Vacuum-gap-based lumped element Josephson parametric amplifier

We propose a lumped element Josephson parametric amplifier with vacuum-gap-based capacitor.The capacitor is made of quasi-floating aluminum pad and on-chip ground.We take a fabrication process compatible with air-bridge technology,which makes our design adaptable for future on-chip integrated quantum computing system.Further engineering the input impedance,we obtain a gain above 20 dB over 162-MHz bandwidth,along with a quasi quantum-limit noise performance.This work should facilitate the development of quantum information processing and integrated superconducting circuit design.

Study of Distortion of a Vacuum Arc at a Long-Gap Distance

Experimental study of the long-gap distance vacuum arc distortion for three types of axial magnetic field （AMF） contacts, by using high-speed charge coupled device （CCD）, is presented. The arc current was of a half-cycle sine wave with a frequency of 50 Hz, produced by an L=C discharging circuit. The time of appearance and duration of vacuum arc distortion under three conditions were studied. It was found that the gap distance, current and diameter of the electrode affected the characteristics of vacuum distortion at a long-gap distance. Some characteristics of the vacuum arc at a long-gap distance were revealed and the experience and data for further investigation were provided.

Influence of Gap Distance on Vacuum Arc Characteristics of Cup Type AMF Electrode in Vacuum Interrupters

The greenhouse effect of SFe is a great concern today. The development of high voltage vacuum circuit breakers becomes more important. The vacuum circuit breaker has minimum pollution to the environment. The vacuum interrupter is the key part of a vacuum circuit breaker. The interrupting characteristics in vacuum and arc-controlling techniue are the main problems to be solved for a longer gap distance in developing high voltage vacuum interrupters. To understand the vacuum arc characteristics and provide effective technique to control vacuum arc in a long gap distance, the arc mode transition of a cup-type axial magnetic field electrode is observed by a high-speed charge coupled device （CGD） video camera under different gap distances while the arc voltage and arc current are recorded. The controlling ability of the axial magnetic field on vacuum arc obviously decreases when the gap distance is longer than 40 ram. The noise components and mean value of the arc voltage significantly increase. The effective method for controlling the vacuum arc characteristics is provided by long gap distances based on the test results. The test results can be used as a reference to develop high voltage and large capacity vacuum interrupters.

MAGNETIC SELF-PINCH OF THE ION BEAMS OF THE ELECTRIC BREAKDOWN IN A SHORT VACUUM GAP

Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION The vacuum is used extensively for the insulation of high voltages. It is expected to understand the process of vacuum breakdown, so as to improve the insulation qualities of the vacuum gap and prevent the unexpected accident. So far, there are several models, such as field electron emission model, microparticle model, to explain the processes of breakdown in the vacuum gap. These models have explained

Superconducting membrane mechanical oscillator based on vacuum-gap capacitor

Using the diluted S1813 UV photoresist as a sacrificial layer, we successfully fabricate a superconducting suspended parallel-plate capacitor, in which the top layer of aluminum film acts as a membrane mechanical resonator. Together with a superconducting octagonal spiral inductor, this parallel-plate capacitor constitutes a superconducting microwave resonator. At m K temperature, the transmission characteristic and spectrum of the microwave resonator are measured.Sideband frequencies caused by the vibration of the membrane mechanical resonator are clearly demonstrated. By downconverting with a mixer, the dependence of fundamental frequency and its harmonics on the input microwave power are clearly demonstrated, which is consistent with the numerical simulation.

The Discharge Development and Arc Modes in Vacuum at A Long Gap Distance in Vacuum Interrupters

The influence of an arc current on the discharge development and the arc modes of a single coil type axial magnetic field （AMF） electrode were investigated by a high-speed charge couple device （CCD） video camera in a long gap distance of 40 mm. The distribution of the axial magnetic field of the single coil type AMF electrode was computed. By computational results, the single coil type AMF electrode could generate higher axial magnetic flux density than the slot type AMF electrode. It was found that the single coil type AMF electrode could perform better than the slot type AMF electrode with the same designing parameters. And the development of the arc modes experienced diffuse mode, constricted but unstable mode, and constricted and stable mode with the amplitude of the arc current increasing. The correlation between the vacuum arc and the noise components of arc voltage was investigated too. The interruption capability could be known in a practical commercial vacuum interrupter by the test results in a demountable vacuum interrupter （DVC） with a electrode diameter of 50 mm and a gap distance of 40 mm.The test results could provide reference to design the high voltage vacuum interrupter adopting the single coil type AMF electrode.

2/3匝线圈式纵磁触头大开距真空断路器分闸速度设计

合理设计纵磁触头真空断路器的分闸速度特性,可有效避免大电流开断过程中真空电弧阳极斑点的形成或缩短阳极斑点持续时间,显著提升断路器短路电流开断性能。然而,现阶段仍然缺乏线圈式纵磁触头真空断路器全行程分闸速度特性的量化设计方法。该文试验研究了电弧电流、分闸速度对2/3匝线圈式纵磁触头大电流真空电弧阳极放电模式演变的影响规律,获得了不同分闸速度下线圈式纵磁触头阳极放电模式图,据此提出线圈式纵磁触头分闸速度的量化设计方法:初始分闸速度v1应不小于其从强电弧模式演变为扩散态电弧模式的临界触头开距峰值所对应的分闸速度;平均分闸速度v2应不大于大开距活跃阳极放电模式形成的临界触头开距峰值所对应的分闸速度;同时,对比实际开断过程中触头间隙磁感应强度与阳极放电模式演变的临界纵向磁感应强度,可校验上述分闸速度特性设计的合理性,并能预测该纵磁触头以任一分闸速度开断任一短路电流时的阳极放电模式演变特性。应用上述方法,该文确定了126 kV单断口真空断路器的分闸速度特性设计值为v1=3.5 m/s、v2=3.0 m/s,并通过型式试验验证了断路器在上述分闸速度特性下的短路电流开断性能。

基于图像信息熵与多元变分模态分解的电缆局放信号去噪方法

局部放电(PD)检测是评估交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆绝缘状态的主要手段。针对电缆终端与中间接头局部放电现场检测时存在白噪声、周期性窄带干扰,以及去噪过程中自适应性较弱的问题,该文提出了一种基于图像信息熵与新型自适应多元变分模态分解的去噪方法。首先,对信号进行多元变分模态分解,重组信号并转换成灰度图像,进而计算图像一维信息熵。在考虑算法执行效率的同时,将Pearson相关系数与图像信息熵优化算法的模态参数相结合。其次,通过计算各本征模态分量的峭度来判定其主导分量的性质特征,利用峭度对噪声敏感的特性区分PD特征信息与噪声干扰分量,进而对噪声干扰分量进行3σ准则滤波。最后,通过新型改进小波阈值算法得到去噪信号。利用该方法对PD信号进行去噪,并与基于Spearman的变分模态分解(S-VMD)法、自适应集合经验模态分解(NAEEMD)法、短时傅里叶变换-奇异值分解(STFTSVD)法进行对比分析。结果表明,该方法对现场PD信号具有良好的抑噪性能,且耗时少、执行效率高、工程应用价值高。

基于两间隙异步联动的一体化高压真空灭弧室电场设计

输电等级真空灭弧室是迫切需要解决的行业级难题,为克服单断口真空灭弧室绝缘瓶颈和多断口串联结构复杂等问题,该文提出了一种基于两间隙异步联动的一体化高压真空灭弧室结构,该结构采用辅间隙与主间隙串联异步联动,辅间隙协助主间隙绝缘和灭弧,有望实现252kV及以上电压等级真空灭弧室的工程应用。建立了两间隙异步联动的一体化高压真空灭弧室电场仿真模型,分析了进出线方向、主辅间隙、屏蔽罩等对电场强度和电压分布关系的影响规律,并研究了屏蔽罩结构和环形陶瓷分压电容器等分压措施对电场提升的效果。研究表明:静端盖为出线端、动端盖为进线端时,主间隙开距为60 mm、辅助间隙开距为30 mm可以满足分压关系按照开距大小分布,最大电场强度相比于长间隙开距60 mm时降低27.3%。外部并联环形陶瓷分压电容器可以满足双向分断的要求,进线端在静端盖时外部并联环形陶瓷分压电容器灭弧室相较于未并联电容的灭弧室最大电场强度降低30%左右,初步说明了基于两间隙异步联动的一体化高压真空灭弧室结构的可行性和有效性,研究可为高电压等级真空灭弧室研制提供新思路和新方法。

基于有限元法的主断路器断口缺陷分析

为减小产品尺寸,机车车辆主断路器断口间常采用灌封硅凝胶来改善绝缘性能。当灌封胶与灭弧室外壳及外支撑绝缘子间的粘接出现问题时,两个复合界面上将出现缺陷,形成由空气填充的气隙缝。文章针对该现象,预估气隙缝位置及大小并建立仿真模型,计算峰值为138 kV的标准操作过电压(250/2500µs)下该模型电场强度的数值大小和电场分布,着重分析了气隙缝周围的电场畸变。仿真结果表明:灭弧室瓷壳表面较外支撑绝缘子内表面气隙缝的电场强度大,畸变更严重。

Generation characteristics of a metal ion plasma jet in vacuum discharge

To improve the performance of a metal ion plasma jet in vacuum discharge, an anode-insulated cone-cylinder electrode with insulating sleeve is proposed in this paper. Discharge characteristics and generation characteristics of plasma of the electrode are investigated, effects of diameter of insulating sleeve, variety of cathode material and length of the insulating sleeve on characteristics of metal ion plasma jet are discussed. Results indicate that a directional and steady plasma jet is formed by using the novel electrode with insulating sleeve under high vacuum conditions. Moreover, the properties of metal ion plasma jet are improved by using the aluminum cathode and thin and long insulating sleeve. The study provides strong support for research of vacuum metal ion plasma thruster and ion implantation technology.

横磁触头真空电弧起始运动的临界触头开距实验研究

起始桥柱状真空电弧运动的临界开距是对应于横磁触头大电流真空电弧运动模式演变的标志性物理量,对横磁触头真空断路器大电流开断性能具有重要影响。本文的研究目标是实验研究横磁触头开槽方式、燃弧时间和电弧电流等因素对横磁触头起始桥柱状真空电弧运动临界开距的影响规律。研究结果显示在燃弧时间0 ms~10 ms、电流有效值5 kA~31.5 kA的实验条件下,3种结构的横磁触头的起始桥柱状电弧有越靠近电流峰值起弧,停滞时间越长的趋势。直角槽型卐字形横磁触头(CuCr40)、螺旋槽型横磁触头(CuCr25)和曲线槽型卐字形横磁触头(CuCr50)的电弧运动临界开距分别在0.96,1.1 mm和1.7 mm有概率最大值点。相关研究结果对横磁触头大电流真空电弧的发展和演变特性的理解提供基础。

掺杂吸收剂对激光烧蚀GAP推进性能的影响

对激光烧蚀微推力器而言,聚合物靶材的激光烧蚀推进性能至关重要。为了研究掺杂剂对靶材推进性能的影响,寻找优化靶材性能的方法,以含能聚合物聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAP)作为烧蚀靶材,以纳米碳粉和红外染料作为掺杂剂,采用高精度扭摆、能量计和高倍显微镜测量的方法,以冲量耦合系数、比冲和能量转化效率参数作为量化指标,改变聚合物的掺杂浓度、靶材厚度以及激光入射方式,对掺杂不同吸收剂后的GAP的推进性能进行了研究。结果表明:纳米碳粉以局部热区的形式加速聚合物的气化分解,推进性能受掺杂浓度的影响较小;掺杂纳米碳粉的GAP表现为面吸收特性,随着靶材厚度增加,喷射产物的气化程度降低,聚合物推进性能下降;较薄的掺杂纳米碳粉的GAP的等离子体阈值低,表现出高比冲和高能量转化效率,其中能量转化效率最优值接近300%,适合作为透射式激光烧蚀微推力器的烧蚀靶材。红外染料对1064nm波长的激光具有较好的吸收性能,掺杂红外染料使GAP对激光能量的吸收增强,化学能释放更充分;聚合物的推进性能对红外染料的掺杂浓度十分敏感,在掺杂浓度为5%时性能表现优秀;不同浓度红外染料掺杂下GAP的烧蚀深度不同,当靶材的厚度与烧蚀深度相近时,GAP的推进性能表现最好。

Investigation on X-Radiation for 126 kV Vacuum Interrupters

When subjected to high voltages between opened contacts, vacuum interrupters may emit X-rays. In order to ensure that these are of an acceptable level, vacuum interrupters should comply with the limits for X-ray emission and the test procedures to be carried out to verify this based on relevant standards and specifications. In this paper, a comprehensive experimental study has been performed for 126 kV vacuum interrupters used in a transmission system to understand the X-radiation level and its influence by three main parameters, namely applied power-frequency voltage, contact gap and power=frequency voltage conditioning. The radiation instrument is an FJ347 radiometer and the X-radiation dose was measured at the power-frequency test voltage. These tests demonstrated that the X-radiation emission level for a 126 kV vacuum interrupter did not exceed the following： 5 μSv per hour at a rated voltage of 126 kV and 150 μSv per hour at a power-frequency voltage of 230 kV at 1 m distance. The X-radiation dose increased with the applied power-frequency voltage increasing and decreased with the contact gap increasing. The X- radiation dose for 126 kV vacuum interrupters decreased by 57% after the conditioning procedure with a certain power-frequency voltage. During the conditioning procedure, the average value of the X-radiation dose was 4.49 mSv, which means if a professional conditions 180 interrupters per year, it will be safe at the 6.4 m distance.

数十厘米长间隙真空绝缘研究进展

综述了西北核技术研究所在微秒数十厘米长间隙真空绝缘领域的研究进展,包括:总结了数十厘米间隙下同轴电极真空绝缘阈值的经验公式,发现真空击穿电场强度同时受电极间隙和电极面积两个因素影响,并存在经验公式;总结了电极间隙为4 mm~4 m时,平板电极真空绝缘阈值的经验公式;总结了脉冲宽度为1 ns~1 ms时,真空绝缘阈值随脉冲宽度变化的经验公式;总结了长间隙真空击穿的物理机制,发现粒子碰撞理论更适合解释长间隙条件下的真空击穿现象;给出了几种常见的可提高真空绝缘阈值的方法,包括粗糙度合适和研磨,及在首次放电电压与微放电电压之间的老炼。

三间隙激光触发真空开关触发特性研究

激光触发真空开关在脉冲功率系统中有较好的应用前景,该文设计一种多级激光触发真空开关,由一个激光触发间隙与两个对称的冰壶形电极串联而成,并基于可拆卸真空腔体搭建了激光触发多级真空开关的实验平台。实验研究了不同激光能量、不同工作电压、不同分压比条件下,开关的触发时延特性。实验结果表明,多级开关的触发时延不仅与外部的激光能量以及触发电压有关,也与3个间隙之间的分压比有关。随着激光能量和工作电压的增大,开关的导通时延和抖动随之减小。在相同的外部条件下,通过3个间隙之间合适的工作参数配合,可以获得更加优化的时延特性。当激光能量为30 mJ,工作电压为30 kV时,分压比为4∶1∶1的三间隙激光触发多级真空开关触发时延低至(167±3.7)ns。

平板触头小开距中频真空电弧特性研究

为验证小开距平板真空触头在航空变频(360~800Hz)电力系统中作为保护电器应用的可行性,该文选择触头直径为20mm、触头材料为Cu-W-WC合金的真空灭弧室,在3mm开距条件下进行电弧特性实验,并基于磁流体理论,建立中频真空电弧的多物理场耦合仿真模型。研究结果表明:平板触头内的小开距中频真空电弧,燃弧能量低、对触头表面烧蚀轻,开断失败时未形成阳极斑点;大电流模式下,电流的自身磁场可使对称的柱状电弧合并,峰值时形成扩散态中频真空电弧;在360~800Hz范围内,随电流频率增加,小开距平板触头的开断能力略有下降,开断能力大于12.4kA,满足航空变频电力系统的保护需求。

压膜保持器对种植单冠近中邻间隙的影响及患者接受度调查

目的:探讨压膜保持器对后牙区种植单冠近中邻间隙的影响,并对患者接受度进行调查。方法:纳入后牙区种植单冠修复患者167例,牙冠平均戴用时间2.41年。以金属咬合纸和测力计评估邻间隙大小,对出现近中邻间隙及食物嵌塞的30例牙冠重新修复,嘱患者夜间戴用压膜保持器并每半年复查,随访到与第一次修复后相同的时间,比较未戴用与戴用压膜保持器时的种植单冠近中邻间隙大小,种植体周围指数与天然牙牙周指数,调查167例患者对压膜保持器的接受程度。结果:夜间戴用压膜保持器平均2.41年,30例种植单冠近中邻间隙明显小于未戴用压膜保持器时(P<0.05),食物嵌塞情况有所缓解。佩戴压膜保持器时种植体周围指数(PD,mSBI)优于食物嵌塞时(P<0.05),天然牙牙周指数(PD,BI)较佩戴前无明显变化。有夜磨牙或食物嵌塞的患者对压膜保持器接受度优于其他组别(P<0.05)。结论:夜间佩戴压膜保持器可能有助于减小种植单冠近中邻间隙,缓解食物嵌塞。对有夜磨牙或曾因邻间隙反复食物嵌塞的患者可有针对性地推荐使用。

基于SF_6替代气体的高压混合断路器开断特性

为研究基于SF_6替代气体的高压混合断路器的开断特性,搭建了气体间隙与真空间隙串联的混合断路器实验样机,向气体间隙分别充入SF_6气体与CO_2气体。基于合成回路,实验对比两种混合断路器的开断性能差异,分析气体灭弧介质对混合断路器开断性能的影响,讨论影响CO_2气体间隙开断能力的主要因素。实验结果表明:合理的开断控制策略下,真空间隙可为气体间隙提供约100μs的介质强度恢复时间,但受限于旋弧灭弧室中CO_2气体较慢的介质强度恢复速度,相较于SF_6气体间隙,CO_2气体间隙难以配合真空间隙获得理想的开断效果;CO_2气体间隙充气压力自0.6 MPa增大至0.8 MPa对其开断能力提升有限;电流过零后500μs,0.8 MPa的CO_2气体间隙耐压水平仅为8 k V。建议结合CO_2气体自身特性优化气体灭弧室结构,提升其开断能力,为发展基于CO_2气体的大容量混合断路器奠定基础。

真空开关电弧图像面积变化研究

真空电弧在燃烧过程中的形态变化对真空开关的开断性能有着重要的影响。为了实现对真空开关电弧形态燃烧过程的定量分析,提出了真空开关电弧图像面积概念,并对影响电弧面积变化的真空间隙、电压、磁场三因素进行了实验研究分析。结果表明:①真空间隙越大,电弧面积分布区域越广,减轻了电弧对触头表面的烧蚀;②开断容量越大,电弧的面积分布区域越大,同时对电弧表面的烧蚀越严重;③纵磁场的存在使电弧在真空间隙中分布更加均匀,有利于提高真空开关的开断能力。