Comparative Research on Prediction Model of China's Urban-rural Residents' Income Gap

By using the data concerning China's urban-rural residents' income gap from 1978 to 2010,this paper mainly researches the application of several kinds of models in predicting China's urban-rural residents' income gap.By conducting empirical analysis,we establish ARIMA prediction model,grey prediction model and quadratic-polynomial prediction model and conduct accuracy comparison.The results show that quadratic-polynomial prediction model has excellent fitting effect.By using quadratic-polynomial prediction model,this paper conducts prediction on trend of China's urban-rural residents' income gap from 2011 to 2013,and the prediction value of income gap of urban-rural residents in China from 2011 to 2013 is 14 173.20,15 212.92 and 16 289.67 yuan respectively.Finally,on the basis of analysis,corresponding countermeasures are put forward,in order to provide scientific basis for energy planning and policy formulation:first,strengthen government's function of public service,coordinate resources,and strive to provide an equal opportunity of development for social members,so as to promote people's welfare and promote social equality;second,breach industrial monopoly and bridge income gap between employees in monopoly industry and general industry;last but not the least,support,encourage and call for government to establish social relief fund,adjust residents' income distribution from the non-governmental perspective,and endeavor to promote the income level of low-income class.

Preliminary Study on Effects of the Model of Community-supported Agriculture(CSA) on Urban-rural Income Gap in China

The urban-rural income gap is widening,which has become a bottleneck restricting China＇s economic and social development.It is the current outstanding problems in the harmonious development of the society.Community Supported Agriculture（CSA） is one of the most important forms of sustainable agriculture and it has received the attention in recent years.This paper first introduces the rise and development of CSA in China,and discuss the impact of CSA on urban-rural income gap in China preliminarily in order to provide ideas for improving the farmers＇ income and narrowing the income gap between urban and rural areas.

Granger Causality Test of Urban-rural Income Gap and Employment of Rural Labor Forces——A Case Study of Shouguang City

Taking Shouguang City in Shandong Province as an example, this article researches the mutual relationship between urban-rural income and employment of rural labor forces, and conducting cointegration test and Granger causality test on the variable sequences using statistical data. The results show that the average annual income of rural labor forces influences the income per capita of rural residents, and there is a Granger causality relationship between the income per capita of rural residents and urban employees' average wage. Engaging in production concerning agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery makes the total income per capita in rural areas of Shouguang City higher than the average wage of urban residents in Shouguang City, even in Weifang City. The comparative advantage in terms of income causes the city to loose attraction to rural residents in Shouguang City. The comparative advantage drives more rural labor forces in Shouguang City to engage in primary industry, thereby greatly reducing the pressure of employment and transfer of rural labor forces. Finally important following measures are put forward to promote employment and on-the-spot transfer of rural labor forces: vigorously propel agricultural industrialization; increase rural residents' income; improve the living conditions for rural residents.

The Approaches to Narrowing Urban-Rural Income Gap——From the Perspective of Rural Social Security

From the situations about the incomes and life quality of the urban and rural residents,the thesis briefly introduces the status quo of the urban-rural income gap and explores the impact of the income gap on social economy:firstly,it hampers economic development;secondly,it is detrimental to the social development.Then the thesis analyzes the role of a sound social security in narrowing urban-rural income gap:at first,it broadens the institutional environment of improving the agricultural efficiency;secondly,it eliminates the uncertainties influencing the farmers' income;thirdly,it improves the farmers' capacity to increase income;at last,it enhances the farmers' consciousness of wealth.Next the thesis inquires into the problems existing in the system of rural social security:the first problem is more obviously fragmented system;the second is inadequate security projects and narrower coverage;the third is an obvious lack of equality in urban and rural security;the fourth is even less sound management system;the last is the lagging of legislation.Afterwards the thesis proposes the countermeasures and suggestions to improve the system of rural social security and narrow urban-rural income gap:firstly,to integrate the social security system in rural areas;secondly,to perfect security projects and enhance the security system;thirdly,to integrate the administrative management of social security;at last,to enforce the legal system.

An empirical research of urbanization and urban-rural gap in China:1952-2005

There are two important problems of urban-rural relationship in China nowadays： the accelerated urbanization process and an enlarged urban-rural gap. The researchers can be divided into two schools according to their emphasis. One emphasizes particularly the urban development, and the other pays attention to the urban-rural income gap. However, there is a very strong association between urbanization rate and urban-rural inequality. As far as it goes, there is a paradox between urbanization and urban-rural inequality in China. This main reason lies＇ in the different temporal and spatial scales chosen by the scholars. Making use of correlative analysis and wavelet method, this paper rethinks and sums up the commonly evolving characteristics and trends between urbanization and urban-rural gap from 1950s to now. There is an intensively positive correlation between urbanization and urban- rural consumption gap. In general, with the acceleration of urbanization, urban-rural gap of China has undergone three stages of cyclical fluctuations. The rapid urbanization results in the increase of urban-rural highly risky. In addition, the special stage of urbanization is the other reason that expands urban-rural gap.

The Impact of the Upgrading of Industrial Structure in the Yangtze River Delta on the Urban-Rural Income Gap

Firstly,this paper conducts theoretical analysis and current situation analysis,and then proposes research hypotheses.Secondly,using spatial Dubin model and partial differential method,it empirically studies the impact of industrial structure advancement and rationalization on the urban-rural income gap.The results show that:(1)Both industrial structure and urban-rural income gap have significant spatial dependence;(2)The increase in the industrial structure rationalization will narrow the urban-rural income gap in local region,while its spillover effect on neighboring areas is not obvious.(3)The impact of the industrial structure advancement on the urban-rural income gap is not linear.It is first expanded and then narrowed.The industrial structure advancement in the Yangtze River Delta will generally narrow the urban-rural income gap at this stage.Finally,this paper put forward relevant suggestions.

Research on the Impact of Rural Labour Forces Transfer on the Urban-rural Income Based on Economics of Discrimination

On the basis of the analytical frame of discrimination, the thesis establishes a model of transfer of rural labour forces into city, and researches the impact of rural labour forces transfer on urban-rural income. The results show that the transfer of rural labour forces into city can increase urban-rural income and bridge the income gap between city and village to a certain extent. However, the capital stock of city in China is greatly more than that of the village, so the rural labour forces transfer cannot eliminate the urban-rural income gap completely. In order to elevate the rural income level in China and narrow urban-rural income gap, the government should paint a picture with two brushes at the same time: on one hand, the government should promote the transfer of rural labour forces into city, and change the status quo of dual urban-rural labour forces market structure; on the other hand, the government should increase the input in rural areas and promote the increase of rural capital stock so as to further increase rural residents' income in the process of labour forces transfer.

An Empirical Analysis of Employment Stability and the Wage Gap of Rural Migrants in China Based on Quantile Regression

Under the background of accelerated integrated urban-rural development, this paper offers an analysis on the short-term employment of rural migrants in China and resulting wage gap between long-term and short-term rural migrants. On the basis of correcting for sample selection problems arising from labor market participation and short-term employment, rural migrants＇ wage function is estimated using quantile regression method, and wage gap between long-term and short-term rural migrants is decomposed using MM method. Our empirical results suggest that those with a higher level of education, training experience and local employment recommended by family relations or in formal labor market are more likely to secure long-term labor contract,＂ region and education have significant contributions to the wage of rural migrants,＂ rural migrants of both long- and short-term contract types have great gaps at the bottom of salary distribution; and there exists a sticky floor effect in wage difference of rural migrants. These results have important policy implications in enhancing employment stability of rural migrants, improving income distribution equity, speeding up the process of urbanization, and balancing regional development.

公平竞争审查制度能否缩小企业内部薪酬差距?

缩小企业内部薪酬差距对缓解收入不平等和实现共同富裕具有重要意义。本文基于2010—2020年中国A股上市公司数据,运用双重差分模型实证检验了公平竞争审查制度对企业内部薪酬差距的影响及其作用机制。研究结果显示:公平竞争审查制度缩小了企业内部薪酬差距,其对高管平均薪酬有显著负向影响,而对普通员工平均薪酬的影响不显著;公平竞争审查制度对企业内部薪酬差距的影响在非国有企业、高管持股比例较高企业和产业政策扶持行业的企业更明显;公平竞争审查制度通过促进市场竞争、规范政府补贴和规范税收优惠缩小企业内部薪酬差距;公平竞争审查制度对企业内部薪酬差距的影响是通过缩小超额薪酬差距实现的。本文丰富了企业内部薪酬差距影响因素方面的研究,也为进一步探索企业内部薪酬差距的治理机制提供了新视角。

数字经济与技能工资差距——基于CFPS的微观证据

随着引领新一轮科技革命和产业升级的数字技术发展,数字经济必将对中国的就业和收入分配格局产生重大影响,使技能工资差距呈现新特征。通过测度2018年中国各行业的数字经济发展水平,借助普通最小二乘法、无条件分位数回归与Oaxaca-Blinder分解等方法,考察数字经济发展对技能工资差距的影响及其作用机制。结果发现:(1)数字经济显著提高了低技能劳动者工资收入,且能缩小低技能群体和高技能群体内部中低收入差距;(2)数字经济能通过就业创造效应和时间投入效应为劳动者提供更多就业机会和就业岗位,提高工作强度,缩小技能工资差距,但职位晋升效应难以充分发挥;(3)数字经济对不同行业部门和不同社会资本群体的技能工资差距的影响存在显著的差异性。据此提出继续推进数字技术发展、积极探索数字经济背景下对高收入的规范与调节路径、完善对低技能群体的劳动权益保障体系、加强学习型社会建设,并以数字化改革推动公共服务高质量发展和实现基本公共服务均等化等政策建议。

职业教育促进共同富裕的现实路径:工资效应与分配效应

扎实推进共同富裕是攸关中华民族伟大复兴的重大课题。文章通过分析中国家庭收入调查数据,以教育回报率及工资收入差距的分解作为测量指标,对职业教育促进共同富裕的现实路径进行了实证研究。研究发现:(1)利用描述性统计发现城乡居民的工资水平对其所接受的职业教育层级具有依附性的特征;(2)进一步通过普通最小二乘法进行基准测量,发现高职教育回报率比中职教育高出21.3%,比本科教育低9.9%;(3)利用无条件分位数回归及其分解技术,发现职业教育在促进共同富裕时具有“提低”和“扩高”的异质性收益特征,仅考虑人力资本因素时,职业教育引致的工资收入差距具有“粘地板效应”的特征。文章在此基础上提出了以职业教育为抓手,扎实推进共同富裕的现实方案。

外贸是否会带来工资差距及技能极化?——来自中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据的经验证据

本文研究在应对贸易一体化时我国不同技能劳动者之间的工资差距和技能分布如何作出相应的反应。利用2010—2020年期间中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据、联合国贸易数据(UNComtrade)等构造面板,在控制内生性问题的基础上,估计结果表明贸易对以所受教育为基准的中级和初级技能劳动者之间的工资差距有负面影响,对高级和中级技能组间的工资差距则有积极影响。且前者对于劳动技能的均值和分布具有负向作用,后者则有正向作用。因此,外贸活动会诱发技能极化,而工资差距解释了由贸易导致技能极化作用的50%。此外,在中年工人组以及高技术密集型行业中,收入差距特别是高中级技能组间的收入差距所带来的技能极化问题更为突出。鉴于一国的技能分配会长远地影响到未来的经济增长和不平等,因此,了解工资收入分配的变化并在政策设计中予以充分考虑至关重要,本文在劳动保障和教育支持等方面提出了相关的政策建议。

外资进入与女性就业——基于就业率和性别工资差距的双重视角

在中国性别就业差异逐渐扩大的背景下,探讨吸引和利用外商直接投资能否为提高女性就业比例和缩小性别工资差距提供新的动力,对实现中国劳动力市场性别平等、共享对外开放成果至关重要。基于1998~2021年中国省际面板数据和中国家庭收入调查数据库,从就业率和性别工资差距的双重视角出发,实证分析外资进入对中国女性就业的影响及其机制,并考察外资进入速度的调节效应。研究结果表明,外资进入能够提高女性就业率和缩小性别工资差距。异质性分析表明,以独资方式进入的外商直接投资和来自欧美国家的外商直接投资更有助于提高女性就业率和缩小性别工资差距;同时,外资进入对女性就业的积极作用在私营内资企业、高性别平等化地区、东部地区以及第三产业中影响更大。影响机制结果表明,增加市场竞争程度和促进技术进步是外资进入能够提高女性就业率和缩小性别工资差距的主要渠道。从调节效应上看,过快的外资进入速度减缓了外资进入对提高女性就业率和缩小性别工资差距的积极影响。因此,应通过完善市场竞争机制、提高企业技术水平、合理把控外资进入速度等措施,充分发挥外资进入对提高女性就业率和缩小性别工资差距的重要作用。研究结果为促进女性共享对外开放成果和经济可持续发展提供了新思路。

数字经济能收敛性别工资差距吗?——基于技能偏向型技术进步视角

数字经济的技术革命促使性别工资差距呈现新变化,但该变化的走势和影响机制尚需明确。本文从技能偏向型技术进步入手,以Welch的“大脑—肌肉”两要素模型为基础勾勒数字经济与性别工资差距的理论模型,探讨城市数字经济发展对性别工资差距的影响机制。研究结果显示,拥有技能偏向型技术进步特征的新兴技术是有偏的,数字经济发展能提高知识技能的相对价格,从而使女性劳动力得到溢价的优势,最终缩小了性别工资差距。且这种性别工资差距收敛在中高劳动力技能水平、低年龄段(16-30岁)、第三产业以及网络对工作很重要的组别中更为显著。上述研究结果在工具变量法和稳健性检验后仍成立。

居民收入差距的主要来源发生转变了吗?——基于城乡二元结构的分解测算

如何缩小收入差距,实现人类共同富裕,成为广大学者关注的焦点。在现有研究中,如何测量居民收入差距,是分析收入差距问题的关键。随着越来越多的农村人口进城,居民收入差距的主要来源是否由过去的城乡收入差距发生了转变?鉴于此,通过分布函数加总的方法,从理论上将基尼系数按照农村与城镇的群组分解,得到基尼系数由农村内部、城镇内部、城乡之间与剩余项四部分组成。利用2005—2021年农村与城镇的收入分组数据测算了每一部分的基尼系数及其对居民收入差距的贡献度,并根据每一部分的贡献度来判断各时期居民收入差距的主要来源。主要结果显示,2012年之前中国居民的收入差距主要来源于城乡之间,而2012年之后的收入差距主要来源于城镇内部,这部分比重正随着城镇人口的增加不断扩大,并且工资性收入的不平等是城镇居民收入差距扩大的主要原因。针对结论提出了相应的政策建议:一方面,政府需要制定缩小工资性收入不平等性的政策,例如,深化工资制度改革,加强对部分行业工资总额和工资水平的双重调控,缩小城镇居民的工资水平差距;另一方面,加强对低收入人群转移性收入的政策性偏向,完善再分配调节机制。

制造业投入数字化、就业技能结构与技能工资差距

基于2007—2020年中国上市公司微观数据,检验制造业投入数字化对我国企业就业技能结构和技能工资差距的影响。结果表明:(1)投入数字化总体上会提高就业规模,增加高技能劳动力占比,减少中低技能劳动力占比,有利于就业结构升级。(2)投入数字化在促进就业技能结构升级的同时,还会通过增加高技能和技术人员占比扩大内部技能工资差距。(3)异质性分析表明,基于机器技术的投入数字化能够同时带来高技能劳动力就业创造和中低技能劳动力就业破坏,而非机器技术的投入数字化对劳动力的就业效应不显著。投入数字化对所在地数字化发展水平高的企业就业结构升级、扩大技能工资差距的影响显著,对所在地数字化发展水平低的企业就业影响不显著。投入数字化对教育培训支出高的企业会带来就业创造和破坏,缩小技能工资差距;对教育培训支出低的企业就业结构影响不显著,会扩大技能工资差距。

中国服务业开放对制造业性别工资差距的影响——基于中国工业企业数据库的实证研究

基于服务业与制造业两业融合的视角,文章从服务业开放的角度实证检验了中国服务业开放对制造业性别工资差距的影响及其作用机制。结果表明:中国的服务业开放会通过成本机制、全要素生产率机制和出口机制三条路径,显著缩小制造业企业中存在的性别工资差距。在实证分析的基础上,国家层面应继续扩大服务业开放程度,促进制造业行业内和不同地区均衡发展,并从企业成本和生产率入手继续缩小性别工资差距。

工资差距对民营中小企业创新活动的影响——基于劳动力市场部门分割视角

民营中小企业截至2020年底已经贡献了占我国专利总量中近8成的专利,它们不仅是我国创新活动的主体,还提供了我国全部就业岗位中8成左右的就业岗位。然而它们在我国企业群体中也属于弱势群体,除了面临传统的融资难问题外,民营中小企业在劳动力市场中也处于不利地位,过去三年的疫情恶化了这一问题。文章按地区加行业划分样本个体并结合中国工业企业数据库与中国专利数据库作为样本数据,来研究国有企业与民营中小企业的工资差距对民营中小企业创新活动的影响。通过分析人才挤出、要素替代与创业活动等渠道发现这一工资差距扩大将削弱民营中小企业的创新活动。异质性分析表明工资待遇更高的民营中小企业群体的创新活动受这一工资差距的影响更大,因而工资待遇较高且与同行业国有企业有更为直接竞争关系的“专精特新”类民营中小企业的创新活动会遭受工资差距扩大带来的更多不利影响。因此各级政府应该给予民营中小企业更多的人才政策倾斜,在国企改革涉及收入分配时统筹这一因素,以培育更多“专精特新”中小企业,助力“中国制造2025”。

最低工资、行业收入差距与共同富裕

本文使用2003—2022年全国各省(区、市)面板数据,考察了最低工资标准制度对行业收入差距的影响。实证分析表明,最低工资标准的提高会显著缩小行业收入差距,且通过稳健性检验和滞后影响处理内生性问题后,结论依然稳健。影响机制分析表明,最低工资标准调整降低行业总人数和提高部分劳动密集型行业的平均工资,进而影响行业工资收入差距。从异质性看,经济发达地区缩小行业间收入差距的作用较弱。同时,随着地区劳动生产率的提高,最低工资缩小收入差距的作用会被削弱。因此,建议相关部门统筹考虑地区企业和劳动者利益关系,采取鼓励提高劳动者技能水平、出台适当优惠政策支持小微企业等配套措施,充分发挥最低工资制度的“提低”效用,使其成为实现共同富裕的有力工具。