Research on Evaluation and Optimization of Regional Land Use Structure Efficiency

[Objective] The purpose of this study is to judge the rationality of land use structure from new perspectives and method. [Method] The theory of data en- velopment analysis （DEA） has been employed in this article. A case study of evalu- ation of land use structure for Wujin district in 2012 is provided to illustrate the ap- plication of this research model. At the micro perspective, land use efficiency has been analyzed by use of data envelopment analysis model. The optimization and adjustment direction in land use structure has been pointed out from the view point of land use efficiency. [Result] The result has shown that the research method based on information entropy and data envelopment analysis model can effectively overcome the drawback of traditional evaluation techniques. Compared with the tra- ditional methods, the new optimization model based on a structure of the multi-crite- ria factors and objective weighting method can evaluate the rationality of land use structure more comprehensively.

Research on Regional Land Use Structure Change and Influencing Factors——A Case Study of Yining City in Xinjiang

This paper analyzes the land use status and land use structure change in 1995-2004 in Yining City, revealing that the agricultural land area has decreased rapidly, and construction land has increased dramatically. Moreover, this paper inves- tigates the relation of economy, urbanization, location, land system policy with land use structure, and puts forward rationalization proposal for optimization of land use structure, to provide reference for land use measurements in the future.

Optimization of Land Use Structure Based on Ecological GREEN Equivalent

Optimization of land use structure consists of economic and social and ecological optimization.Applying the minds of system engineering and principles of ecology,this paper presents such thoughts:the optimal forest_coverage rate calculated according to the reality of a district is set as main standard of ecological rationality in the district;through considering the value of ecosystem services of the land with GREEN equivalent (mainly cultivated land and grassland)and based on the rule,GREEN equivalent,this paper introduces the area conversion between woodland and cultivated land,also between woodland and grassland;this paper establishes a multi_dimension controlling model of optimization of land use structure.In addition,a multi_objective linear programming model for optimization of land use structure is designed.In the end,this paper tests and verifies this theory of ecological optimization,taking Qionghai city in Hainan Province as an example.

An Uncertain Programming Model for Land Use Structure Optimization to Promote Effectiveness of Land Use Planning

Land use structure optimization(LUSO) is an important issue for land use planning. In order for land use planning to have reasonable flexibility, uncertain optimization should be applied for LUSO. In this paper, the researcher first expounded the uncertainties of LUSO. Based on this, an interval programming model was developed, of which interval variables were to hold land use uncertainties. To solve the model, a heuristics based on Genetic Algorithm was designed according to Pareto Optimum principle with a confidence interval under given significance level to represent LUSO result. Proposed method was applied to a real case of Yangzhou, an eastern city in China. The following conclusions were reached. 1) Different forms of uncertainties ranged from certainty to indeterminacy lay in the five steps of LUSO, indicating necessary need of comprehensive approach to quantify them. 2) With regards to trade-offs of conflicted objectives and preferences to uncertainties, our proposed model displayed good ability of making planning decision process transparent, therefore providing an effective tool for flexible land use planning compiling. 3) Under uncertain conditions, land use planning effectiveness can be primarily enhanced by flexible management with reserved space to percept and hold uncertainties in advance.

Land Use Structure in Wuhai City on Basis of Ecological Green Equivalence

The paper took Wuhai District as an example, bases on the contrast be-tween the land use condition in 2005 and 2010, and applied the ecological green equivalence to establish a mathematic model of ecological optimization of land use structure, to establish the ecology green equivalent mathematical model and survey the value of region green equivalent, and then assess the ecological environment situation. The results show that the ecological environment has been deteriorated in Wuhai from 2005 to 2010, so the ecological environment was poor. In order to in-crease eco-efficiency of land use, garden, urban green space and woodland area should be raised in the optimization program.

Impacts of the Rising Opportunity Cost of Farm Labor on Agricultural Land Use Structure: Theory and Empirical Evidences

Nowadays the rising of opportunity cost of farm labor comes to the forefront of attention in China. In order to understand its impact on agricultural land-use structure, a theoretical framework of household economics is formulated drawn on Low's model. Under the theoretical framework, the impact of the rising opportunity cost of on-farm on cropping structure is deduced in theory. And then, using statistic and survey data, taking mountain area of southern Ningxia as an example, the theoretical assumes are verified. The results show that the rise of opportunity cost of farm labor leads to less diversified cropping structure.

Effectiveness of Land Use Structure Evolution to Industrial Structure Transformation

Scarcity of land resources and transformation of industrial structure is a pair of contradictory elements.We derive the characteristics of land use structure and industrial structure transformation in Xining City using Transformation Coefficient(TC):first,in the period 1999-2000,the land use structure coefficient(θ1) declined by 79.55%,but the overall evolution trend is gentle;second,the transformation coefficient of industrial structure(θ2) tended to decline ceaselessly on the whole,a decrease of 36.09%(overall,the transformation coefficient of industrial structure is slightly greater than the land use structure coefficient);third,the inter-annual variation of the two experienced ups and downs(in the period 1999-2007,the inter-annual variation was great and in the period 2008-2010,the inter-annual variation tended to be gentle).On the basis of autocorrelation and co-integration model,we draw the following conclusions through analysis:first,the land use structure in Xining City plays a role in promoting industrial structure transformation;second,there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between the two.Finally,relevant policy recommendations are put forward for the industrial development in Xining City.

Variation of land use structure in Chuzhou City, China:1996-2005

Nowadays the fast economic development has brought about serious conflicts between the limited land resources and the increasing land demand in Chuzhou City. The changes of land use structure also restrict economic development and society progress in this area. Because different cities have different functional localization, the city area and each county (city) have formed characteristic land utilization structure. It is of great significance to make rational use of land resources and ensure the sustainable use of land resources by analyzing the variation of land use structure in the city area and each county (city) in Chuzhou City. Based on the data of land use modification of Chuzhou City from 1996 to 2005 and adopting the quantitative analysis of landscape ecology, this paper studies quantitatively the temporal division of regional land use structure and its dynamic changes. The results indicate that: (1) this method can reveal the law of the variation; (2) the variation of land use structure in Chuzhou City: increasing diversification, evenness and heterogeneity; (3) the intensity of change in land use from 1996 to 2005 in the city appeared in the sequence: grass land > traffic land > garden land > virgin land > forest land > industrial and residential land > cultivated land > other agricultural land > water facility land; (4) there were remarkable differences between the city area and each county (city) in the relative change and the land use structure change from 1996 to 2005. This paper analyzes the variation of land use structure in Chuzhou City, and finally proposes related countermeasures and suggestions.

Current Research Situations,Problems and Recommendations of Land Use Structure and Layout Optimization

Land is the foundation for human survival and development,and all human social and economic activities are inseparable from the land as a space carrier.With the continuous development of China's social economy,China is facing new social development needs such as urban-rural integration and rural revitalization.At the same time,China starts to attach great importance to ecology and has proposed the concept that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets.In this situation,the rational use of land resources,the optimization of land use structure and layout are also facing new challenges and problems,and more comprehensive consideration is required to make relevant optimization.Using the method of literature comparative analysis,from the conceptual connotation,basic theory,method model,and specific practice of land use structure and layout optimization,this paper analyzed and summarized the current research situations and problems,and finally came up with recommendations for the future research.

Analysis on the Change Characteristics of the Correlation between Land Use Structure and Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions in Kunming from 1997 to 2017

This study takes Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China as the research area, to provide reference basis for revealing the change law of land use structure and energy consumption and carbon emissions in Kunming, optimizing land use structure and realizing the development of low-carbon city. Based on the data of land use structure and energy consumption in Kunming from 1997 to 2017, based on the estimation of total energy consumption carbon emissions, carbon intensity and per capita carbon emissions, the correlation between land use structure and energy consumption carbon emissions in Kunming has been calculated and analyzed in the past 20 years. Results: 1) The total amount of carbon emissions in Kunming has increased significantly in the past 20 years. It increased from 34.46 × 105 t to 95.09 × 105 t, an increase of about 2.8 times. 2) The types of land use with the highest correlation between land use structure and total carbon emissions of energy consumption, carbon emission intensity and per capita carbon emissions are urban and village and industrial and mining land (0.8258), cultivated land (0.8733) and garden land (0.7971) respectively. 3) The correlation between construction land and total carbon emissions is greater than that of agricultural land. Conclusion: There is a close correlation between land use structure and carbon emissions from energy consumption in Kunming.

An equilibrium analysis of the land use structure in the Yunnan Province, China

Global land use structure is changing rapidly due to unceasing population growth and accelerated urbanization, which leads to fierce competition between the rigid demand for built-up area and the protection of cultivated land, forest, and grassland. It has been a great challenge to realize the sustainable development of land resources. Based on a computable general equilibrium model of land use change with a social accounting matrix dataset, this study implemented an equilibrium analysis of the land use structure in the Yunnan Province during the period of 2008-2020 under three scenarios, the baseline scenario, low TFP （total factor productivity） scenario, and high TFP scenario. The results indicated that under all three scenarios, area of cultivated land declined signifi- cantly along with a remarkable expansion of built-up area, while areas of forest, grassland, and unused land increased slightly. The growth rate of TFP had first negative and then positive effects on the expansion of built-up area and decline of cultivated land as it increased. Moreover, the simulated changes of both cultivated land and built-up area were the biggest under the low TFP scenario, and far exceeded the limit in the Overall Plan for Land Utilization in the Yunnan Province in 2020. The scenario-based simulation results are of important reference value for policy-makers in making land use decisions, balancing the fierce competition between the protection of cultivated land and the increasing demand for built-up area, and guaranteeing food security, ecological security, and the sustainable development of land resources.

Optimal Land Use Structure for Sustainable Agricultural Development——A Case Study in Changsha County,South Central China

Environmental and social problems caused by overfertilization,excessive pesticides,and encroachment on farmland are increasingly serious in agricultural settings,especially in suburban agricultural areas and highly intensive agricultural areas.Hence,modern agriculture not only pursues economic benefits,but it also pays more attention to ecological functions and social stability.This paper proposes a set of methods which are designed to realize optimal agricultural benefits and sustainable development by scientifically adjusting the land use structure.Taking Changsha County in South Central China as a case study,this paper first built an index system and adopted the information entropy-TOPSIS method to assess the economic,social,and ecological benefits of agricultural land use.Next,a coupled coordination model and an obstacle model were chosen to diagnose those factors that remained as obstacles to achieving the sustainable and coordinated development of the benefits of agricultural land use.Finally,based on the analysis of the changes in the benefits and obstacles over time,socio-economic and ecological constraints were established,and the multi-objective linear programming method(MOLP)was used to determine the comprehensive benefits and optimal land use structure.The results indicate that:(1)The agricultural benefits were stably increasing from 0.20 in 1996 to 0.79 in 2016.(2)The economic benefit index is no longer the main obstacle,while the social benefit index,which includes components such as the food security index,has become the principal influencing factor.(3)The optimal land use structure and comprehensive benefits were presented by taking into consideration the economic development,environmental protection,and social needs.This study emphasizes economic development,but it also seeks coordinated development with comprehensive benefits.The results of the study could provide scientific recommendations for optimizing the agricultural land use spatial patterns and sustainable land use.

Ecological security pattern-based simulation for land use structure change:a case study in Ezhou City,China

The ecological environment quality is an important constraint and an optimization objective for land resource allocation.Integrating ecological service value(ESV)accounting and ecological security pattern(ESP)delineation,and combining with the land use structure of 2004/2010/2016 in Ezhou City,this research laid out the urban ESP based on ESV with Net Primary Productivity(NPP),and made it as the main influence factor to simulate land use structure in 2022.The results indicated that:1)The water body has the biggest contribution to ESV,while the construction land has the minimum;2)91 ecological corridors are extracted,of which 28 were important ecological corridors;there were 36 ecological nodes extracted,including 17 important nodes;3)According to ESV,Ezhou City was divided into four security zones.The area of ecological restoration zone was the largest,and human activity core zone area was the smallest;4)In the no ESP protection scenarios and ESP protection scenarios separately,the net increase area of construction land is from 868.5 hm^(2) to 52.74 hm^(2) in the ecological core protection area;the construction land in the human activity core area has been increased by 2342.31 hm^(2) in protected scene,766.23 hm^(2) more than that of the unprotected scene.The results show that the division of security zones promoted the relocation of construction land from ecological protection core zone to human activity core zone,which can protect the ecological environment effectively,and the ESP-based simulation can provide the decision-making reference to coordinate the relationship of regional land resource allocation and the ecological environment protection.

A MICROCOMPUTER ANALYTIC SYSTEM FOR CRYSTAL STRUCTURE USED IN CHEMICAL LABORATORIES

The program system described in this paper is a microcomputer analytic system for X-ray crystal structure used in chemical laboratories.The abbreviated name is NOMCSDP.NOMCSDP has been developed on the basis of NRCVAX and SHELXS-86.It is a software for X- ray crystal structure analysis of organic molecules,especially natural organic molecules(1-7).

Land Use Allocation Based on Interval Multi-objective Linear Programming Model: A Case Study of Pi County in Sichuan Province

Adjusting and optimizing land use structure is one of the essential approaches to solve the conflict between land supply and demand. In this study,an uncertain interval multi-objective linear programming model was established and applied to analyzing the suitability of land use structure in Pi County of Sichuan Province. An adjustment scheme for optimizing land use structure was proposed on the basis of development planning drawn up by the local government. The results are summarized as follows: 1) the optimal adjustment scope for cropland area ranges from 27 976.75 ha to 31 029.08 ha,and the current area is less than the lower limit of the scope; 2) the optimal adjustment scope for garden land area ranges from 4 736.49 ha to 12 967.11 ha,and the current area is less than the lower limit; 3) the optimal adjustment scope for construction land ranges from 7 761.95 ha to 10 393.18 ha,and the current area is greater than the upper limit; 4) the optimal adjustment scope for industry and mining land ranges from 557.29 ha to 693.54 ha,and the current area exceeds the upper limit; and 5) the areas of forest land,grassland and other agricultural land are within the optimal adjustment scope. In order to maximize comprehensive benefit with the limited resources and the demand of sustainable development,the areas of cropland and garden land are supposed to be expanded properly,while the construction land should be controlled and reduced gradually,and the forest land and other agricultural land can be maintained at the current level in short period.

Radiation Resistance of Fluorine-Implanted PNP Using Gated-Controlled Lateral PNP Transistor Structure

The radiation damage responses of ttuorinated and non-fluorinated lateral PNP transistors are studied with specially designed gated-controlled lateral PNP transistors that allow for the extraction of the oxide trapped charge （Not） and interface trap （Nit） densities. All the samples are exposed in the Co-60γ ray with the dose rate of 0.5 Gy（Si）/s. After the irradiation, the buildup of Not and Nit of the samples with total dose is investigated by the gate sweep test technique. The results show that the radiation resistance of fluorinated lateral PNP transistors is significantly enhanced compared with the non-fluorinated ones.

Graphene/Rh(111) Structure Studied Using In-Situ Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Scanning tunnel microscopy （STM） is performed to verify if an Rh ＇nails＇ structure is formed accompanying the graphene growing during chemical vapor deposition. A structure of a graphene island in an Rh vacancy island is used as the start. While the graphene island is removed by oxygenation, the variations of the Rh vacancy island are imaged with an in-situ high-temperature STM. By fitting with our model and calculations, we conclude that the best fit is obtained for 0% Rh, i.e., for the complete absence of nails below graphene on Rh（111）. That is, when graphene is formed on Rh（111）, the substrate remains fiat and does not develop a SUPPorting nail structure.

A Comparative Study of Dispersion Characteristics Determination of a Trapezoidally Corrugated Slow Wave Structure Using Different Techniques

The linear dispersion relation of a trapezoidally corrugated slow wave structure （TCSWS） is analyzed and presented. The size parameters of the TCSWS are chosen in such a way that they operate in the x-band frequency range. The dispersion relation is solved by utilizing the Rayleigh-Fourier method by expressing the radial function in terms of the Fourier series. A highly accurate synthetic technique is also applied to determine the complete dispersion characteristics from experimentally measured resonances （cold test）. Periodic structures resonate at specific frequencies when the terminals are shorted numerical calculation, synthetic technique and cold appropriately. The dispersion characteristics obtained from test are compared, and an excellent agreement is achieved.

CATALYTIC DEBROMINATION OF DIPHENYL BROMOMETHANE UNDER HETEROPHASE CONDITIONS USING POLYMERS WITH VIOLOGEN STRUCTURE

The debromination of diphenyl bromomethane (Ph_2CHBr) using polymers with viologen structure as electron--transfer catalyst (ETC) afforded tetraphenylethane in good yields under het- erophase conditions.

Mutual Conversion of Land Use between Urban and Rural Area in the Process of Urbanization: A Case Study of Shandong Province

Urbanization is one of the driving forces for the land use change in type and structure, and its prominent effect is to convert rural land to urban land. This paper takes Shan-dong Province as an example to analyze the current situation of the mutual conversion between the urban and rural areas from the aspects of the structure of land use, the decreasing tendency of the cultivated land, the changes of land use in urban and rural residential areas. It points out that cultivated land is converted to residential area land, industrial and/or mining area land. The relationship between the urban area land and the cultivated land is more direct; meanwhile, the changes of rural residential area lag behind obviously. The decrease of the cultivated land and the decline of soil quality will be the two difficult problems in the process of urbanization.