相比2020年下降1.05×10^(7)t;(4)耕地和林地间的转变是影响碳储量的主要因素,其中耕地向林地的转换对滇中城市群碳储量增加尤为关键,林地增加可显著提升区域碳储量,而草地减少则对碳储量产生负面影响。[结论]林地和耕地转换对增加或降低滇中城市群碳储量具有显著影响。

考虑电池SOC一致性的城轨交通MHESS功率分配策略

在城市轨道交通中,通常采用多混合储能系统(MHESS)来解决列车在牵引和制动过程中所引起的牵引网络电压波动问题。该系统由超级电容器和锂电池组成,旨在平滑功率波动,实现“削峰填谷”。考虑到MHESS多个混合储能系统之间可能存在初始状态不一致的情况,提出一种考虑电池SOC一致性的RBF-PID控制策略,用于兼顾直流稳压特性以及电池储能系统寿命保护最优。由列车运行速度需求得到牵引功率需求,采用滑动平均滤波(MAF)算法将高频功率指令分配给超级电容,低频功率指令分配给电池与牵引网。进一步地,考虑到混合储能系统间初始状态不一致情况下的电池寿命保护问题,通过合理设计功率分配切换规则,在初始SOC较低电池的传统电压外环控制中引入基于电池SOC一致性的RBF-PID控制,合理控制电池的充放电电流,防止过冲、过放现象,从而延长电池寿命。为验证所提控制策略的有效性,使用Matlab/Simulink仿真软件进行仿真验证。实验结果表明,所提方法能够降低初始SOC较低电池的放电深度,有效保护储能元件。

城市轨道交通地面储能技术应用综述

我国城市轨道交通路网规模的不断扩大,导致牵引能耗加重问题和再生制动能量利用问题越来越受到重视。将储能技术应用在城市轨道交通中,可以平抑牵引网压波动、吸收再生制动能量、降低牵引能耗,也为接入新能源带来了契机。该文针对地面储能系统,对城轨储能领域常用储能介质的特性进行对比分析,展示城轨领域的应用现状,并结合实际案例分析储能介质和城轨需求的适应性;针对不同类型储能变流器常用电路拓扑进行研究,对比不同拓扑的工作特性和特点,分析变流器拓扑和城轨需求的匹配性;调研城轨储能系统常用的能量管理策略,研究不同策略的特点;从储能系统设计和能量管理的再优化对城轨储能系统的研究热点和未来发展提出展望,为城轨储能系统规范化、高效化、简约化提供参考。

不同土壤对下凹式绿地对城市道路中雨水的调蓄拦污效果分析

本文研究了红壤土、黄棕壤土和黑壤土三组实验装置分别对COD(化学需氧量)、NH4+-N(总氮)、PO43--P(总磷)、和SS(总悬浮物)的去除效果,实验结果表明:红壤土对COD和NH4+-N的处理效果稍优于其他两种土壤,而对于PO43--P的去除,三种土壤之间并没有明显的区别,黄棕壤土对SS去除效果稍高,为88.79%。由此可以得出结论:决定下凹式绿地土壤类型的影响因素并非取决于土壤自身的拦污程度,而是工程施工时土壤取用的便利性和土壤对绿地植物生长的适宜性。

基于Neo4j的城市地下管道信息知识图谱构建研究

为更好地支撑城市地下管道的探测作业,更系统、灵活地管理地下管道知识数据库,以相关国内标准、规范为研究基础,通过实体提取、知识整合等过程,建立城市地下管道信息知识图谱。将知识图谱存储在图数据库Neo4j中,提出基于数据-知识融合的辅助探测决策应用框架,进而提供实时、精准的知识查询接口。研究结果表明:构建的知识图谱可以辅助地下管道开挖工程的探测决策过程,一定程度上为推进地下管道数据-知识融合探测体系建成提供参考。

考虑双维波动性的地铁冲击负荷网储协同平抑策略

地铁列车频繁启停使其牵引负荷出现短时间大幅度的冲击,容易导致变压器绝缘加速老化、引发主变过载风险。针对这一问题,本文提出一种协同网储的地铁负荷冲击优化策略。首先,基于地铁负荷时序特性剖析冲击性负荷形成机理,建立考虑功率曲线特征的双维波动性指标,定量描述冲击程度。其次,分别以系统经济性最优与负荷冲击最小为上下层目标,建立网架拓扑与储能装置协调控制的双层优化模型,求解最优开关变动及储能调度策略。最后,以上海某地铁线路实际供电负荷为例,结合多场景进行验证分析,结果表明所提方法能有效平抑冲击性负荷,实现供电可靠性与经济性的提升。

面向城市轨道交通综合能源站的储能系统鲁棒优化运行策略

随着城市化进程的加快,可再生能源和先进储能技术的融合在应对与城市轨道交通相关的能源效率提升方面具有巨大的应用前景,但随之带来能源系统的规划配置和运行优化问题。通过分析轨道交通系统中牵引负荷的能源需求及间歇性光伏出力的动态特征,建立了源荷多面体不确定集下的储能配置及优化运行鲁棒模型。在满足稳定性和经济性约束条件下,以储能综合日均成本最小为目标函数,采用列与约束生成算法求解模型。仿真算例分析了源荷不确定性程度对调度运行方案和日均总综合成本等指标的影响,验证了所提优化模型的有效性,对研究储能系统在提高城市轨道交通网络弹性和稳定性方面的关键作用具有进步意义。

上海四种常见树种单株固碳能力差异及其影响因子

城市树木的固碳能力是决定城市绿地碳汇大小的重要因素。为探究上海常见树种单株固碳能力的差异及影响因子,使用174个城市森林固定样地的长期观测数据,估算了香樟、水杉、银杏和雪松四个树种的单株固碳能力(即年固碳量),采用多元线性回归模型分析了各树种单株固碳能力与个体大小、植株密度和城市环境因子(温度、降水量和夜间灯光强度)的关系。结果表明:(1)香樟、水杉、银杏和雪松的单株固碳能力分别介于4.01—51.58 kg/a、1.04—13.47 kg/a、0.62—18.56 kg/a和1.48—8.47 kg/a之间,在各径组中香樟的固碳能力均显著高于其他树种。(2)个体大小是决定单株固碳能力的最主要因子,个体越大(胸径0—50 cm范围内)单株固碳能力越大;植株密度越大,香樟和水杉的单株固碳能力越小,银杏的单株固碳能力越大。(3)城市环境因子中,温度对树木单株固碳能力有显著负向影响,而降水量和夜间灯光强度对树木单株固碳能力的影响因树种而异。其中香樟和水杉分别与降水量呈显著负相关和正相关关系,但均与夜间灯光强度呈显著正相关关系。在上海未来城市森林建设和管理中,应根据不同树种单株固碳能力的差异及其对不同环境因子的敏感性,适地适树绿化造林,提升城市森林的固碳效益。

考虑多运行场景的城市电网用户侧储能需求评估方法

在城市电网中配置用户侧储能是解决可再生能源消纳能力不足、局部过载等运行问题的有效途径之一。因此,提出了一种考虑多运行场景的城市电网储能需求评估方法。通过出现频率与危害性来量化城市电网不同场景间的权重构成,选取正常运行、可再生能源消纳不足、局部过载场景构建城市电网用户侧储能需求评估模型。使用浙江省某区域城市电网37节点模型进行算例分析,结果表明该方法能够有效地评估城市电网用户侧储能需求,提高用户侧储能在不同运行场景下的复用率,与单运行场景储能需求评估方法相比,能够显著减少城市电网的用户侧储能总需求,并节约其投资与运行成本。

基于遥感的北京市森林地上碳储量监测

城市是CO_(2)排放的主要区域,推动城市碳减排与低碳发展对于早日实现“双碳”战略具有重要帮助。城市森林碳储量是反映城市CO_(2)吸收能力和评估生态系统质量的重要指标。以北京市森林为对象,以Landsat8OLI遥感影像、数字高程和森林资源二类调查数据为数据源,采用逐步回归分析、递归消除算法和Boruta算法进行特征选择,然后采用多元线性回归模型、BP神经网络、随机森林算法以及极端梯度提升算法模型(XGBoost)进行北京市森林AGC模型构建,最后选择效果最好的模型对北京市整体森林AGC进行反演估测。结果表明:1)基于Boruta算法选择特征集进行4种AGC模型构建时,其R 2是最好的,优于SRA与RFE选择方法;2)XGBoost算法构建的森林AGC模型的精度最高,其根据Boruta算法选择特征集得到的训练集、测试集R^(2)、RMSE、RRMSE分别为0.95、0.69、3.16、5.18、17.70%、21.49%;3)2014年北京市总体森林AGC为8931820.34 t,与实际值差距较小;在空间分布上均呈西北部高、中部及东南部低的现象;密云区、怀柔区及延庆区森林AGC较多,而朝阳区、丰台区及石景山区较少。总体上说,基于Boruta的特征选择与现代集成的XGBoost森林AGC模型有着较好的估测效果。该研究为超大城市森林AGC精准监测提供了技术支撑。