Research on Risk Identification and Industrial Governance of Digital Education Products Based on Data Annotation Technology

The social transformation brought aboutby digital technology is deeply impacting various industries.Digital education products, with core technologiessuch as 5G, AI, IoT (Internet of Things),etc., are continuously penetrating areas such as teaching,management, and evaluation. Apps, miniprograms,and emerging large-scale models are providingexcellent knowledge performance and flexiblecross-media output. However, they also exposerisks such as content discrimination and algorithmcommercialization. This paper conducts anevidence-based analysis of digital education productrisks from four dimensions: “digital resourcesinformationdissemination-algorithm design-cognitiveassessment”. It breaks through corresponding identificationtechnologies and, relying on the diverse characteristicsof governance systems, explores governancestrategies for digital education products from the threedomains of “regulators-developers-users”.

Application of Data Governance Models in the Context of the Digital Economy

In the context of the digital economy,the volume of data is growing exponentially,the types of data are becoming more diverse,and its value is increasing,often providing critical support for decision-making by enterprises and government institutions.Effective data governance is a crucial tool for maximizing data value and mitigating data risks.This article examines the application of data governance models in the digital economy,aiming to offer technical insights and guidance for data-driven enterprises and governments in China.By elevating their data governance standards in the new era,this approach will comprehensively enhance their ability to harness digital value and ensure security in the digital economy,ultimately driving the continued growth of both the digital economy and society.

A Study of the European Union’s Path for Constructing Digital Governance Rules and the Logical Implications of the Path

The European Union(EU)seeks to build a Europe fit for the digital age.For this purpose,the EU has accelerated the process of catching up with digital technology and issued a number of legal and regulatory documents to establish a digital governance rule regime with EU characteristics.This paper analyzes the EU’s path towards the construction of digital governance rules.This path is composed of three aspects,i.e.,strict digital supervision,differentiation of the free market,and multi-stakeholder governance.This three-step path has intrinsic logical implications.That is,strict digital supervision is applied to defend the EU’s unified market and values;differentiation of the free market takes the principle of adequate protection as the core to make the EU an exporter of rules;multi-stakeholder governance brings multiple stakeholders together in the governance to deal with the ethical anomie that arises during the use of big data.By setting up a series of digital governance rules,the EU seeks to achieve rule dominance to gain regulatory power for global digital governance.However,due to multiple constraints,there is a long way to go,and there are obstacles in the way.

Digital Development Rights in Developing Countries:Where the Governance Rules for Cross-Border Data Flows

The digital development rights in developing countries are based on establishing a new international economic order and ensuring equal participation in the digital globalization process to achieve people's well-rounded development in the digital society.The relationship between cross-border data flows and the realization of digital development rights in developing countries is quite complex.Currently,developing countries seek to safeguard their existing digital interests through unilateral regulation to protect data sovereignty and multilateral regulation for cross-border data cooperation.However,developing countries still have to face internal conflicts between national digital development rights and individual and corporate digital development rights during the process of realizing digital development rights.They also encounter external contradictions such as developed countries interfering with developing countries'data sovereignty,developed countries squeezing the policy space of developing countries through dominant rules,and developing countries having conflicts between domestic and international rules.This article argues that balancing openness and security on digital trade platforms is the optimal solution for developing countries to realize their digital development rights.The establishment of WTO digital trade rules should inherently reflect the fundamental demands of developing countries in cross-border data flows.At the same time,given China's dual role as a digital powerhouse and a developing country,it should actively promote the realization of digital development rights in developing countries.

Industrial Organization in the Digital Economy Era:Evolution and Effects

Advances in digital technology and vast data applications have resulted in the emergence of the digital economy paradigm,which is a new techno-economic paradigm for the digital economy age.Under this paradigm,the industrial organization has shifted toward networked,platform-based,boundaryless,and integrated development with new characteristics.Specifically,there has been a fierce“positional arms race”fueled by financial capital,accelerating the growth of platform companies.The“hierarchical monopolistic competition”market structure has taken shape,resulting in a“coexistence without disruption”monopolistic competition.As platform businesses expand into new business sectors,competition among industrial ecosystems intensifies.Data and algorithms have become secret weapons for corporate success,allowing platform companies to expand their monopolistic forces.Industrial organization in the digital era has revolutionized the operating rules and logic of industrial economy,giving rise to new industries,business models,and paradigms,as well as being conducive to international cooperation and intelligent regulation.Meanwhile,it has introduced new challenges to socioeconomic development,making platform companies’anti-competitive and monopolistic behaviors more implicit,privacy and security concerns more conspicuous,and antitrust identification and investigation more difficult.The government should embrace the evolving trends of industrial organization in the digital economy era,accelerate regulatory transition,and strengthen governance and regulation under the digital economy paradigm.

Research on the Influence of Digital Economy on the Income Gap between Urban and Rural Areas in China

In recent years,with the rapid advancement of information technology and the widespread proliferation of the Internet,digital technology has been reshaping the value chains of traditional industries and giving rise to entirely new business models and industrial forms.Technologies such as the Internet,big data,and artificial intelligence are being applied across various sectors,while new formats like e-commerce,the sharing economy,and online education are flourishing.These developments have driven new consumption patterns and employment methods.The rapid rise of the digital economy not only boosts production efficiency and economic growth but also influences the income distribution between urban and rural areas to some extent.This paper begins by examining the current state and characteristics of the digital economy and then analyzes its impact on the urban-rural income gap.Additionally,it offers countermeasures and recommendations for narrowing this gap,providing theoretical support for promoting common prosperity.

Digital Public Relations in the Russian Governmental Communication： 2011-2012 Typology and General Situation

The paper deals with the development of digital public relations （PRs） in the Russian govemmental communications in the years of 2011-2012. Empirical study is based on the content-analysis of on-line public activities of Russian federal governmental bodies and regional governors in October-November, 2011. It has shown the coexistence of two basic models of governmental communication in the Russian Federation--old-fashioned bureaucratic and new interactive.

Whether the digital economy will successfully encourage the integration of urban and rural development: A case study in China

The digital economy has become an important driver for stimulating economic growth.The digital economy has now widely penetrated the fields of economy and society,providing new opportunities for the develop‐ment of urban-rural integration.Based on panel data for 30 provinces in China from 2011 to 2020,this study constructed an index system for the integration of the digital economy and the development of urban-rural areas and conducted a systematic measurement analysis.Additionally,we used a two-step system of GMM estimation to analyze the impact of the digital economy on the development of urban-rural integra‐tion.The findings demonstrate the significant imbalance paradox of China’s digital economy development,which is shown in a gradient where the eastern region is higher than the center and the central region is higher than the west.Urban-rural integration levels in China fluctuate and display geographical variance,typically displaying high levels in the east and low levels in the west.Urban-rural integration is significantly encouraged by the digital economy,yet it varies in variability between different areas and dimensions.Addi‐tionally,rural human capital moderates the favorable effects of the digital economy on urban-rural integra‐tion.As a result,in order to achieve the integrated development of urban and rural areas,it is imperative to fully exploit the active role of the digital economy,better support the development of rural revitalization,bridge the“digital divide”between urban and rural development,and build a strong foundation for the for‐mation of a digital urban-rural integrated development pattern with urban and rural areas and common con‐struction and sharing.

Does internet use improve the public evaluation of government environmental governance (GEG) in China? An analysis using the Chinese Social Survey, 2013−2017

Based on three datasets of the Chinese Social Survey(CSS)2013,2015,and 2017 and the National Statistical Yearbook,this study examined whether and in what ways using the Internet may or may not affect the public evaluation of government environmental governance(GEG).There are three main findings.First,Internet use has a negative influence on the public evaluation of GEG.Second,there has been an urban-rural difference in terms of Internet use;especially for the rural resident,increasing their use of the Internet significantly lowered their evaluation of GEG.Third,Internet use affects GEG mainly through political trust,whilst it tends to enhance people’s perception of environmental problems;however,it has little influence on their evaluation of GEG.This finding implies that public evaluation of GEG should be viewed as an important inter-subjective dimension of GEG;especially in the Internet era,it has become increasingly necessary for the government to not only continuously improve the quality of governance by dealing with actual/practical environmental issues,but also enhance its ability to react to the public opinions online effectively and appropriately.

Analysis of Factors that Affect Government Digitization:A Pilot Case Study of Pakistan

One of the greatest factors that affects the economic condition of a country is its institutions.In the model of good governance,the primary elements for stronger institution include efficiency,transparency,and accountability;and technology plays a major role in improving these elements.However,there are myriad of challenges when it comes to practical integration of technology in these institutions for efficiency.It is more challenging when a country is developing and one that is already weak economically.It is also important to mention that the challenges of digitization in public sector is not limited to developing countries only.It is equally challenging,even today,in already developed countries to digitally transform their public institutions for improved policymaking and for responsive service delivery.Many factors contribute to the failure of such digitization initiatives,more so within developing countries.And the purpose of this paper is to identify those factors,to measure the significance of each of those factors,and to realize and overcome them.This research considered the case study of Pakistan;however,the results are very likely to match the conditions of other developing regions around the world.Through questionnaires and interviews,valuable feedback was gathered from up to 25 senior government officers that are closely associated with digitization initiatives in public sector.The feedback to the questions were overall unanimous.The results indicate the most significant of factors that affect government digitization in this developing region,including some factors that were not expected.

Probing into Solutions to Digital Divide:China's Perspective

Since we have entered the informational epoch, the general application of information technology originates various kinds of effects that are divided into positive part and negative part, which the research of digital divide in the disabled group is raised under this background.In modern society, the disabled is an absolutely weak group which confronts the circumstance that is hard to adapt to when they face up with the impact in informational era for their physical or psychological disabilities. Strictly speaking, the issue of digital divide in the disabled group is part of the negative effect which is brought in by information technology. Meanwhile, it is a branch of digital divide issue. But the concern and solution for the digital divide issue embody a government's attitude and deed towards the new problem in the informational epoch, meanwhile they show esteem to the human rights and social equity in the new era.This article first describes and discusses the digital divide issue of the disabled group in China. Then, it focuses on the solutions or actions that Chinese local governments take towards the issue. Finally, it introduces Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act as a reference to China from the legislative perspective.

Building International Consensus and Working Together to Advance the Development of the Global Human Rights Cause—Summary of Academic Views at the Forum on Global Human Rights Governance

On June 14-15,2023,the Forum on Global Human Rights Governance,jointly hosted by the State Council Information Office,the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,and the China International Development Cooperation Agency,was held in Beijing under the theme of“Equality,Cooperation and Development:The 30th Anniversary of the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action and Global Human Rights Governance.”Participants conducted in-depth discussions and exchanges on topics such as“International Cooperation and Global Human Rights Governance,”“Global Development Initiative and the Realization of the Right to Development”,“Global Security Initiative and Human Rights Protection,”“UN Human Rights Mechanisms and Global Human Rights Governance,”and“Human Rights Protection in the Digital Age.”The event helped build international consensus and yielded fruitful achievements.

Influence mechanism of government subsidy on the green transformation of coal company in China

The optimization of government subsidies to enhance the efficiency of coal companies’green transformation constitutes a critical component in the pursuit of global sustainability.We investigate the influence mechanism of government subsidies on the green transformation using data from the listed coal companies in China from 2007 to 2022.According to our findings and hypothesis testing,previous government subsidies did not have a significant direct impact on coal companies’green transformation.Nevertheless,government subsidies can help coal companies transition to greener practices by promoting innovative green initiatives.Furthermore,we confirmed an indirect route:that government subsidies enable the adoption of low-carbon initiatives,which in turn could facilitate the transition of coal companies towards green practices.In addition,we discovered that the coal company’s digitization will improve this indirect route.Thus,we propose increasing the effectiveness of government subsidies in facilitating coal companies’transition to green practices by focusing on technological advancements and enhancing company digitalization.

Digital Transformation and the Frontier of China's State Governance

Digital transformation has emerged as a significant area of interest for scholars in global political science and public administration.The advancement of digital technologies is driving a comprehensive transformation across the economy,society,and governance,thereby profoundly affecting the state governance of China.The introduction of new technologies has altered traditional power dynamics,leading to centralization and empowerment-the power redistribution issue of the digital era,which is a fundamental concern in China's state governance.The effects of technological power,including empowerment and disempowerment of various entities,give rise to or reinforce four secondary issues:the problem of data silos and collaborative governance in internal government operations,the challenges related to technological deficits and platform regulation in market regulation,the issues of the digital divide and social justice in social governance,and concerns about privacy,transparency,and rights asymmetry.This paper integrates specific cases from China's digital transformation and digital government initiatives to examine these cuttingedge issues and to analyze the impact of digital government reforms implemented by local Chinese governments on traditional government theories.

Multiple Effects and Intrinsic Logic in Reshaping the Paradigm of Government Governance Through Digital Technology

Digital technology is profoundly shaping the Chinese governance paradigm.This study presents a multilayered theoretical model comprising the"tool empowerment layer-organizational change layer-system upgrading layer"to elucidate the impacts and underlying logic of digital technology in reshaping this governance paradigm,showing that it is undergoing spiral advancement and incremental optimization.Central-local relations show a transition from"top-down decentralization"to"unified integration";the intergovernmental structural paradigm shows a transition from"congruent responsibilities"to"integrated collaboration";risk governance shows a transition from"reactive response"to"proactive prevention";interface communication shows a transition from"vague delay"to"agile governance";and finally,resource allocation shows a transition from"unidirectional allocation"to"bidirectional coupling."These transitions underscore three key logics:technological tool empowerment,organizational adaptive learning,and systemic evolution.The integration of digital technology into government governance is not only reshaping state-society relations but also promoting a dynamic,interconnected,and adaptable governance ecosystem,facilitating harmonious progress between the state and society.

Formalizing Land Administration through E-Governance Mechanism in Sri Lanka

This paper proposes a comprehensive and practical approach to implement a land administration act in Sri Lanka followed by setting up a Land Administration Commission (LAC), which is a separate entity to maintain a Land Administration Database Management System in support of the land information collected and maintained by stakeholders who deal with matters related to land and its decision-making under e-governance concept. Also, It describes the operations of the four core functions: land tenure, land valuation, land use, and land development in land administration under a single sustainable national land policy, underpinned by spatial information under the e-Governance mechanism. Further, the paper identifies the stakeholders and their main responsibilities in each of the four core functions with the current issues in sharing information across stakeholders. Finally, the paper describes setting up a Land administration entity thereby empowering the LAC and introduces spatial information layers at different resolution levels in a centralized land administration spatial database to keep track of all land transactions carried out by each stakeholder. This approach will enable the top-level decision-making authority (the central level) to manage all land-related activities under one platform to contribute towards the sustainable land development of the country. It is proposed to implement this approach as a pilot activity in the district of Colombo and expand it in the entire country gradually with its output.

A systematic review of a digital twin city: A new pattern of urban governance toward smart cities

Many countries and governments consider smart cities a solution to global warming,population growth,and resource depletion.Numerous challenges arise while creating a smart city.Digital twins,along with the Internet of Things,fifth-generation wireless systems,blockchain,collaborative computing,simulation,and artificial intelligence technologies,offer great potential in the transformation of the current urban governance paradigm toward smart cities.In this paper,the concept of a digital twin city(DTC)is proposed.The characteristics,key technologies,and application scenarios of a DTC are elaborated upon.Further,we discuss the theories,research directions,and framework regarding DTCs.

Digital technology-driven smart society governance mechanism and practice exploration

A smart society is an advanced form of society following agricultural society,industrial society,and information society,with digital data processing system as its main carrier.However,the governance of a smart society still faces many challenges.In view of this problem,first,this research constructs a smart society governance modernization strategy.Second,the innovation mode of a society governance mechanism driven by digital technology is proposed,including the precise intellectual control of a digital twin,the intelligent ubiquitous sensing of the Internet of Things,the empowerment remodeling of a blockchain and the livelihood service of artificial intelligence.Third,this study systematically explores the practice of smart society governance modernization from the aspects of basic information platform construction,evaluation system construction,application demonstration of epidemic prevention and control driven by big data,support of spatial intelligence and artificial intelligence technology for people’s livelihood,smart campus,public resources,and data governance application demonstration to provide theoretical guidance for promoting digital technology innovation in the process of the governance of a smart society.

Post-PISA Education Reforms in China:Policy Response Beyond the Digital Governance of PISA

Purpose:This study analyzes the Programme for International Student Assessment(PISA)data,revealing that the test itself reflects China’s educational problems as well as the resultant effect of digital governance.Examining the root cause of these problems,this study demonstrates that the education reforms implemented in response to the PISA have gone beyond digital governance.Design/Approach/Methods:This study conducts a text analysis of materials related to China’s education system,including PISA data and analytical reports published by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development since 2009.Findings:Reflected by PISA data,the main problems facing China’s educational sector include the overburdening of students at school,emphasis on knowledge acquisition during the teaching process,and the prevalence of extracurricular tuition.The digital governance effect triggered by PISA is highly consistent with China’s constant and excessive pursuit of efficiency,emphasis on scores,and the rate of students entering higher level schools.In the new era,China actively reflected on the disadvantages of digital governance before implementing a series of education reforms that go beyond it.Originality/Value:This study is based on China’s cultural background and the latest contexts.It examines the impact of the large-scale international assessment on China’s education governance and discusses the impact of digital governance on the education reforms in other countries.The implementation of China’s post-PISA education reforms demonstrates that different countries can implement rational education reforms based on their own cultural traditions and social realities as well as by referencing and using PISA data with care and prudence.

数字政府赋能产业结构升级——基于电子政务综合试点的拟自然实验

本文以2018年开展的电子政务综合试点政策为拟自然实验,利用双重差分计量模型探讨数字政府对产业结构升级的影响及其作用机制。实证结果显示,电子政务综合试点政策的实施显著促进产业结构的合理化和高级化,这一结论经识别检验、稳健性检验和PSM-DID估计后依然成立。异质性分析发现,电子政务综合试点对沿海地区产业结构的影响强于内陆地区,对城市群地区产业结构的影响强于非城市群地区。基于传递效应模型的机制分析表明,数字政府通过优化资源配置促进产业结构的合理化,通过鼓励大众创业提升产业结构的高级化。因此,应以电子政务综合试点为契机,加快数字政府建设、提高政府治理效能,以推动产业结构转型升级。