Analysis of Blood Lipids, Blood Glucose, Blood Uric Acid, and Blood Routine Test Results in Retired Employees of a Unit in the Civil Aviation System

Objective:To investigate and analyze the annual physical examination results of retired employees from a unit in the civil aviation system,focusing on blood lipids,blood glucose,blood uric acid,and blood routine results.The study aims to provide relevant references for formulating reasonable disease management measures for preventing and controlling hyperlipidemia,hyperuricemia,and other conditions in retired employees.Methods:The examination results of 231 participants were collected and analyzed.The participants were divided into four groups based on age:middle-aged group,young-old group,middle-old group,and old-old group.The blood test results were compared across these groups,and an assessment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease(ASCVD)risk levels was completed in conjunction with medical history.Blood test results were also compared by gender.Results:There were no significant statistical differences in blood test results when grouped by age.However,the prevalence of hyperuricemia was higher in males than in females,while the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was higher in females than in males.The LDL-C target achievement rate was lower in the moderate-and-high-risk group as well as the very high-risk group as defined by ASCVD risk levels.Conclusion:Management of hyperuricemia and hyperlipidemia in retired employees(elderly patients)should be strengthened to reduce the risk of ASCVD events and alleviate the potential medical burden associated with disease progression.

Serum cystatin C,monocyte/high-density lipoprotein-C ratio,and uric acid for the diagnosis of coronary heart disease and heart failure

BACKGROUND Coronary heart disease(CHD)and heart failure(HF)are the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide.Early and accurate diagnoses of CHD and HF are essential for optimal management and prognosis.However,conventional diagnostic methods such as electrocardiography,echocardiography,and cardiac biomarkers have certain limitations,such as low sensitivity,specificity,availability,and cost-effectiveness.Therefore,there is a need for simple,noninvasive,and reliable biomarkers to diagnose CHD and HF.AIM To investigate serum cystatin C(Cys-C),monocyte/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio(MHR),and uric acid(UA)diagnostic values for CHD and HF.METHODS We enrolled 80 patients with suspected CHD or HF who were admitted to our hospital between July 2022 and July 2023.The patients were divided into CHD(n=20),HF(n=20),CHD+HF(n=20),and control groups(n=20).The serum levels of Cys-C,MHR,and UA were measured using immunonephelometry and an enzymatic method,respectively,and the diagnostic values for CHD and HF were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis.RESULTS Serum levels of Cys-C,MHR,and UA were significantly higher in the CHD,HF,and CHD+HF groups than those in the control group.The serum levels of Cys-C,MHR,and UA were significantly higher in the CHD+HF group than those in the CHD or HF group.The ROC curve analysis showed that serum Cys-C,MHR,and UA had good diagnostic performance for CHD and HF,with areas under the curve ranging from 0.78 to 0.93.The optimal cutoff values of serum Cys-C,MHR,and UA for diagnosing CHD,HF,and CHD+HF were 1.2 mg/L,0.9×10^(9),and 389μmol/L;1.4 mg/L,1.0×10^(9),and 449μmol/L;and 1.6 mg/L,1.1×10^(9),and 508μmol/L,respectively.CONCLUSION Serum Cys-C,MHR,and UA are useful biomarkers for diagnosing CHD and HF,and CHD+HF.These can provide information for decision-making and risk stratification in patients with CHD and HF.

Relationship between Obesity, Serum Uric Acid, Serum Potassium and Glomerular Filtration Rate with Electric Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Blacks Central Africans with High Blood Pressure

The authors conducted a retrospective study over a period of 6 months in a hypertensive population in order to determine the correlation between serum uric acid on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and estimated serum potassium with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and obesity. This study enrolled 122 patients including 63 women (51.6%). The mean age was 55.9 ± 10.6 years (range 30 to 74 years). Obesity weight was found in 38 cases (31.1%) of which 20?were men (33.9%) and 18 women (28.6%). Abdominal obesity was found in 104 cases (85.2%). The average serum uric acid in patients with obesity weight was 63.3 ± 18.9 mg/L vs 62.4 ± 14.2 mg/L for no-obese patients (p?= 0.63). The average serum potassium in obese patients was 4.06 ± 0.42 mEq/L vs 4.02 ± 0.46 mEq/L for no-obese (p?= 0.65). The average GFR was 73.4 ± 21.4 ml/L in obese patients vs 66.6 ± 22.6 ml/min in no-obese (p?= 0.03). The LVH was found in 81 cases (66.4%). The LVH was found in 65 (62.5%) obese patients vs?16 (88%) non-obese patients (OR = 4.8, 95% 1.04?-?22?p?= 0.02). Only abdominal?obesity has been correlated with left ventricular hypertrophy after multivariate analysis. Emphasis must be focused on public health actions for effective and appropriate measures against obesity and hypertension, whose prevalence is increasing in our region.

Effect of dapagliflozin on uric acid in patients with chronic heart failure and hyperuricemia

BACKGROUND Patients with chronic heart failure(CHF)frequently develop hyperuricemia,an elevated serum uric acid level,associated with adverse outcomes.Dapagliflozin,a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor,demonstrates reduction in cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization in patients with CHF and ejection fraction(HFrEF),irrespective of diabetes.However,dapagliflozin’s effect on the uric acid levels in patients with CHF and hyperuricemia remain unclear.AIM To investigate the effects of dapagliflozin on uric acid levels in CHF patients with hyperuricemia.METHODS We conducted a randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled trial in 200 patients with CHF and hyperuricemia,with HFrEF and serum uric acid levels≥7 mg/dL(≥416μmol/L).The participants were randomly assigned to receive a daily dose of 10 mg dapagliflozin or placebo for 24 months.The primary endpoint was the change in serum uric acid level from baseline to 24 months.Secondary endpoints included changes in left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF),Nterminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide(NT-proBNP),and quality of life(QoL)scores,as well as the incidence of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for heart failure.RESULTS At 24 months,dapagliflozin significantly reduced serum uric acid levels by 1.2 mg/dL(71μmol/L)compared with placebo(95%CI:-1.5 to-0.9;P<0.001).Dapagliflozin also significantly improved LVEF by 3.5%(95%CI:2.1-4.9;P<0.001),NT-proBNP by 25%(95%CI:18-32;P<0.001),and QoL scores by 10 points(95%CI:7-13;P<0.001)and reduced the risk of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for heart failure by 35%(95%CI:15–50;P=0.002)compared with the placebo.Adverse events were similar between the two groups,except for a higher rate of genital infections in the dapagliflozin group(10%vs 2%,P=0.01).CONCLUSION Dapagliflozin significantly lowered serum uric acid levels and improved the clinical outcomes in patients with CHF and hyperuricemia.Therefore,dapagliflozin may be a useful therapeutic option for this high-risk population.

Optical nonlinearity in measurement of urea and uric acid in blood

The Z-scan technique is a simple and effective tool for determining nonlinear optical properties of materials. This technique is utilized in meas-urement of urea and uric acid in blood. The nonlinear refractive index of urea and uric acid are found to vary linearly with concentration. Hence by calculating the nonlinear refractive index it is possible to measure their concentra-tion in the sample. The results of this method are found to be in good agreement with the conventional colorimetric method.

Blood diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a devastating neurodegenerative disease for which the current treatment approaches remain severely limited.The principal pathological alterations of the disease include the selective degeneration of motor neurons in the brain,brainstem,and spinal cord,as well as abnormal protein deposition in the cytoplasm of neurons and glial cells.The biological markers under extensive scrutiny are predominantly located in the cerebrospinal fluid,blood,and even urine.Among these biomarke rs,neurofilament proteins and glial fibrillary acidic protein most accurately reflect the pathologic changes in the central nervous system,while creatinine and creatine kinase mainly indicate pathological alterations in the peripheral nerves and muscles.Neurofilament light chain levels serve as an indicator of neuronal axonal injury that remain stable throughout disease progression and are a promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker with high specificity and sensitivity.However,there are challenges in using neurofilament light chain to diffe rentiate amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from other central nervous system diseases with axonal injury.Glial fibrillary acidic protein predominantly reflects the degree of neuronal demyelination and is linked to non-motor symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis such as cognitive impairment,oxygen saturation,and the glomerular filtration rate.TAR DNA-binding protein 43,a pathological protein associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,is emerging as a promising biomarker,particularly with advancements in exosome-related research.Evidence is currently lacking for the value of creatinine and creatine kinase as diagnostic markers;however,they show potential in predicting disease prognosis.Despite the vigorous progress made in the identification of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis biomarkers in recent years,the quest for definitive diagnostic and prognostic biomarke rs remains a formidable challenge.This review summarizes the latest research achievements concerning blood biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that can provide a more direct basis for the differential diagnosis and prognostic assessment of the disease beyond a reliance on clinical manifestations and electromyography findings.

Correlation of blood uric acid level with the degree of anxiety as well as the neurotransmitter and cytokine secretion in young and middle-aged patients with anxiety disorder

Objective:To study the correlation of blood uric acid level with the degree of anxiety as well as the neurotransmitter and cytokine secretion in young and middle-aged patients with anxiety disorder.Methods: The young and middle-aged patients diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder in our hospital between March 2015 and February 2018 were selected as the anxiety group, and the healthy subjects receiving physical examination during the same period were selected as the control group. Peripheral blood was collected to determine the contents of uric acid, neurotransmitters and cytokines, and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) was adopted to judge the degree of anxiety.Results: The blood uric acid level of anxiety group was obviously higher than that of control group and the higher the HAMA scores, the more significant the rising of blood uric acid levels;serum 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-17 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) contents of anxiety group were significantly higher than those of control group whereas neuropeptide Y (NPY), IL-4 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) contents were significantly lower than those of control group;blood uric acid level of the anxiety group was positively correlated with 5-HT, NE, DA, IL-1 , IL-17 and IFN-γ contents, and negatively correlated with NPY, IL-4 and TGF-β contents.Conclusion: The rise of blood uric acid level in young and middle-aged patients with anxiety disorder is related to the aggravation of anxiety degree as well as the abnormal secretion of neurotransmitters and cytokines.

Serum uric acid level in newly diagnosed essential hypertension in a Nepalese population:A hospital based cross sectional study

Objective:To develop the missing link between hyperuricemia and hypertension.Methods:The study was conducted in Department of Biochemistry in collaboration with Nephrology Unit of Internal Medicine Department.Hypertension was defined according to blood pressure readings by definitions of the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee.Totally 205newly diagnosed and untreated essential hypertensive cases and age-sex matched nonnotensive controls were enrolled in the study.The potential confounding factors of hyperuricemia and hypertension in both cases and controls were controlled.Uric acid levels in all participants were analyzed.Results:Renal function between newly diagnosed hypertensive cases and nonnotensive healthy controls were adjusted.The mean serum uric acid observed in newly diagnosed hypertensive cases and in nonnotensive healthy controls were(290.05±87.03)μmol/L and(245.24±09.38)μmol/L respectively.A total of 59(28.8%)participants of cases and 28(13.7%)participants of controls had hyperuricemia(odds ratio 2.555(95%CI:1.549-4.213),P<0.00l).Conclusions:The mean serum uric acid leveb and number of hyperuricemic subjects were found to be significantly higher in cases when compared to controls.

Serum Uric Acid is Associated with the Predicted Risk of Prevalent Cardiovascular Disease in a Community-dwelling Population without Diabetes

Objective To examine the association between serum uric acid levels and cardiovascular disease risk among individuals without diabetes.Methods We investigated the association between serum uric acid levels and the risk of prevalent cardiometabolic diseases, 10-year Framingham risk for coronary heart disease, and 10-year risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases （ASCVD） among 8,252 participants aged 〉 40 years without diabetes from Jiading district, Shanghai, China.Results Body mass index, waist circumference, blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, blood pressure, and serum lipids increased progressively across the sex-specific quartiles of uric acid （all P trend 〈 0.05）. Compared with individuals in the lowest quartile, those in the higher quartiles had a significantly higher prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia （all P trend 〈 0.05）. A fully adjusted logistic regression analysis revealed that individuals in the highest quartile had an increased risk of predicted cardiovascular disease compared with those in the lowest quartile of uric acid. The multivariate adjusted odds ratios （ORs） [95% confidence intervals （C/s）] for the highest quartiles for high Framingham risk were 3.00 （2.00-4.50） in men and 2.95 （1.08-8.43） in women. The multivariate adjusted ORs （95% C/s） for the highest quartile for high ASCVD risk were 1.93 [1.17-3.17） in men and 4.53 （2.57-7.98） in women.Conclusion Serum uric acid level is associated with an increased risk of prevalent obesity, hypertension, dystipidemia, 10-year Framingham risk for coronary heart disease, and lO-year risk for ASCVD among Chinese adults without diabetes.

Association Between Serum Uric Acid and Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosed using HbA1c Criteria Among Chinese Adults in Qingdao,China

Objective To determine whether elevated serum uric acid(UA)levels are associated with type 2 diabetes diagnosed using Hb A1 c levels among Chinese adults.Methods We conducted two population-based cross-sectional studies in Qingdao in China in 2006 and 2009.A total of 6894(39.4% men)subjects aged 35-74 years were included in the data analysis.Newly diagnosed diabetes was defined as Hb A1 c level of ≥6.5%,and prediabetes was classified as Hb A1 c level between 5.7% and 6.4% according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria.Multivariate logistic regression was employed to assess the association between UA and prevalence of type 2 diabetes defined using Glycated hemoglobin A1c(Hb A1 c levels.Results Subjects with prediabetes had higher UA levels than those with normal glucose tolerance,newly diagnosed diabetes,and known diabetes,with corresponding values of 325.1(82.5)μmol/L,310.9(84.2)μmol/L,291.3(81.7)μmol/L,305.2(83.6)μmol/L,respectively(P<0.001 for all comparisons).Binary logistic regression analysis showed that UA was a possible predictor for the prevalence of type 2 diabetes diagnosed using Hb A1 c levels,and the second quartile of UA levels had a higher odds ratio(OR:4.088;95% CI:2.900-5.765)for Hb A1 c than the other quartiles after adjusting for age,body mass index,sex,marital status,education,income,alcohol consumption,smoking,and cardiometabolic parameters.Conclusion Serum UA is significantly associated with type 2 diabetes diagnosed using Hb A1 c levels,independent of other cardiometabolic parameters.

Serum uric acid as a prognostic marker in the setting of advanced vascular disease： a prospective study in the elderly

Background Many epidemiological studies analyze the relationship between hyperuricemia and cardiovascular outcomes. This observational prospective study investigates the association of serum uric acid （SUA） levels with adverse cardiovascular events and deaths in an elderly population affected by advanced atherosclerosis. Methods Two hundred and seventy six elderly patients affected by advanced atherosclerosis （217 males and 59 females; aged 71.2 ±7.8 years） were included. All patients were assessed for history of cardiovascular disease, cancer, obesity and traditional risk factors. Patients were followed for approximately 31 ±11 months. Major events were recorded during follow-up, defined as myocardial infarction, cerebral isehemia, myocardial and/or peripheral revascularization and death. Results Mean SUA level was 5.47 ±1.43 mg/dL; then we further divided the population in two groups, according to the median value （5.36 mg/dL）. During a median follow up of 31 months （5 to 49 months）, 66 cardiovascular events, 9 fatal cardiovascular events and 14 cancer-related deaths have occurred. The patients with increased SUA level presented a higher significant incidence of total cardiovascular events （HR： 1.867, P = 0.014, 95% CI： 1.134-3.074）, The same patients showed a significant increased risk of cancer-related death （HR： 4.335, P = 0.025, 95% CI： 1.204-15.606）. Conclusions Increased SUA levels are independently and significantly associated with risk of cardiovascular events and cancer related death in a population of mainly elderly patients affected by peripheral vasculopathy.

Pharmacologic inducers of the uric acid exporter ABCG2 as potential drugs for treatment of gouty arthritis

Uric acid is the end product of purine catabolism and its plasma levels are maintained below its maximum solubility in water(6–7 mg/dl).The plasma levels are tightly regulated as the balance between the rate of production and the rate of excretion,the latter occurring in urine(kidney),bile(liver)and feces(intestinal tract).Reabsorption in kidney is also an important component of this process.Both excretion and reabsorption are mediated by specific transporters.Disruption of the balance between production and excretion leads to hyperuricemia,which increases the risk of uric acid crystallization as monosodium urate with subsequent deposition of the crystals in joints causing gouty arthritis.Loss-of-function mutations in the transporters that mediate uric acid excretion are associated with gout.The ATP-Binding Cassette exporter ABCG2 is important in uric acid excretion at all three sites:kidney(urine),liver(bile),and intestine(feces).Mutations in this transporter cause gout and these mutations occur at significant prevalence in general population.However,mutations that are most prevalent result only in partial loss of transport function.Therefore,if the expression of these partially defective transporters could be induced,the increased number of the transporter molecules would compensate for the mutation-associated decrease in transport function and hence increase uric acid excretion.As such,pharmacologic agents with ability to induce the expression of ABCG2 represent potentially a novel class of drugs for treatment of gouty arthritis.

Linking uric acid metabolism to diabetic complications

Hyperuricemia have been thought to be caused by the ingestion of large amounts of purines, and prevention or treatment of hyperuricemia has intended to prevent gout. Xanthine dehydrogenase/xanthine oxidase(XDH/XO) is rate-limiting enzyme of uric acid generation, and allopurinol was developed as a uric acid(UA) generation inhibitor in the 1950 s and has been routinely used for gout prevention since then. Serum UA levels are an important risk factor of disease progression for various diseases, including those related to lifestyle. Recently, other UA generation inhibitors such as febuxostat and topiroxostat were launched. The emergence of these novel medications has promoted new research in the field. Lifestyle-related diseases, such as metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes mellitus, often have a common pathological foundation. As such, hyperuricemia is often present among these patients. Many in vitro and animal studies have implicated inflammation and oxidative stress in UA metabolism and vascular injury because XDH/XO act as one of the major source of reactive oxygen species Many studies on UA levels and associated diseases implicate involvement of UA generation in disease onset and/or progression. Interventional studies for UA generation, not UA excretion revealed XDH/XO can be the therapeutic target forvascular injury and renal dysfunction. In this review, the relationship between UA metabolism and diabetic complications is highlighted.

Serum uric acid is a risk factor for large-artery atherosclerosis cerebral infarction

Using the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment （TOAST） classification for acute ischemic stroke, 371 patients with either acute large-artery atherosclerosis or small-artery oc-clusion cerebral infarction were recruited to investigate the potential impact of elevated serum uric acid on cerebrovascular disorders. The results showed that patients who have suffered from large-artery atherosclerosis, relative to small-artery occlusion patients, were characterized by elevated serum uric acid but reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Logistic regression showed that elevated uric acid and lower triglyceride levels were the main risk factors for patients with large-artery atherosclerosis. The findings of this study suggest that hyperuricemia may be a risk factor for stroke.

Electrochemical determination of vitamin C in the presence of uric acid by a novel TiO_2 nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode

The electrochemical behavior of vitamin C（ascorbic acid or AA） is investigated on the surface of a carbon-paste electrode modified with TiO2 nanoparticles and 2,2＇-（1,2 butanediylbis（nitriloethylidyne））-bis-hydroquinone（BBNBH）.The prepared modified electrode showed an efficient catalytic role in the electrochemical oxidation of AA,leading to remarkable decrease in oxidation overpotential and enhancement of the kinetics of the electrode reaction.This modified electrode exhibits well-separated oxidation peaks for AA and uric acid（UA）.The modified electrode is successfully applied for the accurate determination of AA in pharmaceutical preparations.

Science Letters:Evaluation of a kinetic uricase method for serum uric acid assay by predicting background absorbance of uricase reaction solution with an integrated method

A patented kinetic uricase method was evaluated for serum uric acid assay. Initial absorbance of the reaction mixture before uricase action （A0） was obtained by correcting the absorbance at 293 nm measured before the addition of uricase solution, and background absorbance （Ab） was predicted by an integrated method. Uric acid concentration in reaction solution was calculated from AA, the difference between A0 and Ab, using the absorptivity preset for uric acid. This kinetic uricase method exhibited CV〈4.3% and recovery of 100%. Lipids, bilirubin, hemoglobin, ascorbic acid, reduced glutathione and xanthine 〈0.32 mmol/L in serum had no significant effects. △A linearly responded to 1.2 to 37.5 μmol/L uric acid in reaction solution containing 15 μl serum. The slope of linear response was consistent with the absorptivity preset for uric acid while the intercept was consistent with that for serum alone. Uric acid concentrations in clinic sera by different uricase methods positively correlated to each other. By Bland-Altman analysis, this kinetic uricase method accorded with that by quantifying the total change of UV absorbance on the completion of uricase reaction. These results demonstrated that this kinetic uricase method is reliable for serum uric acid assay with enhanced resistance to both xanthine and other common errors, wider range of linear response and much lower cost.

Confounders of uric acid level for assessing cardiovascular outcomes

We read the article entitled Serum uric＇ acid as a prognostic marker in the setting of advanced vascular disease： a prospective study in the elderly by Stolfo, et al. with great interest. The authors evaluated the association of serum uric acid （SUA） levels with adverse cardiovascular events and deaths in an elderly population affected by advanced atherosclerosis. They founded meaningful association between SUA levels and of cardiovascular events and cancer related death. We believe that these findings will lead for further studies on uric acid.

Serum uric acid as an index of impaired renal function in congestive heart failure

Background Hyperuricemia is frequently present in patients with heart failure. Many pathological conditions, such as tissue ischemia, renal function impairment, cardiac function impairment, metabolic syndrome, and inflammatory status, may impact uric acid （UA） metabolism. This study was to assess their potential relations to UA metabolism in heart failure. Methods We retrospectively assessed clinical charac- teristics, echocardiological, renal, metabolic and inflammatory variables selected on the basis of previous evidence of their involvement in cardiovascular diseases and UA metabolism in a large cohort of randomly selected adults with congestive heart failure （n = 553）. By clustering of indices, those variables were explored using factor analysis. Results In factor analysis, serum uric acid （SUA） formed part of a principal cluster of renal functional variables which included serum creatinine （SCr） and blood urea nitrogen （BUN）. Univariate correlation coefficients between variables of patients with congestive heart failure showed that the strongest correlations for SUA were with BUN （r = 0.48, P 〈 0.001） and SCr （r = 0.47, P 〈 0.001）. Conclusions There was an inverse relationship between SUA levels and measures of renal function in patients with congestive heart failure. The strong correlation between SUA and SCr and BUN levels suggests that elevated SUA concentrations reflect an impairment of renal function in heart failure.

Effect of Eurycoma longifolia stem extract on uric acid excretion in hyperuricemia mice

OBJECTIVE Eurycoma longifolia is a tropical medicinal plant belonging to Simaroubaceae distributed in South East Asia.The aim of this study is to explore the effect and mechanism of E.longifolia stem 70%ethanol extract(EL)and its active com⁃poundson uric acid excretion.METHODS Potassium oxonate(PO)induced hyperuricemia rats and adenine-PO induced hyperuricemia mouse model were used to evaluate the effects of EL.Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography was used to determine the levels of plasma or serum uric acid and creatinine.Hematoxylin-eosin staining was applied to observe kidney pathological changes,Western blot⁃ting was applied to detect protein expression levels of uric acid transporters.Effects of constituents on urate uptake were tested in hU⁃RAT1-expressing HEK293T cells.RESULTS EL significantly reduced serum and plasma uric acid levels at dosages of 100,200 and 400 mg·kg^-1 in hyperuricemia rats and mice,and increased the clearance rate of uric acid and creatinine,improved therenal pathological injury.The protein expression levels of urate reabsorption transporter 1(URAT1)and glucose transporter 9 were down-regulated while sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 1 and ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 were up-regulated in the kidney after EL treat⁃ment.The diterpenes(50μmol·L^-1)isolated from EL showed inhibitory effects on urate uptake in hURAT1-expressing HEK293T cells,and the effect of eurycomanol was further confirmed in vivo.CONCLUSION EL significantly reduced blood uric acid levels and prevented pathological changes of kidney in PO induced hyperuricemia animal model,improved renal urate transports.We partly clarified the mechanism was related to suppressing effect of URAT1 by diterpene in EL.This study is the first to demonstrate that EL plays a role in hyperuricemia by promoting renal uric acid excretion.

Luteolin prevents uric acid-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction

Elevated uric acid causes direct injury to pancreatic β-cells. In this study, we examined the effects of luteolin, an important antioxidant, on uric acid-induced β-cell dysfunction. We first evaluated the effect of luteolin on nitric oxide （NO） formation in uric acid-stimulated Min6 cells using the Griess method. Next, we performed transient transfection and reporter assays to measure transcriptional activity of nuclear factor （NF）-κB. Western blotting assays were also performed to assess the effect of luteolin on the expression of MafA and inducible NO synthase （iNOS） in uric acid-treated cells. Finally, we evaluated the effect of luteolin on uric acidinduced inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion （GSIS） in Min6 cells and freshly isolated mouse pancreatic islets. We found that luteolin significantly inhibited uric acid-induced NO production, which was well correlated with reduced expression of iNOS mRNA and protein. Furthermore, decreased activity of NF-κB was implicated in inhibition by luteolin of increased iNOS expression induced by uric acid. Besides, luteolin significantly increased MafA expression in Min6 cells exposed to uric acid, which was reversed by overexpression of iNOS. Moreover, luteolin prevented uric acidinduced inhibition of GSIS in both Min6 cells and mouse islets. In conclusion, luteolin protects pancreatic β-cells from uric acid-induced dysfunction and may confer benefit on the protection of pancreatic β-cells in hyperuricemiaassociated diabetes.