Study on Circulation and Management of Rural Land Use Right

Currently,agriculture and rural economy have entered a new development stage. According to market demands and comparative advantages of regional resources,strategic adjustment of agricultural structure and realizing transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture have become primary tasks. Land is the essential element of agricultural production,making innovation upon rural land use system and establishing flexible and effective land circulation system concern efficiency and optimization of agricultural resource allocation and development of rural element market. With more and more farmers engaged in secondary and tertiary industries,land left by those farmers is circulated to those farmers willing to do farming. Rural land circulation is inevitable trend of economic and social development,but it is a progressive process. To realize smooth rural land circulation,there must be standardized system.

Practice Mode and Value Research of Reform of Rural Collective Economy Property Right System in Beijing Rural-urban Continuum

In the research, reform of rural collective economy property right system in Beijing rural-urban continuum was explored in terms of background, cause, pro- cess and practice modes by surveying and interviewing, and the value of system reform on urbanization in rural areas was illustrated from the perspective of farmers who lose lands. The results showed that since reform and opening-up, disadvan- tages of collective economy property are always the fundamental cause of reform; rural-urban contradiction produced from rapid urbanization makes the reform much more urgent; shareholding co-operative system is the essence of reform of collective economy property right system. Rural collective economy property right system in Beijing includes stock-assets quantification shareholding co-operative system, share- capitalization of contractual land management right, farmers as shareholders by investment, and resource and capital mode, with advantages and disadvantages respectively. The common character should be noticed is that all modes have share on contractual right of land, indicating the core of the reform of property system lies in asset quantification and stock quota. In improving urban-rural integration and modern market system, as well as endowing more rights to farmers, reform of rural collective economy property right system is of great significance, which provides a transition space and buffer mechanism for urbanization in rural areas.

Research on Rural Collective Land Ownership Confirmation Based on Unified Registration of Real Estate

Rural collective land ownership registration is a basic work to safeguard farmers＇ land rights and interests, and promote rural reform and development, which involves the vital interests of the peasants, and has great influence on the rural economic and social development. However, there are many problems in rural col- lective land ownership registration and certification, such as unclear rural land own- ership subject and nature; not unified understanding of registration, no high enthusi- asm of the grass-roots work; prominent registration policy contradictions, serious shortage of investment, which seriously affect the rural land ownership registration work. In order to solve these problems, some suggestions are put forward on pro- moting the rural land ownership registration work smoothly.

Methods and Paths for Rural Collectively Owned Profit-oriented Construction Land Entering into Trading Market

On the basis of analyzing cases of existing rural collectively owned profit-oriented construction land entering into trading market,this paper put forward several thoughts,introduced methods and paths for rural collectively owned profit-oriented construction land entering into trading market,including reforming rural collective land property right system,cultivating new rural collective economy organizations,helping them to become market entities; improving various legal systems,making clear range of construction land entering into trading market; formulating scientific benefit allocation mechanism; establishing fair and transparent decision making mechanism.

Path Choice of Rural Land Transfer in China

Establishing rural land collective property right system with clear ownership,complete powers and functions,smooth transfer,and strict protection is the basic guarantee to the equal exchange of land elements. In this study,the reform of relevant legal systems to China's rural land transfer was introduced firstly,and then the guiding ideology of China's rural land transfer was proposed. Finally,the ways of practicing rural land transfer in China were discussed. Based on the premise of insisting on and improving the strictest land preservation system,farmers should have the right to occupy,use,and transfer their contracted land,and they can transfer their land contracting and management right in ways of exchange,subcontracting,renting,stock cooperation,and trust. Exploring the ways of equal exchange of land elements according to local conditions is an important political and economic issue concerning the livelihood and development of farmers in China,so it should be conducted under the guidance of the correct ideas to integrate scattered land in China's rural areas,develop moderate-scale management,shorten the income gap between urban and rural areas,and realize balancing development of urban and rural areas in China.

Developing the Commons: Models of Rural Land Trust in China

In recent years,experiments on land trusts(xin tuo)have been made in the rural areas of China.To better understand such practice,this research identifies four case studies based on their operational structures and divides them into government-led models and market-led models.The government-led models include the Yiyang Model in Hunan Province,and the Longgang Model in Hubei Province.The market-led models include the Suzhou Model in Anhui Province,and the Golden Field Series Model in Jiangsu Province.This paper compares their profit-sharing mechanisms with specific attention given to the incentives for the villagers.Findings suggest that the villagers’profits are limited in both models.The government-led models concern less about profits but more on reusing the desolated agricultural land.The market-led models are profit-driven therefore tend to exclude the villagers from the profit-sharing process.

论农村土地制度改革的整体性

农村土地制度改革的整体性体现为两方面,即实现地权平等和地权体系具有适应实践发展需要的有效性、开放性与包容性。家庭承包地“三权分置”政策的法律化和承包期延长,土地征收规则的更新、集体经营性建设用地入市和建设用地指标化交易,以及农村宅基地“三权分置”政策的实施,是农村土地制度改革整体性推进的主要体现。土地利用规划及其实施,以及政府在地权交易中的法律地位,是分析地权交易规则科学性的两个基本因素。为进一步整体性地推进农村土地制度改革,实现其既定政策目标,需要建立科学的农村集体产权制度,深化土地收益分配机制,以市场需求为导向完善土地利用规划机制和土地指标交易机制。

农地资源市场配置法律机制的完善

我国以土地承包经营权和土地经营权为基础的农地市场配置的法律机制,既存在市场机制的固有缺陷,也存在农村集体经济组织和集体土地所有权缺位的特定性局限。为实现市场对农地资源的有效配置,需充分发挥农村集体经济组织的民事治理作用和政府的市场管理与调控作用。应当完善农地市场民事法律机制,明确农村集体经济组织介入农户承包地经营权流转的法律地位和权利,扩大农村集体经济组织流转土地经营权的范围,完善农村集体经济组织的监督权利。应当完善对农地市场的管理调控法律机制,更好地发挥政府在农地用途管制、农业补贴政策和价格调控、产业政策引导、健全市场服务体系以及营造良好市场环境等方面的作用。

基于集体所有制对农村体育的历史审视及学术反思

新中国成立后,在中国共产党领导下迅速形成的具有社会主义性质的集体所有制,既是组织农业生产的一项基本经济制度,也是治理农村社会的一项基本政治制度,还是改善农民生活的一项基本民生制度。因此,新中国成立后70多年来农村集体所有制的形成、改革与完善,必然左右着农村体育发展的方向和路径,决定着农村体育发展的组织与机制,制约着农村体育发展的规模与形式。该研究采用历史阐释和社会批判的方法,分析集体所有制在不同的历史时期对农村体育发展以何种原因和何种方式产生影响。结果显示:社会主义改造和“农业合作化运动”,使广大农民走上了集体化的合作道路,加速了农民对体育的社会主义认知;社会主义建设和人民公社体制,奠定了农村集体所有制的制度基础,为推动农村体育开展提供了基本的组织方式;改革开放和“家庭联产承包责任制”,重塑了农村的生产关系和社会结构,为农村体育提供了内在的需求与动力;新时代和农村土地制度改革的深化,推进了新型农业经营体系的形成,为农村体育提供了新的发展路径和走向。

制度变迁背景下集体建设用地改造与政府角色回归:以佛山市南海区为例

集体建设用地再开发是盘活存量,促进城市高质量发展的主要途径,伴随着集体土地产权制度路径依赖式的变迁:自上而下的土地确权正式化集体建设用地的存在,赋予村集体权利,但在土地初次开发中自下而上形成的制度制约着改造。文章探讨制度变迁下,地方政府如何与村集体互动,化解上述制度制约,促进集体建设用地市场化改造的。研究发现,集体建设用地正式化开启了改造市场,但仍受空间破碎、集体土地经营内卷化、开发权模糊的约束。地方政府发挥了企业化的非正式角色,与村集体形成合作与竞争并存的协商型合作关系。合作在于政府从供、需两侧化解前述制约,充当村集体与市场主体间的“交易中介”,降低交易成本,助力改造。竞争表现为村集体为攫取地租把持政府,损害社会公平。地方政府的“非正式”角色应予以制度化,以规避其在维护社会公益上的失灵。

论进城落户农民承包地权益的法治保障

在统筹新型城镇化和乡村振兴、推动城乡融合及共同富裕的时代背景下,保障进城落户农民承包地权益是涉农改革的关键。集体成员身份的保留,是阐释进城落户农民承包地权益保障正当依据和法律边界的前提。当前,进城落户农民承包地权益保障面临权益冲突及身份认定、承包地财产权实现、承包地权益救济三大法治挑战。为此,应健全进城落户农民成员身份的认定与权益冲突的协调规则,兼顾进城落户农民承包地财产权益与保障功能的充分实现,构建以诉讼救济为兜底的多元救济机制。

宅基地征收向宅基地收回的“逃逸”及其规制

实践中存在宅基地征收向村集体强制收回宅基地使用权逃逸的现象,并呈现为两种路径:一是向村集体基于乡村公益的宅基地收回逃逸,二是向基于村民自治的宅基地收回“逃逸”。此类“逃逸”行为规避了征收法的适用,侵害了农民权益。法律对宅基地使用权强制收回事由、程序、补偿和救济措施规定存在缺漏,人民法院对村民自治决议司法审查较为困难,形成了宅基地征收和宅基地收回之间的制度落差。应当从收回事由、程序、补偿等方面严格规制村集体的宅基地强制收回权,并通过明确村民自治的权限范围和相应的司法审查机制预防强制收回行为借村民自治之名遁入法治真空。建议对村民委员会组织法(修订草案)、农村集体经济组织法(草案)、农村宅基地管理暂行办法(草案)等予以完善。

农村集体地权界定的治理逻辑及其路径分化——基于珠三角地区村级工业园改造的比较案例研究

农村集体地权的界定和治理是当前乡村振兴与城乡融合发展的核心议题之一。本文尝试在“产权的社会视角”基础上做进一步拓展,以阐明当代中国农村集体地权界定实践的理论逻辑。通过对珠三角地区两个相邻制造业重镇推行村级工业园改造政策过程中形成的“基层村庄主导的多元化产权形式”和“地方政府主导的单一化产权形式”两种地权界定结果差异的比较案例分析,本文认为,首先,地方政府与基层村庄围绕集体土地产权界定的博弈结果受到国家治理结构和村庄社会结构的影响。在地方分权的国家治理结构下,集体地权的界定结果取决于村庄社会结构的差异并通过呼吁机制发挥作用。其次,地方政府能够通过正式制度的调整形塑村庄治理结构,由此强化或削弱基层村庄的集体行动能力,最终对集体地权界定结果产生持续性的影响。最后,在城乡融合发展的政策背景下,东部发达地区应该更加尊重村集体和村民的土地权益,积极探索地方政府与村集体合作开展土地开发的新机制。

农村集体经济发展的制度演进、现实阻滞与路径选择

发展农村集体经济是加快推进农村农民共同富裕的重要抓手。农村集体经济发展有其深厚的制度、组织和产权基础,基于历史、现实和未来角度,分析研究我国农村集体经济发展的制度演进、现实阻滞与路径选择。研究发现:农村集体经济发展存在土地、组织以及产权等多重制度演进逻辑;小农经济和集体经济组织有待创新、土地制度亟待进一步改革、不同历史时期生产力与生产关系矛盾适应延迟等是当前我国农村集体经济发展的现实阻滞;面向未来,我国农村集体经济发展需从尊重历史制度和现实难点出发,进一步推动农村集体产权改革、推进农地制度重点领域改革创新和注重农村集体经济体制机制创新等。

农村土地第三轮承包中“承包地调整”的规范逻辑

农村土地第三轮承包应坚持延包原则,通过有限的“承包地调整”实现农业集约化经营与承包地公平分配的平衡。农村土地集体所有制需对接《民法典》的私权秩序,农户是利用承包地的农业生产经营单位,农民集体成员才是土地承包经营权的权利主体,“承包地调整”的前提是承包地利用秩序的“大稳定”,通过有限的收回“整户消亡”和“进城落户”农民的承包地给新生人口、交回承包地的返乡农民以及嫁入妇女(入赘男)实现“小调整”。另外,以保障农民集体成员的生存利益为前提,将承包地“三权分置”后土地经营权流转作为补充手段,通过“确权不确地”“调利不调地”等,并结合农村集体经济组织统筹功能弥补土地延包中承包地调整的不足。

农村集体经济组织成员“以户行权”的规范成因与理性回归

农村集体经济组织成员享有财产性以及非财产性的复合型成员权,集体成员个人需借助其所在“农户”实现成员权,即“以户行权”。该权利行使规则在历次土地制度改革中均得以保留,新颁布的《农村集体经济组织法》(2024)亦对此规则加以沿袭。其成因主要包括“家户制”文化的内生动力、集体土地所有制下成员权制度始终粗糙以及受到改革开放前“政法法学”理念的影响。在集体成员权制度尚未完善之前,这种特殊的权利行使规则还将长期保留,这既是由制度变迁逻辑中显示出来的强大文化惯性与功能属性所致,也是基于我国“家户制”传统本源等历史文化的理性回归。在重视文化惯性的前提下,亦应正视“以户行权”之痼疾,即集体成员依赖于“户”并长久地受制于“户”、成员个体的成员权也易隐匿于“户”,这些现实问题不可回避。在党的二十届三中全会提出巩固和完善农村基本经营制度、深化土地制度改革的背景下,基于社会公平正义以及现代财产法追求的产权明晰等目标,“农户”不应被认定为成员权之权利主体,未来应以完善成员权制度等作为改革方向。

农村集体经营性建设用地入市的内在逻辑和实施路径

基于“内在逻辑-实践探索-现实挑战”的研究路径,对集体经营性建设用地入市改革进行深入研究。研究认为:(1)实现城乡土地“同地同权同价”改革目标的基础在于强化集体土地产权;(2)构建公平有序的市场配置体系是实现城乡统一建设用地市场的关键;(3)探索统筹兼顾的利益分配机制是农村集体经营性建设用地入市改革的重点;(4)通过盘活闲置土地资源是提升乡村经济发展、实现乡村振兴的必由路径。今后仍需在明晰产权主体、扩大入市范围与强化用途管制、完善收益共享机制、健全政策配套措施等方面,进一步推动农村集体经营性建设用地入市改革。

宅基地使用权流转的合宪性分析

随着宅基地“三权分置”政策和地方改革试点深入推进,宅基地使用权流转问题受到学界关注,相关论争背后是宅基地使用权流转的合宪性命题。现行立法坚持农户居住自用、禁止向集体外流转的基本立场,反映出成员居住保障、农地农用、涨价归公等基于集体所有制的目的制约,彰显宅基地作为“公共财产”需要“合理利用”的宪法意涵。同时,宅基地使用权应当是集体成员的一项基本财产权利,宅基地制度改革政策以“扩权赋能”为基本方向,正是还原了宅基地使用权的基本权利属性。宅基地使用权流转与坚持集体土地所有制并不矛盾,现行法上相关限制性规定不具有合宪性。宅基地使用权在赋权流转的同时,应基于“合理使用”受到规划和用途管制之限制。

后农业税时代农地权利体系与运行机理研究论纲——以对我国十省农地问题立法调查为基础

农地权利体系是以集体土地所有权为基础,派生出土地承包经营权,集体建设用地使用权,宅基地使用权,地役权,自留地、自留山使用权和债权性农地使用权的权利体系。同时,由集体土地所有权衍生出征收征用补偿权、农民的社会保障权和成员权、土地发展权等保障农地权利实现的权利。各项农地权利的运行机理以及法律救济有其内在的特点和规律。

中国农村土地制度改革探讨——中国土地政策与法律研究圆桌论坛(2014)观点综述

研究目的:归纳总结"中国土地政策与法律研究圆桌论坛(2014)"的典型观点,为农村土地制度改革提供借鉴。研究方法:综述分析。研究结果:当前农村土地制度改革在理论上尚存争议,但实践已在推动,农村土地所有权、承包权、经营权分离的权能关系需要进一步深入研究并予以法律界定;当前农村土地流转过程中存在过度追求土地收益、非农非粮利用倾向。研究结论:农村土地制度改革实行所有权、承包权、经营权分离是改革的必然选择,需要进一步细化三权的权利内涵,探索三权的权能关系和实现形式;农村土地市场化的目标是利用市场机制合理配置资源,应防止过度资本化和非农非粮利用。