In an urban-transit bus, fueled by biodiesel in Toledo, Ohio, single inhalable particle samples in October 2008 were collected and detected by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry （SE...In an urban-transit bus, fueled by biodiesel in Toledo, Ohio, single inhalable particle samples in October 2008 were collected and detected by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry （SEM/EDS）. Particle size analysis found bimodal distribution at 0.2 and 0.5 μm. The particle morphology was characterized by 14 different shape clusters： square, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, nonagon, decagon, agglomerate, sphere, triangle, oblong, strip, line or stick, and unknown, by quantitative order. The square particles were common in the samples. Round and triangle particles are more, and pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, nonagon, decagon, strip, line or sticks are less. Agglomerate particles were found in abundance. The surface of most particles was coarse with a fractal edge that can provide a suitable chemical reaction bed in the polluted atmospheric environment. The three sorts of surface patterns of squares were smooth, semi-smooth, and coarse. The three sorts of square surface patterns represented the morphological characteristics of single inhalable particles in the air inside the bus in Toledo. The size and shape distribution results were compared to those obtained for a bus using ultra low sulfur diesel.展开更多
In this paper, we suggest the creation of passenger service standards for urban rail transit. We put forward standards suited for China's actual conditions, aimed at meeting an international level of service based...In this paper, we suggest the creation of passenger service standards for urban rail transit. We put forward standards suited for China's actual conditions, aimed at meeting an international level of service based on customer-oriented principles.展开更多
资源的有限性和社会对公交服务需求的日益增长,决定了公交线路的绩效对于整个公交系统的运营和发展具有重要意义.为对常规公交线路网络中的单条公交线路进行绩效评估,本文基于城市公交的属性,即公益性和经营性,构建了单条公交线路绩效...资源的有限性和社会对公交服务需求的日益增长,决定了公交线路的绩效对于整个公交系统的运营和发展具有重要意义.为对常规公交线路网络中的单条公交线路进行绩效评估,本文基于城市公交的属性,即公益性和经营性,构建了单条公交线路绩效评估概念框架.将单条公交线路的服务实现过程分为两个阶段,利用数据包络分析中的面向产出的BCC模型(Banker Charnes Cooper model),计算单条公交线路的运营效率和服务效益.从公交企业和乘客两个角度评估公交线路功能的实现程度,为公交线网的优化设计及政府决策提供参考.最后以泰州市的10条公交线路为例进行了实践应用.展开更多
文摘In an urban-transit bus, fueled by biodiesel in Toledo, Ohio, single inhalable particle samples in October 2008 were collected and detected by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry （SEM/EDS）. Particle size analysis found bimodal distribution at 0.2 and 0.5 μm. The particle morphology was characterized by 14 different shape clusters： square, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, nonagon, decagon, agglomerate, sphere, triangle, oblong, strip, line or stick, and unknown, by quantitative order. The square particles were common in the samples. Round and triangle particles are more, and pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, nonagon, decagon, strip, line or sticks are less. Agglomerate particles were found in abundance. The surface of most particles was coarse with a fractal edge that can provide a suitable chemical reaction bed in the polluted atmospheric environment. The three sorts of surface patterns of squares were smooth, semi-smooth, and coarse. The three sorts of square surface patterns represented the morphological characteristics of single inhalable particles in the air inside the bus in Toledo. The size and shape distribution results were compared to those obtained for a bus using ultra low sulfur diesel.
文摘In this paper, we suggest the creation of passenger service standards for urban rail transit. We put forward standards suited for China's actual conditions, aimed at meeting an international level of service based on customer-oriented principles.
文摘资源的有限性和社会对公交服务需求的日益增长,决定了公交线路的绩效对于整个公交系统的运营和发展具有重要意义.为对常规公交线路网络中的单条公交线路进行绩效评估,本文基于城市公交的属性,即公益性和经营性,构建了单条公交线路绩效评估概念框架.将单条公交线路的服务实现过程分为两个阶段,利用数据包络分析中的面向产出的BCC模型(Banker Charnes Cooper model),计算单条公交线路的运营效率和服务效益.从公交企业和乘客两个角度评估公交线路功能的实现程度,为公交线网的优化设计及政府决策提供参考.最后以泰州市的10条公交线路为例进行了实践应用.
