Leaf Area Calculation Model of E.urophylla and E.grandis×E.urophylla

[Objective] The aim was to build an optimal leaf area measurement model of E. urophylla and E. grandis×E.urophylla. [Method] The correlation between leaf area and leaf＇s eigenvalue of E. urophylla and E. grandis×E.urophylla were studied. [Result] There was certain difference in leaf characteristics values between the 2 species. The leaf areas of E. urophylla and E. grandis×E.urophylla both had significant correlation with leaf length,leaf width,leaf perimeter,leaf length × leaf width,the ratio of leaf length to leaf width,shape factor,etc.,so the factors could be constructed into a regression model with leaf area. Among them,the best 2 models for leaf area calculation which were built by leaf length × leaf width of E. urophylla and E. grandis×E.urophylla both had relatively high accuracy and practical applications. [Conclusion] The research provides a simple and effective leaf area measurement method for studies on the 2 tree species.

Soil microorganisms alleviate the allelopathic effect of Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla leachates on Brassica chinensis

Soil microbes may be critical players in determining the allelopathic potential of some plants. Low levels of plant community biodiversity in Eucalyptus plantations have been attributed to the allelopathic potential of these tree species. The role of soil microbes in the allelopathic effect of leaf leachates of the hybrid tree Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla, was tested in Petri dish assays with Brassica chinensis as a receiver plant. Soils were collected from either a local garden (soil A) or a Eucalyptus plantation (soil B) and half of each soil was sterilized to remove microbes. These soils were then treated with E. grandis x E. urophylla leachates for 0-72 h. Seed germination of B. chinensis was significantly inhibited in soils treated with leaf leachates relative to untreated soils. The inhibitory effect of the leaf leachates was more pronounced in sterilized soils. Total phenolic content was obvious lower in nonsterile leachate-treated soils than in sterile soils. Biomass of B. chinensis was negatively correlated with the total phenolic content in soils. Our findings suggest that soil microbes can alleviate the allelopathic potential of Eucalyptus and thereby its negative impact on plant growth.

Comparative microsporogenesis and flower development in Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis

Microsporogenesis and flower development in Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis were examined using chromosome tableting to provide a method to predict the meiotic stages in this species. Although microsporogenesis was normal, cytokinesis during meiosis of pollen mother cells occurred simultaneously, with strong asynchronism observed in the two different lengths of stamens in a flower bud. In a single flower, the developmental period of microsporogenesis in anthers on the longer stamens was always ahead of those on the shorter stamens. Flower development was also asynchronous at different locations on a branch. Flower buds on the upper side of the branch were larger in diameter than those on the lower side. In addition, a correlation was observed between microsporogenesis development and flower bud diameter growth. The pachy- tene stage was first observed when the diameter of the flower buds increased to 3.0 mm, and the majority of the meiotic stages were observed when bud diameters ranged from 3.5 to 5.0 mm. This study showed that the developmental stages of microsporogenesis in Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis could be distinguished readily, which may be applicable to future breeding studies.

Axial variations in anatomical properties and basic density of Eucalypt urograndis hybrid(Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla)clones

We studied two clones of Eucalypt urograndis hybrid （Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla）, GR283 and GR330, grown in Tumkur district of Kamataka （India）, and felled 5-6 years old three trees of each clone. We recorded axial variations in heartwood content, bark properties, wood density and anatomical characteristics of wood in- cluding fibre length, fibre diameter, fibre wall thickness, lumen diameter, vessel frequency, vessel diameter and vessel element length. Clone GR283 had about 10 % heartwood, significantly lower than for clone GR330 （37 %）. Basic wood density along the tree height varied significantly within and between the clones. We observed significant variations in fibre length, fibre diameter and wall thickness within and between the two clones. Vessel frequency and vessel element length did not vary but vessel diameter differed significantly between the clones. With a greater proportion of sapwood, clone GR283 can be uti- lized for paper and pulp applications. Clone GR330 had a higher proportion of heartwood and lower wood density and, hence, is more suitable for light-weight material applications.

A comparative assessment on regeneration status of indigenous woody plants in Eucalyptus grandis plantation and adjacent natural forest

Diversity, density and species composition of naturally regenerated woody plants under Eucalyptus grandis plantation and the adjacent natural forest were investigated and compared. Twenty plots, with an area of 20 m × 20 m for each, were established in both of E. grand＆ plantation and adjacent natural forest, independently. In each plot, species name, abundance, diameter and height were recorded. Numbers of seedling were collected in five sub-plots （4 m2） within each major plot. A total of 46 species in the plantation, and 52 species in the natural forest, which belongs to 36 families were recorded. The diversity of species （H＇） is 2.19 in the plantation and 2.74 in the natural forest. The density of understory woody plant was 3842 stems/ha in the plantation and 4122 stems/ha in the natural forest. The densities of seedlings in the natural forest and the plantation were 8101 stems/ha and 4151 stems/ha, respectively. High similarity of woody species composition was found between the natural forest and the plantation. The E. grand＆ plantation was found favoring the regeneration and growth of Millitiaferruginia and Coffea arabica in a much better way than other underneath woody species.

尾巨桉林不同生长发育阶段的土壤理化性质与林下植物多样性的动态变化趋势及其规律

[目的]对比滇南山地桉树纸浆林不同龄组的林分生长指标、土壤理化性质与林下植物多样性的变化及相关性,探索桉树人工林从幼龄林至过熟林不同生长发育阶段的土壤理化性质与林下植物多样性的动态变化趋势及其规律,旨在为桉树纸浆林可持续经营提供理论依据。[方法]本研究选取土壤以粗粒结晶岩、泥类岩和碳酸盐岩发育形成的赤红壤或红壤,海拔1400~1700 m立地条件基本一致的样地106块,分属5个不同龄组,通过方差、多重比较和冗余分析不同龄组的生长指标、土壤因子和植物多样性指数之间的差异,采用相关性分析揭示它们之间的关联性。[结果]不同龄组尾巨桉的树高、胸径和活立木蓄积量随林分生长而呈增长趋势,中龄林时增速较快,而到成熟林(7~8 a)时增速放缓。不同龄组间土壤孔隙度和土壤含水量差异显著,并随林分生长过程整体呈先上升后下降的趋势,在近熟林时达到最高值。不同龄组的土壤全氮差异显著,且林木树高、胸径和活立木蓄积量的生长与全氮有较强正相关。尾巨桉林下草本和总灌草的丰富度指数、草本均匀度指数与土壤有机质、有效锌呈正相关。灌木的丰富度指数与土壤含水量、有效氮、有效铜呈正相关。草本和灌木的Shannnon-Wiener指数与土壤全氮呈正相关,与土壤密度、pH值呈较大的负相关。灌木Pielou均匀度指数与土壤全钾呈正相关。其中,土壤有机质对尾巨桉林下植被多样性的影响最大,解释比例达18.3%(F=13.21,P<0.05)。[结论]滇南山地立地生境相近的尾巨桉人工林,幼龄林生长与草本植物存在竞争关系,植物多样性对土壤结构及其物理性质的影响大于化学性质的影响,近成熟时,总灌草、灌木生物多样性达最大值,揭示了近成熟后桉树人工林生态系统进入自恢复演替。

EuPOD基因克隆与焦枯病菌胁迫表达分析

植物过氧化物酶是植物体内活性氧清除过程中的关键酶之一,在植物的抗逆性中发挥着重要作用。以对焦枯病菌高抗品系尾细桉为材料,克隆得到一个POD基因序列,并命名为Eu POD,通过实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)检验该基因在尾细桉叶片中的表达。结果表明该基因cDNA长999 bp,其编码蛋白由332个氨基酸组成;基于氨基酸序列的系统进化树分析表明,EuPOD在进化上与蓖麻、可可、苹果的同源基因亲缘关系较近,相似性达到了75%,与拟南芥的相似性达到65%,与水稻的相似性较低,只有48%。Eu POD在桉树焦枯病菌侵染后不同时间所受诱导表达量不同,在12 h的表达量达到高峰。

过表达EuCuZnSOD提高巨尾桉的耐寒性研究

铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZnSOD)是一种清除超氧阴离子自由基的金属酶,与多种抗逆性相关。该研究利用CaMV35S启动子融合巨尾桉EuCuZnSOD1基因通过根癌农杆菌介导的叶盘转化法导入巨尾桉中,经卡那霉素初步筛选和PCR鉴定,得到10株转基因阳性植株。结果表明:通过-13.1℃暗处理5 h的抗寒性实验,发现40和41号植株在低温下无叶片萎蔫现象,组培室培养100 d后全株存活无白化叶片,说明这两株转基因巨尾桉的抗低温和冻害后恢复能力较强。在4℃低温胁迫下跟踪监测转基因温室苗的SOD酶活性发现,与对照相比转基因植株的SOD酶比活力无规律性且变化不大,但是相同条件下实时定量PCR检测结果表明抗寒性较强的40和41号植株在常温下EuCuZnSOD1的表达量较对照增加了约9倍,4℃处理36 h后EuCuZnSOD1的表达量相比对照植株分别增加了16倍和36倍,说明EuCuZnSOD1在低温胁迫下的表达量增加提高了巨尾桉的耐寒性。分析转基因组培苗全株的硫酸木质素含量,表明EuCuZnSOD1高表达不影响甚至降低了巨尾桉的木质素含量,40号植株的木质素含量与对照相同,而41号整株植株的木质素含量相比对照降低了56%,其他检测转基因植株的木质素含量均有不同程度的降低。该研究结果表明巨尾桉中大量表达EuCuZnSOD1基因可以提高巨尾桉的抗寒能力以及寒害后的恢复能力,不影响甚至可能是负调控了转基因巨尾桉的木质素生物合成。

桉树害虫红色拉盲蝽生物学特性及发生情况

红色拉盲蝽Ragwelellus rubrinus Hu et Zheng隶属半翅目盲蝽科,是近年在云南普洱地区严重危害桉树林的重要害虫之一。采用大棚饲养和野外观察的方法研究其生物学特性并调查发生情况。结果表明:该虫在普洱地区1 a可发生5代以上,1个世代29~65 d,其卵产在桉树新抽嫩枝中。若虫分为3龄,低龄若虫吸食嫩叶,导致叶片出现点状褐斑,高龄若虫和成虫转移危害嫩梢,造成桉树“枯顶”。受危害后1 a生尾巨桉Eucalyptus urophylla×Eucalyptus grandis较未受害的树高生长减少1.47 m,胸径生长减少1.20 cm;2 a生尾巨桉较未受害的树高生长减少2.03 m,胸径生长减少1.59 cm;3 a生尾巨桉较未受害的树高生长减少3.65 m,胸径生长减少2.70 cm。2023年普洱市景谷县桉树人工林红色拉盲蝽轻度发生面积2544.73 hm2、中度发生面积596.33 hm2、重度发生面积73.34 hm2,发生面积占监测面积14.46%。研究结果可为有效监测和防控红色拉盲蝽提供参考。

Purification of AS-CMP effluent by combined photosynthetic bacteria and coagulation treatment

The effluent from the pulping of E. urophylla by alkali sodium sulfite chemi mechanical process(AS-CMP) was characterized for its biodegradability by photosynthetic bacteria (PSB). Chemical coagulation post treatment of biotreated wastewater was also studied. One month continuous treatment in the laboratory indicated that the COD Cr , BOD 5 and SS removals in biotreatment stages reached 56%, 83% and 89% respectively, and the CH 2Cl 2 extractives decreased from 10.7 mg/L to 7.7 mg/L. In chemical coagulation post treatment stage, the effects of process conditions, such as coagulant dosage, pH value and the coordinated coagulation flocculation treatment of three kinds of coagulants on coagulation effectiveness were discussed. The optimum operating conditions were given.

Study on Machining Properties of Eucalyptus urophylla×E. grandis:I. Planing and Sanding Properties

The research method in this paper is based on the standard of American Society for Testing andMaterials (ASTM). Planing and sanding are selected to study the machining properties of E. urophylla × E.grandis plantation wood. Moreover, the reasons for machining defects are analyzed. The results show E.urophylla × E. grandis planted in south China is a good species with a great potential for solid woodutilization.

Influence of Planting Spacing on Mechanical Properties of Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla Planted in China

The objective of this study was to understand influence of planting spacing on mechanical properties of Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla planted as a potential species for solid wood products in China. Four trees at age of 13 were selected from each of 6 groups of planting spacing and a total of 24 sampling trees were selected from the Dongmen Forestry Center of Guangxi Province in China. Furthermore, a one-meter-long log from each tree was cut into small blocks for wood properties testing. MOE, MOR and compression strength parallel to wood grain were determined in accordance with Chinese standards. In addition, wood density and shrinkage properties were measured. Statistical analysis by SAS software indicated significant differences among the 6 groups of planting spacings on the air-dried density, radial shrinkage and bending MOR properties at the 0.05 level, and also on the compression strength at the 0.10 level. However, it was observed that there is no significant differences among shrinkages in tangential and volume, and MOE.

Growth Process of Eucalyptus urophylla × E.grandis Stand Based on Logistic Equation

Eucalyptus is the most valuable cultivated forest genus in the tropical and subtropical areas nowadays. It has been a challenge for foresters to model growth due to the genetic variations, management regimes, and multiple products generated from the plantations. In this paper, Logistic equation was used to study the stock growth process of E. urophylla × E. grandis plantation at age of 14 with 6 spacing treatments. And the biological interpretation of the parameters of Logistic equation was analyzed. The results show that it is flexible, precise and accurate to fit the growth process.

Leaf water potential and gas exchange of eucalypt clonal seedlings to leaf solar protectant

This experiment was carried out in acclimatized greenhouses with seedlings of two hybrid clones of Eucalyptus urophylla×Eucalyptus grandis. A sunscreen protector consisting of 62.5% calcium carbonate was sprayed on the seedlings at weekly intervals. Water stress was induced by suspending irrigation until the soil reached 30% available water and water was then replaced so that it returned to field capacity. Gas exchange and leaf water status were measured after 50 days. The experiment was set up in a 4×2 factorial randomized block design in four distinct environments:(1) temperatures less than 21.2℃ and vapor pressure deficit of 0.15 kPa;(2) intermediate temperatures of 24.2℃ and vapor pressure deficit of 0.69 kPa;(3) high temperatures of 27.0℃ and high vapor pressure deficit of 1.4 kPa; and,(4) high temperature of 27.0℃ and vapor pressure deficit below 1.10 kPa. Two leaf sun protector treatments were used, with five replications each. High atmospheric demand acted as a stress factor for the seedlings during the initial growth phase.Applications of leaf sunscreen protector provided beneficial effects in maintaining optimum water status and gas exchanges of the plants under water stress.

Study on Machining Properties of Eucalyptus urophylla× E.grandis:Ⅱ.Shaping,Boring,Mortising and Turning

The research method of this paper is based on the standards of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Four items that contain boring, mortising, shaping and turning are selected to study the machining properties of E. urophylla × E. grandis plantation wood. The reasons for machining defects are analyzed. The resultshows thatE. urophylla × E. grandis planted in South China isa good specieswith great potential for solid wood utilization.

Monoterpene hydrocarbons,major components of the dried leaves essential oils of five species of the genus Eucalyptus from Cote d’Ivoire

The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from the dried leaves of five species of the genus Eucalyptus (E. camaldulensis, E. de-glupta, E. grandis, E. torelliana, E. urophylla) growing in C?te d’Ivoire, was analyzed by means of GC and GC/MS. The density and the refractive index were measured. The major components of all these oils are: α-pinene, β-pinene, α-phellandrene, limonene, γ-terpinene, p-cymene and β-caryo-phyllene. The particularity of these oils is their monoterpene hydrocarbons major components.

Effect of Initial Moisture Content on Solar Drying Ratefor Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla

Wood drying is one of the most important process links in wood products processing.However, the existing drying methods mainly depend on heat to desiccate wood, which makes wooddrying consume roughly 40% - 70% of the total energy in the entire wood process. Using solar energyfor drying is greatly significant in two aspects of energy conservation and environment protection. Themoisture content (MC) of lumber affects not only the target value of wood drying, but also the heattransfer properties, moisture rate of expansion, etc., affecting dried lumber quality and drying rate.Eucalyptus grandis × E.urophylla lumbers were collected from Guangdong as test materials and dried inthe solar dryer with low temperature schedule and the effect of initial moisture content were primarystudied on drying rate. Experiments showed that solar drying was suitable for timber with high MC. Interms of drying rate and dried lumber quality, solar drying was as good as traditional steam drying withthe same schedule. And the solar dryer had distinct energy-saving effect.

接种促生菌对尾巨桉-降香黄檀混作幼苗光合生理特性和生长的影响

该试验以盆栽尾巨桉和降香黄檀幼苗为材料,设置BM处理(尾巨桉接种巨大芽孢杆菌,降香黄檀不接种)、RJ处理(降香黄檀接种大豆根瘤菌,尾巨桉不接种)以及对照组(CK,尾巨桉和降香黄檀均不接菌),探究接种2种促生细菌对尾巨桉-降香黄檀混作幼苗的光合生理、生长和生物量积累及分配的影响,明确在混交体系中接种促生菌对促进植物生长的优势。结果显示:(1)BM处理显著降低尾巨桉的叶绿素含量(P<0.05),BM和RJ处理均提高了尾巨桉和降香黄檀的苗高、地径以及叶片的氮素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率,但降低了胞间CO_(2)浓度。(2)RJ处理显著提高了尾巨桉及降香黄檀叶片和全株生物量,BM处理仅显著提高降香黄檀根、茎、叶、全株的生物量和尾巨桉叶的生物量(P<0.05)。(3)各接菌处理条件下2种植物幼苗叶片净光合速率与其生物量呈显著正相关。研究表明,接种大豆根瘤菌和巨大芽孢杆菌均促进尾巨桉-降香黄檀混作幼苗的生理代谢,2种促生菌能通过增强光合作用来促进植株生物量的累积;从植株生物量变化来看,接种菌株的利他作用更明显。

短周期尾巨桉连栽林分生产力的研究

采用空间代替时间和定位观测相结合的方法对广西东门林场3．6年生尾巨桉林分生物量和生产力的连栽效应进行了研究。结果表明：林分平均单株生物量及林分生物量3代〉1代〉2代，不同代数尾巨桉器官生物量的大小顺序为干材〉干皮〉根蔸〉粗根〉光枝〉叶〉枯枝〉叶枝〉吸收根〉细根，地上与地下部分的比例分别为84．48％-84．75％和15．25％～15．52％；不同代数林分乔木层生产力为3代〉1代〉2代，连栽对尾巨桉林分生产力的影响有待进一步的研究。

不同林龄尾巨桉人工林凋落物和土壤C、N、P化学计量特征

为正确认识桉树(Eucalyptus spp.)人工林凋落物和土壤C、N、P时空分配格局及两者间的关系,对5个林龄尾巨桉林分凋落物及土壤C、N、P含量及化学计量比进行测定分析。结果表明,凋落物的C含量均显著大于土壤,且不同林龄间凋落物C含量无显著差异,1年生人工林土壤表层(0~20 cm)的C含量显著小于3~7年生,其他土层C含量在不同林龄间差异不显著。凋落物的N含量均显著高于土壤,且1年生人工林显著大于其他林龄的,而土壤表层的N含量以7年生人工林最大,1年生的最小。凋落物的P含量除1年生人工林显著大于3年生外,其他林龄间均无显著差异,土壤的P含量在不同林龄间的差异均不显著。凋落物C∶N随林龄呈逐渐增大趋势,且显著大于土壤层。凋落物的C∶P和N∶P在不同林龄间的差异不显著,但均显著大于土壤层。凋落物的N含量与表层土壤的C、N含量呈极显著负相关,凋落物的C∶N与表层土壤的C∶P,N∶P呈显著正相关,表层土壤C、N积累受到凋落物N的制约。因此,在桉树人工林经营管理过程中如何降低凋落物分解的N限制性、提高养分传递效率及合理施肥显得十分重要。