During 2003-2016, China experienced an unprecedented housing market imbalance. The present paper applies the user cost approach to conduct a systematic analysis of this important phenomenon, examines the policy factor...During 2003-2016, China experienced an unprecedented housing market imbalance. The present paper applies the user cost approach to conduct a systematic analysis of this important phenomenon, examines the policy factors behind the persistent housing market imbalance, and explores policy options to correct the housing market imbalance. We found that during most of 2003-2016, the user cost was significantly lower than 2 percent, caused by high income growth, rapid credit expansion and low interest rates, which led to the persistent housing market imbalance. Therefore, the government should control bank credit and introduce property taxes during the possession of houses.展开更多
Continuous changes in vehicle technology,road condition,traffic compositions initiate the change or updating of road users’cost models.So that it needs to practice a continuous revision or update periodically f...Continuous changes in vehicle technology,road condition,traffic compositions initiate the change or updating of road users’cost models.So that it needs to practice a continuous revision or update periodically for realistic estimation of costs and benefits.This paper presented the relationship and comparison between road users’cost along Addis Ababa-Adama newly constructed expressway using the Highway Development and Management(HDM-4)Software and manually using formulations developed in the Portuguese model.The method started with data collection.All input data were collected from primary and secondary sources.The primary data utilized an interview,and secondary data were sourced out from pertinent documents,both published and unpublished.More data were gathered that related to vehicles.The vehicles using the road are classified based on the manual from the Ethiopian Road Authority as cars,utilities,small bus,large bus,small truck,medium truck,heavy truck,and truck trailer.The collected data have been input into the HDM-4 interface;the output of the analysis was vehicle operating costs,travel time,and road users’cost as a summation.Using manual technique and HDM-4 Software,Birr 128.62/km/vehicle and Birr 139.23/km/vehicle,respectively,were found from road users’costs analysis.The result shows the difference of Birr 10.61.Also,the correlation coefficient of 0.75 is determined,which shows that the two results of road users’costs are highly related.As a result,the study reveals that the application of HDM-4 Software and the manual technique formulations from the Portuguese model can be adopted interchangeably to calculate Road Users’Cost of road sections in Ethiopia.Hence,the study results are expected to be an eye-opener for a future similar project by the concerned agencies.展开更多
This is a theoretical paper examining the effect of user fee on patients’ welfare and social welfare under three forms of provider reimbursements: full cost, prospective payment and cost sharing. The paper extends Ri...This is a theoretical paper examining the effect of user fee on patients’ welfare and social welfare under three forms of provider reimbursements: full cost, prospective payment and cost sharing. The paper extends Rickman and McGuire (1999) by introducing user fee to the public sector and maintaining the assumption that providers can work in both the private and public health sectors. Contrary to previous studies, this study shows that efficiency is possible under the full cost reimbursement. The paper also shows the conditions under which efficiency is possible under each reimbursement scheme. Patient’s welfare can improve with the introduction of user fee when services in the public and private sector are complementary.展开更多
文摘During 2003-2016, China experienced an unprecedented housing market imbalance. The present paper applies the user cost approach to conduct a systematic analysis of this important phenomenon, examines the policy factors behind the persistent housing market imbalance, and explores policy options to correct the housing market imbalance. We found that during most of 2003-2016, the user cost was significantly lower than 2 percent, caused by high income growth, rapid credit expansion and low interest rates, which led to the persistent housing market imbalance. Therefore, the government should control bank credit and introduce property taxes during the possession of houses.
文摘Continuous changes in vehicle technology,road condition,traffic compositions initiate the change or updating of road users’cost models.So that it needs to practice a continuous revision or update periodically for realistic estimation of costs and benefits.This paper presented the relationship and comparison between road users’cost along Addis Ababa-Adama newly constructed expressway using the Highway Development and Management(HDM-4)Software and manually using formulations developed in the Portuguese model.The method started with data collection.All input data were collected from primary and secondary sources.The primary data utilized an interview,and secondary data were sourced out from pertinent documents,both published and unpublished.More data were gathered that related to vehicles.The vehicles using the road are classified based on the manual from the Ethiopian Road Authority as cars,utilities,small bus,large bus,small truck,medium truck,heavy truck,and truck trailer.The collected data have been input into the HDM-4 interface;the output of the analysis was vehicle operating costs,travel time,and road users’cost as a summation.Using manual technique and HDM-4 Software,Birr 128.62/km/vehicle and Birr 139.23/km/vehicle,respectively,were found from road users’costs analysis.The result shows the difference of Birr 10.61.Also,the correlation coefficient of 0.75 is determined,which shows that the two results of road users’costs are highly related.As a result,the study reveals that the application of HDM-4 Software and the manual technique formulations from the Portuguese model can be adopted interchangeably to calculate Road Users’Cost of road sections in Ethiopia.Hence,the study results are expected to be an eye-opener for a future similar project by the concerned agencies.
文摘This is a theoretical paper examining the effect of user fee on patients’ welfare and social welfare under three forms of provider reimbursements: full cost, prospective payment and cost sharing. The paper extends Rickman and McGuire (1999) by introducing user fee to the public sector and maintaining the assumption that providers can work in both the private and public health sectors. Contrary to previous studies, this study shows that efficiency is possible under the full cost reimbursement. The paper also shows the conditions under which efficiency is possible under each reimbursement scheme. Patient’s welfare can improve with the introduction of user fee when services in the public and private sector are complementary.
