A Review on Chemical Effects in Aqueous Solution induced by Plasma with Glow Discharge

Chemical effects in different aqueous solutions induced by plasma with glow discharge electrolysis (GDE) and contact glow discharge electrolysis (CGDE) are described in this paper. The experimental and discharge characteristics are also reviewed. These are followed by a discussion of their mechanisms of both anodic and cathodic CGDE..

Theoretical study of the intensity of chemically induce dynamic electron polarization of radical-triplet pairs

Considering the interaction between excited triplet molecule and doublet radical, based on the second-order perturbation theory and the motion equation of density matrix, the polarization intensity of RTPM were theoretically calculated with the overpopulated doublet spin states and quartet spin states of radical-triplet pairs as initial conditions respectively. The results of calculation indicate that the net emissive polarization and the net absorptive polarization on the radical result from the zero-field-splitting (zfs) and the multiplet A/E and E/A polarization result from hyperfine (hf) interactions of the triplet molecule. The hyperfine related A+A/E or E+E/A CIDEP on the radical were the overpopulation of the net absorptive or emissive polarization and multiplet A/E or E/A polarization..

Drug-induced liver injury and COVID-19:Use of artificial intelligence and the updated Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method in clinical practice

BACKGROUND Liver injury is a relevant condition in coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)inpatients.Pathophysiology varies from direct infection by virus,systemic inflammation or drug-induced adverse reaction(DILI).DILI detection and monitoring is clinically relevant,as it may contribute to poor prognosis,prolonged hospitalization and increase indirect healthcare costs.Artificial Intelligence(AI)applied in data mining of electronic medical records combining abnormal liver tests,keyword searching tools,and risk factors analysis is a relevant opportunity for early DILI detection by automated algorithms.AIM To describe DILI cases in COVID-19 inpatients detected from data mining in electronic medical records(EMR)using AI and the updated Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method(RUCAM).METHODS The study was conducted in March 2021 in a hospital in southern Brazil.The NoHarm©system uses AI to support decision making in clinical pharmacy.Hospital admissions were 100523 during this period,of which 478 met the inclusion criteria.From these,290 inpatients were excluded due to alternative causes of liver injury and/or due to not having COVID-19.We manually reviewed the EMR of 188 patients for DILI investigation.Absence of clinical information excluded most eligible patients.The DILI assessment causality was possible via the updated RUCAM in 17 patients.RESULTS Mean patient age was 53 years(SD±18.37;range 22-83),most were male(70%),and admitted to the non-intensive care unit sector(65%).Liver injury pattern was mainly mixed,mean time to normalization of liver markers was 10 d,and mean length of hospitalization was 20.5 d(SD±16;range 7-70).Almost all patients recovered from DILI and one patient died of multiple organ failure.There were 31 suspected drugs with the following RUCAM score:Possible(n=24),probable(n=5),and unlikely(n=2).DILI agents in our study were ivermectin,bicalutamide,linezolid,azithromycin,ceftriaxone,amoxicillin-clavulanate,tocilizumab,piperacillin-tazobactam,and albendazole.Lack of essential clinical information excluded most patients.Although rare,DILI is a relevant clinical condition in COVID-19 patients and may contribute to poor prognostics.CONCLUSION The incidence of DILI in COVID-19 inpatients is rare and the absence of relevant clinical information on EMR may underestimate DILI rates.Prospects involve creation and validation of alerts for risk factors in all DILI patients based on RUCAM assessment causality,alterations of liver biomarkers and AI and machine learning.

Laser-induced voltage effects in Ca_3Co_4O_9 thin films on tilted LaAlO_3(001) substrates grown by chemical solution deposition

Laser-induced voltage effects in c-axis oriented Ca3Co4O9 thin films have been studied with samples fabricated on 10°tilted LaAIO3 （001） substrates by a simple chemical solution deposition method. An open-circuit voltage with a rise time of about 10 ns and full width at half maximum of about 28 ns is detected when the film surface is irradiated by a 308-nm laser pulse with a duration of 25 ns. Besides, opemcircuit voltage signals are also observed when the film surface is irradiated separately by the laser pulses of 532 nm and 1064 nm. The results indicate that Ca3Co4O9 thin films have a great potential application in the wide range photodetctor from the ultraviolet to near infrared regions.

Shock Induced Chemical Reactions of Intermetallic Mixture of Nickel and Aluminum and Associated Transition States

In this paper, numerical simulation of shock-induced chemical reactions of intermetallic mixtures is discussed. Specifically, the paper focuses on intermetallic mixture of nickel and aluminum. To initiate the chemical reactions, the thermal input or the shockwave should supply the energy to take the reactants, mixture of nickel and aluminum, to the transition state. Thus, for any numerical simulation or analysis of the shock or thermally induced chemical reaction in a continuum scale or a meso scale, it is necessary to identify the transition state. The transition state for the intermetallic mixture of nickel and the aluminum is identified in this paper and a result of the numerical simulation of the shock-induced chemical reaction, in a continuum scale is presented. The numerical solutions clearly show the chemical reactions, release of heat energy, increase of the temperature and the formation of products, following the transition state and the resulting shock-induced chemical reaction of a binary intermetallic energetic mixture of nickel and aluminum. The studies also show that the collapse of porosity is a mechanism that takes the reactants to the transition state, in shock-induced chemical reactions of binary intermetallic mixtures.

A NEW CHEMICAL OSCILLATOR INDUCED BY SURFACTANT WITH GLUCOSE AS THE SUBSTRATE

A new Belousov-Zhabotinsky oscillator induced by Triton X-100 (a nonionic surfactant)with glucose as the organic substrate and Ce^(4+)as the catalyst has been reported in this paper.

Evaluation of Selected Chemical,Biological Fungicides,and Induced Resistance to Control White Rot(Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.)on Tomato

Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)is one of the most widely grown and consumed as fresh vegetable in the world.Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.is one of the most destructive diseases and affects more than 500 plant species.This study was conducted for“Evaluation of Selected Chemical,Biological Fungicides,and Induced Resistant to Control White Rot(Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.)on Tomato”.The experiment was conducted at the Royal University of Agriculture and divided into two sections.The first section conducted under in vitro condition consists of four treatments T1 control treatment,T2 copper hydroxide,T3 azoxystrobin+difenoconazole,T4 metalaxyl+mancozeb in Nagoya Laboratory,and had been starting from 11st May to 15th May 2020.Section two was conducted in a pot in net-house which started from 1st January 2019 to 19th February 2019 and 1st January to 19th February 2020 and arranged in RCBD(Randomized Completely Block Design)with six replications and nine treatments.T0 negative control,T1 inoculate but not treatment,T2 metalaxyl+mancozeb,T3 azoxystrobin+difenoconazole,T4 copper hydroxide,T5 acibenzolar-S-methyl,T6 chicken dung+Trichoderma harzianum,T7 acibenzolar-S-methyl+chicken dung+Trichoderma harzianum,T8 acibenzolar-S-methyl+metalaxyl+mancozeb.Data were collected on colonizing diameter in vitro.For pot experiment collected on disease incidence,incubation period Based on the result under in vitro condition metalaxyl+mancozeb highly inhibited germination of Sclerotium rolfsii when compared with another treatment.However,the application of copper hydroxide seems less effective compared with control.For in pot experiment,when treated after symptom of southern blight appeared to seem less effective on the severity of southern blight.In contrast,when applied as a protectant and curative when symptoms appeared only systemic fungicide azoxystrobin+difenoconazole significantly reduced the severity of Sclerotium rolfsii and delayed incubation period while compared with other treatments(p<0.05)and was followed by metalaxyl+mancozeb,whereas,copper hydroxide,acibenzolar-S-methyl,chicken dung+Trichoderma harzianum,acibenzolar-S-methyl+chicken dung+Trichoderma harzianum,acibenzolar-S-methyl+metalaxyl+mancozeb were less effective(p>0.05).Based on the three experiments we can assume that fungicide is more effective in reducing the growth of the pathogen and delaying the incubation period of fungal colonization when compared with biological control and induced resistance.

Fabrication of micro carbon pillar by laser-induced chemical vapor deposition

Argon ion laser was used as the induced light source and ethane(C2H4) was selected as the precursor gas,in the variety ranges of laser power from 0.5 W to 4.5 W and the pressure of the precursor gas from 225×133.3 Pa to 680×133.3 Pa,the experiments of laser induced chemical vapor deposition were proceeded for fabrication of micro carbon pillar.In the experiments,the influences of power of laser and pressure of work gas on the diameter and length of micro carbon pillar were investigated,the variety on averaged growth rate of carbon pillar with the laser irradiation time and moving speed of focus was discussed.Based on experiment data,the micro carbon pillar with an aspect ratio of over 500 was built through the method of moving the focus.

Changes of integrin expression in rat hepatocarcinogenesis induced by 3′-Me-DAB

AIM To investigate the expression of integrinsin rats liver during 3’-Me-DAB inducedhepatocarcinogenesis and to find out therelationship between integrins and liver cancermetastasis.METHODS The expressions of integrins α1,α2,α3 and α5 and epidermal keratin（EK）wereobserved by immunohistochemical PAP method.RESULTS In the normal liver tissues,hepatocytes express integrins α1 and α5 and inthe bile duct epithlium,EK.In liver cirrhosis,hepatocytes highly express integrins α1,α2,α3and α5 and in hyperplastic bile duct epithelium,integrins α1,α5 and EK.Expression of integrinsα1,α2,α3 and α5 were obviously decreased in thepreneoplastic nodules and primary carcinomabut expressions of integrins α1 and α5 inmetastasis in the lung and diaphragma werehigher than those in primary carcinoma.CONCLUSION Integrins α1 and α5 may play amajor role in chemically inducedhepatocarcinogenesis and metastasis in rats.

Mechanism of Peracetic Acid-induced Resistance Against Verticillium Eggplant Wilt

Peracetic acid has proved to be an effective inducer against verticillium eggplant wilt, which could achieve a 60%～90% control effect and keep over 20 days. Peracetic acid treatment 96 h before challenge inoculation induced significant contents change of both total and soluble calcium in true leaves of eggplant resistant cultivar Xi’anluqie and susceptible cultivar Liaoqie4. For both cultivars, the calcium temporl contents changes in the leaves of different positions reflected the pathway of signal transduction related to induced resistance within plants. After challenge inoculation, total and soluble Ca2+ content change more greatly in the induced eggplant than in the control, derivational change of calcium contents in eggplant leaves led to the change of PAL、PPO、POD、SOD. changed activities of which built up eggplant resistance against verticillium wilt, Ca2+ content change、defensive enzyme activity and eggplant resistance level showed the positive correlation. therefore Ca2+ was presumed to participate induction of eggplant verticillium wilt defensive response through signalling, activated those defensive enzymes to improve host resistance to verticillum eggplant wilt.

Investigation of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy(LIBS)for the Differentiation of Nerve and Gland Tissue-A Possible Application for a Laser Surgery Feedback Control Mechanism

Laser surgery provides clean,fast and accurate modeling of tissue.However,the inability to determine what kind of tissue is being ablated at the bottom of the cut may lead to the iatrogenic damage of structures that were meant to be preserved.In this context,nerve preservation is one of the key challenges in any surgical procedure.One example is the treatment of parotid gland pathologies,where the facial nerve（N.VII） and its main branches run through and fan out inside the glands parenchyma.A feedback system that automatically stops the ablation to prevent nerve-tissue damage could greatly increase the applicability and safety of surgical laser systems.In the present study,Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy（LIBS） is used to differentiate between nerve and gland tissue of an ex-vivo pig animal model.The LIBS results obtained in this preliminary experiment suggest that the measured spectra,containing atomic and molecular emissions,can be used to differentiate between the two tissue types.The measurements and differentiation were performed in open air and under normal stray light conditions.

Anabolic androgenic steroid-induced liver injury:An update

Anabolic androgenic steroids(AASs)are a group of molecules including endogenous testosterone and synthetic derivatives that have both androgenic and anabolic effects.These properties make them therapeutically beneficial in medical conditions such as hypogonadism.However,they are commonly bought illegally and misused for their anabolic,skeletal muscle building,and performanceenhancing effects.Supraphysiologic and long-term use of AASs affects all organs,leading to cardiovascular,neurological,endocrine,gastrointestinal,renal,and hematologic disorders.Hepatotoxicity is one of the major concerns regarding AASs treatment and abuse.Testosterone and its derivatives have been most often shown to induce a specific form of cholestasis,peliosis hepatis,and hepatic benign and malignant tumors.It is currently believed that mechanisms of pathogenesis of these disorders include disturbance of antioxidative factors,upregulation of bile acid synthesis,and induction of hepatocyte hyperplasia.Most toxicity cases are treated with supportive measures and liver function normalizes with discontinuation of AAS.However,some long-term consequences are irreversible.AAS-induced liver injury should be taken in consideration in patients with liver disorders,especially with the increasing unintentional ingestion of supplements containing AAS.In this paper,we review the most current knowledge about AAS-associated adverse effects on the liver,and their clinical presentations,prevalence,and pathophysiological mechanisms.

The Fundamental Mechanism for the Collision/Pressure Induced Optic Effect

In this work, the fundamental mechanism regarding the collision and pressure induced optic effect is elucidated. Based on the concept of the collision-relaxation/the pressure-release induced optic effect put forth here, a new laser technology may be developed. Furthermore, our work also makes the understanding the photon involved chemical reaction become much clear and rationalized.

Time-dependent density functional theoretical studies on the photo-induced dynamics of an HCI molecule encapsulated in C60 under femtosecond laser pulses

By using first-principles simulations based on time-dependent density functional theory, the chemical reaction of an HCl molecule encapsulated in C60 induced by femtosecond laser pulses is observed. The H atom starts to leave the Cl atom and is reflected by the C60 wall. The coherent nuclear dynamic behaviors of bond breakage and recombination of the HCl molecule occurring in both polarized parallel and perpendicular to the H-Cl bond axis are investigated. The radial oscillation is also found in the two polarization directions of the laser pulse. The relaxation time of the H-Cl bond lengths in transverse polarization is slow in comparison with that in longitudinal polarization. Those results are important for studying the dynamics of the chemical bond at an atomic level.

Inducing fertility restoration in the genic male sterile line of rice with chemical regulators

For the first time, the fertility of rice genic male sterile line was partially restored with the application of chemical regulators at Hainan Rice Breeding Nursery on Mar 1993. A single panicle of the rice plant could bear as many as 27 grains. The chemical agent that could modulate the growth of the rice plants of genic male sterile line was developed by Prof ZHOU Guangqia and his colleagues at the Biology Institute, Hunan Teachers University, China.

外施多效唑诱导水稻对稻飞虱的抗性

【目的】利用化学激发子提高植物抗虫性从而抑制害虫,是目前正在开发的一种新型的害虫绿色防治技术。本研究旨在解析一种化学激发子——多效唑(paclobutrazol,PBZ)提高水稻Oryza savita对稻飞虱抗性的机理,以期为其在害虫防控中的应用打下基础。【方法】用不同浓度PBZ以根吸的方法处理秀水110品种水稻24 h后接入褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera初孵若虫,测定接虫后不同时间若虫存活率;用含有5和10 mg/L PBZ或者防御化合物[咖啡酰腐胺、刺苞菊苷和樱桃苷(1和10 mg/L)及芥子酰胍丁胺(0.1和1 mg/L)]的稻飞虱人工饲料饲喂以及用5和20 mg/L PBZ溶液喷施褐飞虱若虫后,测定褐飞虱若虫存活率;5 mg/L PBZ根吸处理水稻、褐飞虱若虫为害和5 mg/L PBZ根吸处理水稻再接褐飞虱若虫后,测定水稻体内水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA)、过氧化氢(hydrogen peroxide,H_(2)O_(2))和乙烯(ethylene,ET)以及防御化合物芥子酰胍丁胺、咖啡酰腐胺、刺苞菊苷和樱桃苷的含量。【结果】与对照(根吸不含PBZ的营养液的水稻)相比,5 mg/L PBZ根吸处理水稻,接虫后3 d时褐飞虱若虫存活率降低33.3%;当PBZ浓度达到20 mg/L时,接虫后4 d时褐飞虱若虫全部死亡,但PBZ本身对褐飞虱若虫没有直接的毒杀作用。与对照组相比,5 mg/L PBZ根吸处理24 h后不接褐飞虱为害放置24 h时水稻植株体内SA含量显著上升,5 mg/L PBZ根吸处理水稻24 h再接褐飞虱若虫为害72 h时H_(2)O_(2)含量显著上升,5 mg/L PBZ根吸处理24 h后不接褐飞虱为害放置48-96 h、褐飞虱为害24-72 h及5 mg/L PBZ根吸处理水稻24 h再接褐飞虱若虫为害48-96 h ET释放量均显著下降,5 mg/L PBZ根吸处理诱导了水稻植株中咖啡酰腐胺和芥子酰胍丁胺2种酚胺类化合物以及刺苞菊苷和樱桃苷2种黄酮类化合物含量的显著上升。在褐飞虱人工饲料中添加1或10 mg/L的咖啡酰腐胺、芥子酰胍丁胺、刺苞菊苷或樱桃苷,可有效降低褐飞虱若虫存活率。【结论】PBZ是一种有效的化学激发子,可以通过激活水稻的SA和H_(2)O_(2)通路、抑制ET通路,诱导水稻相关防御化合物的合成,提高水稻对褐飞虱的抗性。

药物性肝损伤患者预后影响因素分析及列线图模型的建立

目的探讨药物性肝损伤(DILI)患者临床转归的影响因素,构建列线图模型并进行内部验证。方法回顾性分析哈尔滨工业大学附属黑龙江省医院2017年1月—2022年12月收治的188例DILI患者的一般资料和实验室数据,根据患者临床转归分为结局良好组(n=146)和不良结局组(n=42)。正态分布计量资料两组间比较采用成组t检验;非正态分布计量资料两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料两组间比较采用χ^(2)检验。通过单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析筛选DILI患者临床转归相关的独立影响因素。R Studio 4.1.2软件构建列线图模型,通过校准曲线、受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)和决策曲线分析(DCA)对模型进行内部验证。结果单因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,肝活检诊断DILI、PLT、ChE、Alb、PTA、IgM和IgG与DILI患者不良结局相关(P值均<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,肝活检诊断DILI(OR=0.072,95%CI:0.022~0.213,P<0.001)、临床分型(OR=0.463,95%CI:0.213~0.926,P=0.039)、ALT(OR=0.999,95%CI:0.998~1.000,P=0.025)、PTA(OR=0.973,95%CI:0.952~0.993,P=0.011)和Ig M(OR=1.456,95%CI:1.082~2.021,P=0.015)是DILI患者临床转归的独立影响因素。构建列线图,经验证校准曲线接近参考曲线,ROC曲线下面积为0.829,决策曲线分析显示该模型具有良好的临床净收益。结论构建的列线图模型对评估DILI患者的临床转归具有较好的临床校准度、鉴别能力和应用价值。

不同评估量表在药物性肝损伤中的诊断价值分析

目的采用RUCAM评估量表、Maria&Victorino评估量表、RECAM评估量表3种因果关系评估量表分别对药物性肝损伤(DILI)确诊病例进行评分,比较3种量表之间的诊断准确性差异,探讨其对于DILI诊断的临床意义。方法纳入2011年1月—2022年12月于北京大学第一医院住院、肝组织学活检病理结果支持DILI及有明确用药史的98例DILI确诊患者。采集研究对象的临床资料,并用上述因果关系评估量表评分,应用χ^(2)检验分析因果关系评估量表的诊断准确性,应用加权kappa系数(κw系数)分析因果关系评估量表的一致性。结果在纳入的所有DILI患者中,RECAM评估量表的准确性最高,与RUCAM评估量表比较差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=5.667,P=0.017)。RUCAM评估量表和RECAM评估量表的诊断一致性中等(κw=0.469),而RECAM评估量表和Maria&Victorino评估量表的诊断一致性较差(κw=0.156)。在急性DILI患者中,RECAM量表、RUCAM量表、Maria&Victorino量表的不符合诊断率分别为3.7%、11.1%、42.6%;在肝细胞型DILI患者中,RECAM量表、RUCAM量表、Maria&Victorino量表的不符合诊断率分别为8.9%、21.4%、62.5%;在胆汁淤积型和混合型DILI患者中,RECAM量表、RUCAM量表、Maria&Victorino量表的不符合诊断率分别为10.0%、22.5%、47.5%。结论在急性DILI中使用RECAM评估量表和RUCAM评估量表能提高诊断率;在肝细胞型DILI和临床表现包含胆汁淤积的DILI(胆汁淤积型DILI和混合型DILI)中使用RECAM评估量表和RUCAM评估量表能提高诊断率;根据不同的病程及临床分型选择诊断准确性较高的因果关系评估量表有助于进一步提高临床诊断率。

药物诱导的自身免疫样肝炎的研究进展

药物诱导的自身免疫样肝炎(DI-ALH)是药物性肝损伤的一种特殊临床表型,与自身免疫性肝炎有相似的临床特征和实验室检查,多数时候通过肝组织活检也无法直接区分,因此正确鉴别DI-ALH与自身免疫性肝炎是临床实践中的重难点。本文总结了DI-ALH的发病机制、临床特点、诊治、预后的研究进展,为临床医生提供此类疾病的诊治思路。