Mapping and measuring urban-rural inequalities in accessibility to social infrastructures

Equal access to social infrastructures is a fundamental prerequisite for sustainable development,but has long been a great challenge worldwide.Previous studies have primarily focused on the accessibility to social infras-tructures in urban areas across various scales,with less attention to rural areas,where inequality can be more severe.Particularly,few have investigated the disparities of accessibility to social infrastructures between urban and rural areas.Here,using the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration,China,as an example,we investigated the inequality of accessibility in both urban and rural areas,and further compared the urban-rural difference.Accessibility was measured by travel time of residents to infrastructures.We selected four types of social infrastructures including supermarkets,bus stops,primary schools,and health care,which were funda-mentally important to both urban and rural residents.We found large disparities in accessibility between urban and rural areas,ranging from 20 min to 2 h.Rural residents had to spend one to two more hours to bus stops than urban residents,and 20 min more to the other three types of infrastructures.Furthermore,accessibility to multiple infrastructures showed greater urban-rural differences.Rural residents in more than half of the towns had no access to any infrastructure within 15 min,while more than 60%of the urban residents could access to all infrastructures within 15 min.Our results revealed quantitative accessibility gap between urban and rural areas and underscored the necessity of social infrastructures planning to address such disparities.

Spatial Distribution Pattern and Influencing Factors of Bed-and-breakfasts(B&Bs)from the Perspective of Urban-rural Differences:A Case Study of Jiaodong Peninsula,China

There are significant differences between urban and rural bed-and-breakfasts(B&Bs)in terms of customer positioning,economic strength and spatial carrier.Accurately identifying the differences in spatial characteristics and influencing factors of each type,is essential for creating urban and rural B&B agglomeration areas.This study used density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise(DBSCAN)and the multi-scale geographically weighted regression(MGWR)model to explore similarities and differences in the spatial distribution patterns and influencing factors for urban and rural B&Bs on the Jiaodong Peninsula of China from 2010 to 2022.The results showed that:1)both urban and rural B&Bs in Jiaodong Peninsula went through three stages:a slow start from 2010 to 2015,rapid development from 2015 to 2019,and hindered development from 2019 to 2022.However,urban B&Bs demonstrated a higher development speed and agglomeration intensity,leading to an increasingly evident trend of uneven development between the two sectors.2)The clustering scale of both urban and rural B&Bs continued to expand in terms of quantity and volume.Urban B&B clusters characterized by a limited number,but a higher likelihood of transitioning from low-level to high-level clusters.While the number of rural B&B clusters steadily increased over time,their clustering scale was comparatively lower than that of urban B&Bs,and they lacked the presence of high-level clustering.3)In terms of development direction,urban B&B clusters exhibited a relatively stable pattern and evolved into high-level clustering centers within the main urban areas.Conversely,rural B&Bs exhibited a more pronounced spatial diffusion effect,with clusters showing a trend of multi-center development along the coastline.4)Transport emerged as a common influencing factor for both urban and rural B&Bs,with the density of road network having the strongest explanatory power for their spatial distribution.In terms of differences,population agglomeration had a positive impact on the distribution of urban B&Bs and a negative effect on the distribution of rural B&Bs.Rural B&Bs clustering was more influenced by tourism resources compared with urban B&Bs,but increasing tourist stay duration remains an urgent issue to be addressed.The findings of this study could provide a more precise basis for government planning and management of urban and rural B&B agglomeration areas.

基于Unity3D的矿井火灾监测与防治虚拟仿真试验系统

为更好地开展矿业安全类专业试验实践教学和培训,培养安全应急一流复合型拔尖人才,设计一种基于Unity3D的矿井火灾监测与防治虚拟仿真试验教学系统。首先,采用3ds Max建立仿真模型,构建矿井火灾监测防治试验系统总体框架;其次,开展外因火灾监测与远程自动控制救灾风门应急处置、内因火灾监测与温控胞衣阻化剂防灭火应急防控等人机交互试验实训;最后,建立综合评测的试验评价体系用于考核评估。结果表明:该试验系统具备虚拟现实沉浸性、交互性、构想性的技术特点,利于打造井下三维虚拟仿真场景,逼真展示矿井火灾演变过程;在试验与实训方面,可以突破传统模式在时间、空间、安全、资源等方面的限制,提供自主学习与多元评价方式。

融合Unity3D的缆索起重机安全运行数字孪生模型构建方法

为降低缆索起重机(下文简称为缆机)运行的安全风险,分析缆机运行流程,提取缆机安全运行知识语义,通过物联网技术获取实时数据,利用3DS Max软件构建大坝缆机运行初始场景,实现孪生模型三维可视化,将模型导入Unity3D引擎,使用高清渲染管线对模型进行渲染,改善视觉效果,编写C#脚本对缆机运行全过程进行安全模拟仿真。研究结果表明:应用本文所构建的缆机安全运行数字孪生模型监测隐患与故障,综合准确率达到96.7%,可有效实现缆机运行过程的安全监控、参数化控制以及可视化展示。研究结果可为缆机施工过程的安全控制提供技术支持。

电力施工中的杆塔组立基于Unity3D仿真系统的实现方式

电力施工中的杆塔组立是一项较为危险的任务,工作人员需要丰富的专业技能和经验。提出了一种基于Unity3D的杆塔组立仿真系统,该系统旨在帮助电力施工人员提高技能和熟练度,并减少由于人为错误造成的意外事故。通过该系统,用户可以模拟真实的杆塔组立场景并进行实时交互,使其能够更好地理解操作步骤、风险评估和安全要求。应用VR/AR技术对Unity3D游戏引擎的物理引擎和渲染技术做了充分的调研和分析,设计和开发了杆塔组装和拆卸的交互式场景和模型,并完成了用户界面的开发。最后通过初步的用户测试和详细的性能测试,证明了该系统的可行性和有效性。

基于Unity的光电子技术虚拟仿真实验系统设计与实践

为增强光电子技术实验实践教学效果、激发学生的实践教学兴趣、解决传统光电子技术实验室受限于设备数量与场地等问题,文章搭建了光电子技术虚拟仿真实验系统。该系统科学地设置了虚拟仿真实验流程,利用3Dmax及Unity3D等建模软件构建了三维实验空间与光电实验仪器模型,并进行了界面和动画设计。在教学实践过程中,该系统不仅能很好地激发学生的学习热情,使其全面直观地掌握光电子技术实验的实验原理和实验技巧,而且能有效培养学生分析和解决实验问题的能力,为他们以后的学习和工作奠定了实践基础。

Spatial pattern of urban-rural integration in China and the impact of geography

Urban-rural integration (URI) is a global challenge that is highly related to inequalities, poverty, economic growth, and other Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Existing research has evaluated the extent of URI and explored its influencing factors, but urban-rural linkages are seldom incorporated in evaluation systems, and geographical factors are rarely recognized as the influencing factors. We construct a URI framework including regional economy, rural development, urban-rural linkage, and urban-rural gap. Based on a dataset consisting of 1,669 counties in China in 2020, we reveal the spatial pattern of URI and find a high correlation between the spatial pattern of URI and the relief degree of land surface (RDLS). Using structural equation modeling, we discover that topography has direct ( − 0.18, p < 0.001) and indirect ( − 0.17, p < 0.001) effects on URI. The indirect negative effects are mediated through the infrastructure, and the combination of localized advantages and modern technical conditions could mitigate the negative impact of topography. Finally, we identify 742 counties as lagging regions in URI, which can be clustered into eight types. Our findings could facilitate policy designing for those countries striving for integrated and sustainable development of urban and rural areas.

基于Unity3D的油田抽油机三维可视化监控系统设计

针对抽油机监测形式单一、三维可视化程度低和联动性差的缺陷,引入信息―物理实时映射思想,开发了油田抽油机三维可视化监控系统。设计了抽油机数字空间,搭建虚实交互层设计架构;搭建三维可视化系统数据组成及关系框架;结合逆运动学,构建数学模型,基于五维模型和Unity 3D平台设计抽油机三维可视化系统总体架构;以游梁式抽油机为对象进行实验验证,实现了实时动态监测、虚实混合控制、运动轨迹追踪和在线预警等服务功能。为三维可视化监控在石油机械领域的落地应用和数字孪生系统的开发提供借鉴。

基于Unity3D的草坪毯修补机器人半物理仿真系统

机电一体化纺织机械的研发普遍存在现场调试工作量大、周期长及成本高等问题,针对目前主流仿真软件存在的三维展示效果差,或实时性不足,或无法连接机械电子软件进行综合仿真等缺点,研究设计了一套半物理仿真系统。基于Unity3D虚拟现实引擎搭建了仿真平台,以仿真电路板为载体,实现了虚拟机械与控制系统间数据的实时交互;以草坪毯自动修补机器人为仿真对象,证明该半物理仿真系统具有较好的实时性及三维展示效果;通过输出修补机器人关键结构的运动时序图、空间轨迹图,验证了修补机器人机电系统的工艺仿真可行性,可替代部分现场调试工作,减少工作量、缩短研发周期、节约成本,提高设备的研发效率。

基于Unity3D的立体复合高速公路标志系统优化设计

高速公路改扩建后增加两侧立体层可以提高通行能力,但互通立交处常常会出现间距过短、流量过大、分流过多等问题,进而导致现有的交通标志无法满足驾驶人的指路需求。针对此问题,以深圳机荷高速为例,在常规标准方案基础上,设计了4种匝道指引标志提升方案,并使用Unity3D引擎开发出了相对应的立体复合高速公路互通场景,高速公路上的车辆第1次分流时驶出地面层,第2次分流可以驶入立体层,第3次分流接入其他互通高速。28名驾驶人使用外接交互设备在不同的场景中进行模拟驾驶,实验采集到了速度、加速度、车道位置等驾驶行为数据。通过计算不同指引标志设计方案中各影响区段内指标的逐点显著性,呈现出了各指标空间维度上的差异性,进一步分析表明,增加预告层级设置3 km预告标志能够帮助驾驶人及早感知前方匝道状况;设置车道指引标志可以提升车辆在匝道处的纵向和横向稳定性,便于驾驶人采取更好的换道策略;导航语音辅助能够提升驾驶人在立体复合高速公路匝道处的速度控制水平、出口换道意识和心理舒适程度。研究表明,Unity3D保真度高、交互性好、成本低,可以为复杂道路场景中驾驶行为的相关研究提供技术支持。同时,该研究也为高速公路改扩建工程交通指引标志设立提供了理论参考。

Spatiotemporal Evolution and Influencing Factors of Urban-rural Construction Land in Rural Industrialized Areas in China:Case Studies in Changyuan City and Xinxiang County of Henan Province

Since China’s reform and opening up in 1978,the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization in China had led to dramatic changes in the pattern of urban-rural land use.In this paper,we focused on the rural industrialized areas in central China(Xinxiang County and Changyuan City of Henan Province).We used the average nearest neighbor index,spatial statistical analysis,and a structural equation model to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution and influencing factors of urban-rural construction land based on multisource spatial data and survey data.The results showed that:1)from 1975 to 2019,the spatial distribution of urban-rural construction land in rural industrialized areas had evolved from homogeneous distribution to local agglomeration.In terms of comparative analysis of cases,the spatial distribution of urban-rural construction land in Changyuan City had shown a trend from diffusion to agglomeration,and Xinxiang County had overall shown a spatial change from homogenization to agglomeration and then to regional integration development.2)The hot spots with increased urban-rural construction land significantly expanded,and they had a high degree of spatial overlap with industrial development.Among them,Xinxiang County was concentrated in central and marginal areas,and Changyuan was mainly concentrated in central urban areas.3)From the evolution of spatial proximity of urban-rural construction land,rural industrialized areas generally decline,showing the characteristics of internal differentiation in the rate of change.4)Industrial development,social economy,the policy environment,and urban development played a positive role in promoting the expansion of urban-rural construction land in rural industrialized areas.To promote the optimal use of regional land and the integrated development of urban-rural areas,we should combine the advantages of regional endowment,formulate development strategies according to local conditions,and adjust the way that land is used in a timely manner.

基于Unity3D的光电效应虚拟仿真实验平台设计与开发

随着虚拟仿真实验教学进入2.0阶段,对虚拟仿真实验平台的开发提出了更高要求,光电效应实验具有专业性强、知识学习与科研探索相衔接的特点,对创新型人才培养具有重要意义,本文应用Unity3D软件完成光电效应虚拟仿真实验的开发,在Visual Studio开发工具集中完成C#脚本语言的撰写和驱动,借助可视化学习分析实现实验数据分布规律表征,呈现清晰直观的物理量关联关系,实现泛平台泛终端光电效应虚拟仿真实验平台开发,深入物理空间与虚拟空间融合,推动创新型人才培养由信息化向数字化转变。

A new approach towards the sustainability of urban-rural integration:The development strategy for central villages in the Abbasiya District of Iraq using GIS techniques

The development of rural areas usually has a positive impact on the urban-rural integration. This study explores an innovative approach to stimulate rural development by proposing qualified villages as central villages that can provide basic urban services for their residents and residents of neighboring villages. This approach can contribute to overcoming the various problems that rural areas faced at the social, economic, and environmental levels. It seeks to achieve spatial sustainability of rural areas, representing a new approach by integrating urban development methods to revitalize rural villages. The study analyzed 15 villages belonging to Abbasiya District of AL Kufa City in the Najaf Governorate of Iraq. Based on the GIS techniques and the analysis of urban service indicators(village population, percentage of urban building materials used in villages, distance between village and health centers, distance between village and main roads, nature of economic activity, distance between village and educational institutions, distance between village and drinking water sources, number of communication towers, and distance between village and urban administrative center), this study proposed that Abu Gharb and Albu Ghraib can served as central villages in Abbasiya District in the future. This study establishes a new rural spatial structure to achieve rural sustainable development, improves the development status of rural areas, and provides a theoretical basis for the government and relevant institutions to use urban service indicators, achieving rural sustainable development and formulating relevant development policies in Abbasiya District.

Thinking about Value Realization of Ecological Products under the Background of Urban-rural Integration in Chengdu“Western Control”Area

Chengdu's development strategy of“western control”has laid a solid ecological background for 8 western districts,cities and counties and cultivated good ecological resources.The integrated urban-rural development in the new era will realize the balanced development of urban and rural areas and give full play to the value of rural ecological resources through the“powerful combination”of urban and rural areas.To realize the urban-rural integration and high-quality rural development in Chengdu“western control”area,it is necessary to enhance the awareness of ecological resources and ecological products,and carry out unified planning of ecological infrastructure,ecological material products and ecological service products in the whole“western control”area.Meantime,ecological restoration must be carried out scientifically,and scene design for value transformation of ecological products should be implemented innovatively.

基于Unity3D的卷绕机半物理仿真系统研究

机电一体化产品在研发过程中普遍面临现场调试工作量大、周期长和成本高等问题,而且目前主流的仿真软件功能较为单一。因此,研究设计了一套兼具实时性和三维展示效果、能够连接机械电子软件的半物理仿真系统。其以卷绕机为仿真对象,利用Unity3D搭建虚拟仿真平台,通过电路板实现虚拟仿真平台与控制系统间数据的实时交互。通过输出卷绕过程中关键结构的运动时序和空间轨迹图,验证了卷绕机机电系统的工艺仿真可行性。研究结果表明,该系统可替代部分现场调试工作,提高研发效率。

基于Unity3D与Zbrush的VR虚拟场景开发难点

虚拟现实(VR)技术应用广泛,Unity3D和Zbrush是开发增强现实(VR)虚拟场景过程中常用的工具,二者联合可提高开发效率和质量。VR场景的优化需要保证帧率和流畅性,控制模型数量并考虑VR设备特性和用户需求。Unity3D和Zbrush联合开发VR虚拟场景需要克服多个难点,因此文章分析多个开发难点并提供解决方法,为开发者提供参考。

基于Unity3D的虚拟现实组装维护交互系统的设计与实现

Unity3D是一个新兴的平台,被广泛应用于VR领域。基于Unity3D实现的VR组装与维护交互系统中,交互模型使用三维软件3DMax创建模型和贴图,并将其导入Unity3D,以此为基础,探索并实现利用3D虚拟现实技术,实现《计算机组装与维护》这门课程中计算机的组装和维护交互功能。可以让学生更好地理解计算机原理,拓展学生的实践能力,将计算机硬件组装和维护的基础知识、技能和实践经验进行整合,形成完整的知识体系。

基于Simulink与Unity3D的制导弹药弹道可视化仿真

针对制导弹药的弹道可视化仿真中,观察视角单一,场景搭建简陋,无法模拟战场环境下制导弹药在攻击中的动态过程等问题,提出一种制导弹药弹道可视化模型的搭建方法;以某型激光制导弹药为对象,基于Simulink与Unity3D软件建立了联合仿真模型,采用Matlab/Simulink软件构建六自由度弹道仿真模型,采用Unity3D搭建包括制导弹药、目标和战场环境在内的三维场景,采用UDP通信协议将Simulink中的仿真数据传输到Unity3D中,提出一种数值可视化技术,能同时观察制导弹药的飞行姿态和仿真数值结果,实现制导弹药在战场环境下的弹道可视化仿真;将制导弹药参数加载到仿真模型中,对不同状态的目标进行了模拟攻击实验,实验结果显示,该仿真模型能够多视角、全方位地显示制导弹药的飞行姿态、弹道和过载情况,对于需要修改参数以逼近实战条件下的攻击过程,每次修正都能立刻通过可视化平台查看和验证修改结果;该可视化仿真模型为制导弹药的可视化仿真提供了便利的方法,对制导弹药的设计和作战使用具有一定的参考作用。

基于Kinect V2和Unity3D的机械臂人机交互系统

针对人机交互方式存在不直观、操作复杂等问题,论文利用手部追踪技术开发出一种基于Kinect V2和Unity3D的人机交互系统,用户可以直接挥动手部就可以控制机械臂运动,交互方式更加简单、直观和灵活。该系统是通过Kinect V2来获得手部移动轨迹来实现手部追踪,并在Unity3D平台上进行交互系统的开发。利用FABRIK算法和贝塞尔曲线分别实现了逆运动学求解和运动路径的记录,通过C#编写所需的脚本功能并开发出了两种交互模式,分别为实时控制模式和示教模式,两种模式均可通过UI面板进行选择。最后对两种模式分别进行实验,实验结果证明了该系统的可行性。

基于Unity3D技术的兴隆山自然保护区蝴蝶识别手机App的设计与应用

生物多样性监测对研究人员即时在空中识别物种的能力要求很高。为避免人眼误鉴,且提高野外监测识别蝴蝶种类的准确性与时效性,以及解决用户在野外使用纸质书籍及资料查询的不便。本研究采用Unity 3D技术,C#作为编程语言,基于Photoshop中的3D技术,以甘肃兴隆山国家自然保护区的蝴蝶样本为例进行建模,进而开发手机App实现野外对蝴蝶的准确鉴定。结果显示,通过软件的页面交互实现App中蝴蝶种类的识别和查询功能,点击程序进入主界面,包括兴隆山简介、兴隆山蝴蝶、兴隆山地图、兴隆山天气等应用,其中蝴蝶形态以3D技术进行展示。用户可根据需求选择相应功能。经初步测试,这款App的开发大大提高了用户使用的方便性和快捷性,为相关研究人员和保护区工作人员开展生物多样性监测工作提供了技术支撑,同时提高了野外蝴蝶识别的准确性,也为下一步使用其他语言乃至进行更大范围的蝴蝶识别App的研发奠定了基础。