Landscape pattern and its effect on ecosystem functions in Seoul Metropolitan area:Urban ecology on distribution of the naturalized plant species

During land transformation process in the human history, naturalized plants were introduced to several land use patterns by the different ways of plant itself. Including some naturalized plants that had been contribute to land restoration, many naturalized plants have been invaded to original habitat or landscape for native plants. Once the plants were colonized, they extend their area and population size. Urban developed areas often give an important role of source habitat for naturalized plants and expanding their population size. In recent, this situation is appearing as one of environmental problems about the urban landscape management controlling the naturalized plants that invaded in the developed area and conserving the native vegetation. This paper is focusing on relationships between distribution of habitat of naturalized plants and landscape patch in urban area in Seoul. Gangdong-Gu, one of the administrative areas in Seoul was selected for this study. We examined the recent land use change using LANDSAT TM data and spreading of the representative naturalized plants (Robinia pseudoacacia and Eupatorium rugosum) by Seoul Biotope Mapping Project and field survey in 1999. As a result, these two species were often occurred in the same habitat and distributed in forest edge disturbed by man. Their distribution patterns were related to landscape indices (patch size and shape) in the forest edge.

Study on Plant Landscape Design of Urban Comprehensive Park

The urban comprehensive park is the main body of the urban environment construction, and the plant landscape is the most important landscape element of the comprehensive park. It is helpful for the landscape design of the comprehensive park to improve the environmental quality and the sustainable development of the city. Taking the ＂Nanjiang Park＂ in Xiaoshan District of Hangzhou as the research object, the landscape design of plants was explored and analyzed. The results showed that there were significant differences in the application forms of plant land- scapes in different functional zones in comprehensive parks. The specific forms of the garden elements had different needs of plant landscape construction. According to the results of case studies, it found that comprehensive parks could improve the functions, create the aesthetic sense, enhance the atmosphere and enhance the taste through plant landscape design. In addition, corresponding suggestions were put forward according to the current situation with the aim to provide references for the future plant landscape design related with garden greens.

Analysis of Plant Configuration in Urban Landscape of Xianning City with the Beauty of Naturalness and Harmony

With the analysis of the natural geology, greening status and green plant resources in Xianning City, urban greening status of Xianning City is analyzed as a whole, the important role of plants in urban landscape is elaborated, and the relationship among regional environment, plant configuration and landscape aesthetics is proposed. The aesthetic features are interpreted through the growing habits and individual ornamental features of landscape plants. Landscape beauty presented by plants is emphasized through the aspects of thematic beauty, artistic beauty, composition and rhythm. In the respect of configuration principles of landscape plants, principles of natural, regular and combined configurations are highlighted. The discussion of rational thinking upon plant configuration in urban greening is discussed so as to improve urban ecological environment, save construction investment, and enhance the artistic taste and ornamental value of urban landscape.

Landscape Effect Assessment of the Greening Mode around Overpasses in the Urban Area of Kunming City

Based on investigating the present greening situation of 18 overpasses in the urban area of Kunming City,4 typical plant furnishing modes for overpass were concluded,that is,Type Ⅰ,which was the multi-layered plant disposition pattern composed of all arbor,shrub and herbaceous plant species;TypeⅡ,which was mainly composed of shrub and herbaceous species with a 2-layered structure;Type Ⅲ was the turf grass pattern with sparsely disposed trees;Type Ⅳ,which was the simple groundcover greening pattern.1 or 2 typical overpasses from each type were sampled separately for evaluating the landscape effects of the typical green space around each type of overpass by adopting AHP model,and the results showed that the evaluated landscape effect of Type Ⅰ was 'good',that of Type Ⅱ was 'moderate',that of Type Ⅲ was 'moderate to good',and that of Type Ⅳ was 'poor'.

Researches of Street Greening Landscape Based on Plant Diversity Investigation in Jingzhou

Street greening effectively embodies the ecological and landscape functions of plants,and is of great significance to regional maintenance and ecological protection.In this study,an evaluation system was constructed based on plant diversity,and typical sampling method was used to study the landscape and evaluate the ecological function of main roads in Jingzhou City.The results showed that:①the average species richness of the 14 plot roads was 2,and the average Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) and average Pielou evenness index (Jsw) were 0.892 and 0.911,respectively;due to single street landscape and high homogeneity of landscape,there is a lack of landscape characteristics in Jingzhou;②the ecological functions of five streets were compared:shading > dust fall > humidity elimination > noise reduction > temperature reduction;street greening has significant shading effect and certain dust retention effect.The investigation and research will provide reference and improvement suggestions for street greening construction in Jingzhou City in the future.

Diversity Analysis on the Plant Communities of Urban Park Green Space in Wuhan

In order to systematically study the diversity of plant communities in park green space,78 plant communities of 10 representative parks in Wuhan City were investigated.The total 449 species belonging to 275 genera and 112 families were found in this investigation.The communities were divided into 35 dominant-species,13 life-forms and 6 vegetation-forms.The community structures and the composition of dominant species were also studied.The results showed that the shortages of the low diversity,high proportion of exotic species and simple community structures appeared in plant community of park green space in Wuhan City.It is proposed that species,especially native ones,should be abundant to keep a high level species diversity.At the same time,more simulated native communities should be utilized to build the natural,multi-layers,bright local vegetation characteristics landscape of urban parks.

Impact of urbanization on plant diversity: A case study in built-up areas of Beijing

Urbanization is developing rapidly in the world, which seriously changes the habitat of organisms and has clearly a negative effect on biodiversity. Preservation of biodiversity is crucial in urban planning and management, which is also an important symbol for the level of greening. Problems such as scarcity of urban green space and plant species have become obstacles to the establishment of ecological friendly cities. However, coexistence of nature and modernization, as well the coordination of economic development and biodiversity, are goals that people are seeking. We have taken the builtup areas of Beijing as a study case and discussed the impacts of urbanization on plant diversity, with the support of fieldwork and SPOT remote sensing data. The results are as follows： 1） in the process of urbanization, exotic plants have been widely introduced, which has affected species composition and the proportion of native plants; it is clear that artificial green spaces always will have a lower level of plant diversity than natural green spaces; 2） functional differences of green space types partially decide their species abundance, so that plant diversity in greenbelts and streets is generally lower than in parks; 3） the spatial variety of plant diversity contributes much to the imbalance of district de- velopment and the planning of different functional zones; this variation is embodied in different ring-belts and directions; 4） habitat fragmentation also affects plant diversity to a great extent; there is a significant positive correlation between high fragmentation and low plant diversity. According our results, some suggestions are proposed, which would be suitable for the preservation of plant di- versity and ecological improvement during urbanization.

The Impact of Urban Expansion on Plant Diversity Change in Karst Regions of Southwest China

Biodiversity is vital for the integrity and stability of ecosystems and sustainable development.Karst regions of Southwest China is featured for undulating and broken karst terrain as well as high plant diversity.Land use changes induced by the growing population and expanding human settlement have threatened biodiversity preservation in this region.However,the impact of urban expansion on plant diversity remains unclear here.This study focuses on how expanding countryside landscapes affect the recovery rate of plant diversity and demonstrate how urban expansion affects plant diversity conservation in karst regions of Southwest China.In situ biodiversity investigations and multisource remote sensing images were combined to analyze the role of human settlement evolution in the conservation of plant diversity using descriptive statistics and regression analysis.Unmanned vehicle images,historical aerial photographs,and long-term remote sensing images were used to observe the human settlement pattern changes over 40 yr and found that plant diversity is restored faster in countryside ecosystems than in island ecosystems restricted by water.Forests,however,contribute the most to plant diversity conservation in both ecosystems.While the forest area is stable during urban expansion,massive forest patches play an essential role in plant diversity conservation.Arable lands and grasslands shrank but with a fragmenting trend,which was conducive to preserving plant diversity,whereas increased and regularized large patches of built-up areas were not beneficial to plant diversity.Accordingly,forest protection should be prioritized to coordinate future socioeconomic development and plant diversity conservation in karst and broader regions.Furthermore,large built-up patches should be limited,and the irregularity should be improved during urban expansion.Irregular shaped cultivated land and grassland were suggested to promote biological information exchanges as landscape corridors.

i-Tree Eco Analysis of Landscape Vegetation on Remediated Areas of Oak Ridge National Laboratory

The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is the largest and most diverse energy, research, and development institution within the Department of Energy (DOE) system in the United States. As such, the site endures constant land development that creates rigorous growing conditions for urban vegetation. Natural resource managers at ORNL recognize that trees are an integral component of the landscape and are interested in characterizing the urban forest and their associated ecosystem services benefits. We evaluated the urban forest structure, quantified ecosystem services and benefits, and estimated economic value of resources using i-Tree Eco at ORNL. While this assessment captured over 1100 landscape trees, the ORNL Natural Resources Management for landscape vegetation can be expanded to include unmanaged landscapes, e.g. riparian areas, greenspace, and other vegetative attributes to increase ecosystem services benefits. Assigning a monetary value to urban forest benefits help to inform decisions about urban forest management, ideally on cost-benefit analysis.

The impact of urban planning on land use and land cover in Pudong of Shanghai, China

Functional zones in cities constitute the most conspicuous components of newly developed urban areas, and have been a hot spot for domestic and foreign investors in China, which not only show the expanse of urban space accompanied by the shifts both in landscape (from rural to urban) and land use(from less extensive to extensive), but also display the transformation of regional ecological functions. By using the theories and methods of landscape ecology, the structure of landscapes and landscape ecological planning can be analyzed and evaluated for studying the urban functional zones' layout. In 1990, the Central Government of China declared to develop and open up Pudong New Area so as to promote economic development in Shanghai. Benefited from the advantages of Shanghai's location and economy, the government of Pudong New Area has successively built up 7 different functional zones over the past decade according to their functions and strategic goals. Based on the multi-spectral satellite imageries taken in 1990, 1997 and 2000, a landscape ecology analysis was carried out for Pudong New Area of Shanghai, supported by GIS technology. Green space (including croplands) and built-up areas are the major factors considered in developing urban landscape. This paper was mainly concerned with the different spatial patterns and dynamics of green space, built-up areas and new buildings in different functional zones, as influenced by different functional layouts and development strategies. The rapid urbanization in Pudong New Area resulted in a more homogeneous landscape. Agricultural landscape and suburban landscape were gradually replaced by urban landscape as the degree of urbanization increased. As a consequence of urbanization in Pudong, not only built-up patches, but also newly-built patches and green patches merged into one large patch, which should be attributed to the construction policy of extensive green space as the urban development process in Pudong New Area. The shape of green area of 7 functional zones became more and more regular because of the horticultural needs in Shanghai urban planning. Some suggestions were finally made for the study of future urban planning and layout.

Laboratory for New Urban Biotopes

The significance of urban green space in the metropolis gains weight if ecological value is linked to daily use in the urban living environment in a proper manner.A different layout of the urban domain is needed for a contribution to climate adaptation and biodiversity increase,and it is relevant to examine how plants can develop more according to the principles of succession of natural vegetation.Creating a 1:1 laboratory in Merwede,the Netherlands,provides a test case for introducing the urban biotope at various locations.Greenery in the city may be different than a natural ecosystem,but it can meet qualities that contribute to biodiversity,improvement of the urban air quality,reduce heat stress,seasonal effects and food production in the city.

基于防虫网+的热区豇豆病虫害生态调控策略

豇豆是海南重要冬季瓜菜之一,生产受蓟马、斑潜蝇和枯萎病危害严重。目前海南豇豆病虫害防控主要依赖于化学农药,使得蓟马等抗性增强、农药残留超标,当地环境生物多样性受影响。对海南豇豆病虫害的现状及其防控中技术单一、滥用农药等问题进行分析,并提出了功能植物的引入、景观设计优化、农业管理的改进以及生物防治与科学用药4项主要生态调控技术,提出了具体的实施方案,为海南豇豆种植业的可持续发展提供科学指导和实践依据。

基于城市印象理论的道路植物景观彩化规划

当前我国宏观层面的城市绿地系统规划和城市道路植物景观设计之间缺乏具体的参数指标导控,大多数城市道路景观普遍较为单一,存在“绿化有余、彩化不足”的共性问题。据此,文章基于城市印象理论,以浙江湖州南太湖新区道路植物景观彩化规划为例,提出城市中观尺度层面上的植物景观彩化规划和设计指标导控等策略,为改善城市道路景观品质和提高植物和植物景观多样性提供借鉴和参考。

鼠尾草属植物资源的分类研究进展

鼠尾草属(Salvia L.)全球约有1000个种,国外许多种已在药用、观赏、食用、精油和保健等诸多方面开发其价值。我国已发现84个种24个变种,资源丰富,但广泛栽培和应用的种质仅有供以药用的丹参(S.miltiorrhiza Bunge)。为促进该属植物在我国的高效开发和推广,本文在经典植物分类学基础上,依托本课题组10余年野外调查与栽培观测的扎实数据,重点针对鼠尾草的园艺学特性进行归纳分类与特点描述,包含用途、花期、花色、花大小、茎特征以及园林造型等6个方面。根据花期可分为春花(4-6月)、夏花(7-8月)和秋花类型(9-11月),花色包含紫色、蓝色、红色、粉色、黄色和白色系列。按照花朵大小分为小型(<1.5 cm)、中型(1.5~3.0 cm)、中大型(3.0~4.5 cm)和大型花种类(>4.5 cm)。株型主要为蔓生、丛生和直立类型,部分种质在园林造型方面的可塑性强。国内鼠尾草资源以春季花期、紫色和蓝色以及中(大)型花朵的丛生草本类型为主。本研究完善了鼠尾草属植物的应用分类体系,为我国鼠尾草属资源的深度开发和广泛应用提供参考。

城市公园蚊虫防控景观设计

城市公园是优质人居环境和生态斑块的重要组成部分,然而茂密的植被和阴湿的环境也使城市公园成为蚊虫孳生的主要场所,蚊虫滋扰已成为影响人们游憩康养舒适感的最主要因素之一,还存在潜在的传染病传播风险。文章根据蚊虫防控的相关研究和现实案例,解析城市公园蚊虫防治的基本原理和主要手段,分别从公园水生环境与陆生植物群落设计、驱虫捕虫植物、蚊虫天敌的栖息地营造、蚊虫诱捕装置以及管理维护等方面提出基于环境防治和生物防控相结合的城市公园景观设计方法和措施,为建设无蚊型城市公园、促进园林康养、创建宜居城市环境提供理论依据和实践参考。

基于功能连接度的城市生态廊道空间范围划定研究

如何科学确定城市生态廊道空间范围是城乡规划和风景园林领域最为关心的问题之一。基于电路理论模型量化源地间物种转移廊道的功能连接度,引入经济学“效益成本比”思想构建城市生态廊道空间范围划定模型,提取生态廊道功能连接度效益成本比的拐点作为该条廊道规划建设的参照宽度。结果显示:(1)研究区共识别59个30hm^(2)以上的生态源地,其中大型生态源地多处在研究区外围,景观阻力面空间分布特征具有明显地“核心-边缘”特征;(2)基于最小成本路径模型与电路理论提取出126条生态廊道,并识别了重要生态源地、夹点及障碍点,发现障碍点与夹点空间存在明显拮抗关系;(3)整合电路理论(Circuitscape平台Pairwise模式)与分段线性回归模型划定研究区城市生态廊道的参考宽度范围处于60.27~371.83m,并对比了现有功能连接度量化方法对廊道参照宽度有潜在影响。以上研究结论可为今后城市乃至区域生态网络构建提供科学借鉴。

城市闲置地内自生植物形成的荒野景观特征研究

【目的】闲置地由于人为干扰程度较低,自然演替和生态过程得以发生,形成了以自生植物为主导的荒野景观,该过程增强了城市生态功能的稳定性。因此,探究城市闲置地自生植物的生长规律与群落特征,有助于为此类特殊生境的生态修复提供科学依据并指导城市荒野景观的营造与更新。【方法】以北京西玉河村闲置地为例,对该区域2009—2022年的卫星影像进行解译,分析拆建前后植被覆盖率的变化趋势。于2023年3—5月对39个样方内的自生植物进行了全面调查,计算其相对频度、相对盖度、相对多度、相对优势度和重要值5个评价指标。【结果】1)拆建前(2009—2017年),场地植被覆盖率整体变化不显著;在建筑拆除后的第1年内(2017—2018年),乔木植被覆盖率未发生显著变化;拆建后(2018—2022年)植被覆盖率显著上升,年均增幅约8.0%。2)场地内共记录到植物24科、41属、44种,其中自生植物39种,以菊科为主,占自生植物种类总数的28.95%;草本植物种类占自生植物种类总数的69.23%。3)传播型为风传播的自生植物占比为43.59%;优势种包括藜(Chenopodium album)、黄花蒿(Artemisia annua)和尖裂假还阳参(Crepidiastrum sonchifolium)等,共形成11种优势植物群落。4)自生草本植物多在3月集中萌发,4月开花,部分花期延续至5月,个体观赏性强的植物有地黄(Rehmannia glutinosa)、蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum)、翅果菊(Lactuca indica)等,整体观赏性由群落质感决定。5)葎草(Humulus scandens)、藜和尖裂假还阳参表现出明显的种间竞争。【结论】科学地保留和利用自生植物为在闲置地营造荒野景观提供了新途径,未来应进一步探究降低人为干扰、维持生态平衡的景观营造方法以及植被恢复初期的管理措施等内容。

文旅背景下城市公园植物景观美景度评价

【目的】公园作为城市旅游景观资源之一,其内部植物景观的美感营造会对观赏公园的体验感产生一定影响;因此通过建构一套城市公园植物景观美景度评价体系来进行测评,以白马湖公园与丁玲公园为测评对象,利用得到的测评结果来对公园植物景观营造提出相关优化策略。【方法】采用实地调研法获取测评对象的植物景观基本情况;结合层次分析法构建出由1个目标层,3个准则层,12个指标层的美景度评价体系,并对评价指标进行权重计算,得到排序前五的指标;将评价体系置于美景度评价法中,通过专家打分得到相关指标美景度值;再将各指标的美景度值代入美景度评价模型中,计算得出最终值。【结果】白马湖公园与丁玲公园在植物种类上都较为丰富,丁玲公园植物造景美景度值整体上高于白马湖公园;通过对前五个指标的美景度值分析,发现两处公园均存在着一定的共性问题;依据美景度值并结合城市文旅需求,制定出相关优化策略。【结论】在城市公园植物景观美景度评价体系中,指标层中的植物配置的层次性(0.101)、植物形态的多样性(0.100)、植物的装饰性(0.092)、植物造景的可观性(0.091)植物的空间拓展性(0.090)作为排序前五的评价指标;在植物的空间拓展性与装饰性上,两处公园得分均衡,波动变化不大;但在植物配置的层次性、形态的多样性与植物造景的可观性上,得分有差异,整体波动幅度较大;从主题氛围营造、融合业态提升体验、强化植物景观竖向效果三个方面进行植物景观优化策略制定。

城市街区单元绿地空间格局与植物群落碳汇效益优化研究

【目的】目前城市绿地已经进入存量发展阶段,如何在城市有限绿地空间条件下实现“碳中和”目标,合理布局低碳绿地空间格局,科学配置植物群落以增加生物多样性,成为目前城市绿地碳汇效益研究的重点和难点。【方法】以西安市碑林区和沣西新城的城市绿地空间格局为研究对象,对研究区域内街区单元的绿地空间格局进行分析并分类,探索街区单元绿地空间格局与碳汇量化关系,并从平面布局和垂直结构两方面提出城市街区单元绿地碳汇效益的优化方法,并选取碳储量最低的单核心辐射型街区单元的3个绿地样方进行碳汇效益优化设计。【结果】总结出4种西安市典型城市街区单元绿地空间格局模式,明晰了碳储量分布特征以及绿地空间格局对碳储量的影响机制,提出了城市街区单元绿地空间格局碳汇效益优化方法,发现碳储量与斑块类型面积(CA)、景观形状指数(LSI)呈极显著正相关关系,与聚集度(AI)呈极显著负相关关系。各类绿地空间格局碳储量大小为多核心辐射型>散点分布型或廊道穿越型>单核心辐射型,建议在单核心辐射型街区单元优化中增加植物群落层次结构,并增加高固碳植物种类及数量,提升样方内年固碳量。【结论】从中观尺度讨论街区单元绿地空间格局与植物群落碳汇效益之间的关系,使城市中小尺度绿地发挥应有的生态系统服务功能,探索街区单元绿地空间格局的构成要素与设计方法,为低碳绿地设计提供参考,提升城市街区单元内社区生活圈的人居环境质量。

南昌市象湖湿地公园消落带植物景观生态修复策略

为减轻城市湿地公园的消落带生态退化问题(环境污染、水土流失、土壤侵蚀、功能退化等),探求高效的生态修复策略。以南昌市象湖湿地公园为研究对象,在系统分析消落带的共性生态环境问题及现状基础上,提出了相应的景观生态修复策略:1)在广泛调查地域性消落带植物种类及其群落组成的基础上,筛选出适合公园环境的湿生植物种类;2)适度调整消落带的护坡和护岸结构,以自然式护岸为主;3)以乡土的湿生植物为主,建议配植适生植物群落,修复受损的消落带生境,形成特色护岸景观。研究城市湿地公园消落带的植物景观生态修复,有利于实现消落带生境修复、景观游憩、水体净化、减污增汇等生态效益,以构建生态环境友好型的消落带景观。