STUDY ON CONCENTRATING SULFURIC ACID SOLUTION BY VACUUM MEMBRANE DISTILLATION

Concentrating sulfuric acid solution by vacuum membrane distillation with flat PEFE membrane is explored. The effects of sulfuric acid concentration, temperature of the feed, the vacuum degree of the vacuum side on the flux of membrane distillation and the separation efficiency of acid are investigated. The results illustrate that the flux of the membrane distillation increases with the rise of feed temperature and the vacuum degree of the vacuum side, but it decreases with the rise of the sulfuric acid concentration of the feed. The separation efficiency of acid is correlated with the flux of membrane distillation; the separation efficiency of the acid can amount to 100% in the process, when operative conditions are properly controlled. It can also been obtained from the experiment that, compared with other methods of membrane distillation, the vacuum membrane distillation can obtain greater distillation flux.

Study on the Removal of MIBK from Aqueous Solution by Vacuum Membrane Distillation

Methyl isobutyl ketone(MIBK) is widely used as extraction agent in hydrometallurgy. As it has a definite solubility in water, so when using MIBK as extraction agent, there will be MIBK in stripping solutions inevitably, which not only pollutes working conditions, but also affects the quality of ultimate product. In order to remove MIBK from aqueous solutions, the means of flat vacuum membrane distillation(VMD) is studied in the paper. The area of the membrane used in the study is 0.02 m 2, the initial volume of feed is 2 L, each experiment was conducted over a time period of 60 120 min. The influences of the factors such as temperature(34.8 55.0 ℃); pressure in the permeate side(10.67 14.67 kPa) and feed flow rate(27.8 69.4 mL/s) were experimentally studied. Increasing the temperature or reducing the pressure in the permeate side results in a faster removal of MIBK; however there is a decrease in removal factor β , increasing the feed flow rate results in a faster removal of MIBK and an increase of removal factor β , especially in the range of lower flow rate. The study indicates that the aim of MIBK removal and recycle from dilute aqueous solutions can be achieved by VMD.

Hydrochloric acid recovery from rare earth chloride solutions by vacuum membrane distillation

The possibility of the recovery of hydrochloric acid from rare earth （RE） chloride solutions was first experimentally studied by batch vacuum membrane distillation （VMD）. The recovery by continuous VMD was also studied to devise methods that enabled the operation of VMD setup in a stable condition as well as to increase the membrane-operating life The results indicated that HCl separation with RE by VMD was possible, and the recovery ratio of 80% could be achieved by batch VMD. In continuous VMD, when the temperature of circular solutions, circular rate, and downstream pressure was 62-63℃, 5.4 cm/s, and 9.33 kPa, respectively, the HCl concentration in circular solutions and the processing capacity per membrane area were obtained. The mathematical results were in accordance with the experimental ones.

Removal of aqueous phenol compound by vacuum membrane distillation

The effects of feed temperature and pH value on the removal of aqueous phenol wastewater by vacuum membrane distillation process are studied by experiments employing micro porous membranes of poly vinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and ploy tetrafluoro ethylene (PTFE) with nominal average pore sizes 0.22 mm and 0.20 mm, respectively. It is found that the optimal feed temperature for PVDF membrane is 50 ℃; and for PTFE membrane, 60 ℃. The pH value of the feed has little influence on the membrane fluxes and ion rejection ratios, while it influenced considerably on the selectivity. Increase of pH value of the feed is conducive to the increase of selectivity. In the same experimental conditions, PTFE membrane shows better separation performance than PVDF membrane does.

Hydrochloric Acid Recovery from Rare Earth Chloride Solutions by Vacuum Membrane Distillation (1) Study on the Possibility

The equilibrium between the gas-liquid phases of the system of HCl-RECl_3-H_2O was analyzed,and the possibility of hydrochloric acid recovery from rare earth chloride solutions by vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) was experimentally studied in the laboratory scale. The results indicate that increasing initial concentrations of both hydrochloric acid and rare earth increase recovery ratio of hydrochloric acid,and recovery ratio of 80% can be achieved. Concentrated multiple of rare earth shows great influence on recovery ratio,leakage ratio of rare earth is less than 2% generally,and pure acid can be acquired in the permeate side. The two factors,namely flux and leakage ratio,which may determine the future use of VMD were also discussed.

Removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol from wasterwater by vacuum membrane distillation using hydrophobic PPESK hollow hiber membrane

2,4-Dichlorophenol was removed from wasterwater using a new hydrophobic poly（phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone） （PPESK） hollow fiber membrane by vacuum membrane distillation （VMD）.

Superhydrophobic modification of ceramic membranes for vacuum membrane distillation

The hydrophobically modi fied ceramic membranes have great potential for energy-ef ficient membrane distillation.In this work,flat-sheet ceramic membranes with a superhydrophobic surface were fabricated by grafting 1H,1H,2H,2H-per fluorooctyltrichlorosilane or 1H,1H,2H,2H-per fluorodecyltriethoxysilane and followed by ultraviolet irradiation.The surface water contact angle was improved from 46° of original ceramic membrane to 159°,which exhibited a stable and excellent superhydrophobic effect.The modi fied membranes showed a high flux of 27.28 kg·m^(-2)·h^(-1) and simultaneously maintained an excellent retention rate of 99.99%,when used in vacuum membrane distillation process for treatment of a 1 wt% NaCl(75 °C) aqueous solution.These results suggested that superhydrophobic modi fication of ceramic surface is a facile and cost-effective way to achieve higher membrane distillation performance.The superhydrophobically-modi fied ceramic membrane with an excellent desalination capacity would show considerable potential in practical membrane distillation utilizations.

Innovative hydrophobic/hydrophilic perfluoropolyether(PFPE)/polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)composite membrane for vacuum membrane distillation

Though membrane distillation(MD)has gained more and more attention in the field of desalination,the wetting phenomenon was still a non-negligible problem.In this work,a method combined dip-coating and UV in situ polymerization for preparing hydrophobic/hydrophilic perfluoropolyether(PFPE)/polyvinylidene fluoride composite membranes.This composite membrane consisted of a top thin hydrophobic coating layer and hydrophilic substrate membrane.In terms of anti-wetting properties,contact angle and liquid entry pressure of all composite membranes(except for those based on 0.45μm)exceeded 160°and 0.3 MPa,respectively.In particular,the desalination performance was tested in vacuum membrane distillation tests by feeding 3.5%(mass)saline solution(NaCl)at 60℃.The composite membranes with larger support pore size and lower PFPE content had higher membrane distillation flux.And for stability tests(testing the 0.22μm membrane coated by 5%(mass)PFPE),the highest MD flux29.08 kg·m^(-2)·h^(-1) and stable salt rejection(over 99.99%)during the period.Except that,the effects of coating material concentration and pore sizes of substrate membrane were also investigated for surface morphology and topography,porosity,mechanical strength and pore size characteristics.This work provided a simple and effective alternative to prepare excellent hydrophobic composite membranes for MD applications.

Hydrochloric Acid Recovery from Rare Earth Chloride Solutions by Continuous Vacuum Membrane Distillation

The hydrochloric acid recovery from rare earth chloride solutions by continuous vacuum membrane distillation was first experimentally studied, then material balance of the process was calculated, and the equations which mathematically stimulate the process were lastly achieved. The results indicate a given RE concentration in circular solutions means its constant HCl concentration during the continuous VMD process, furthermore, increasing RE concentration in feed solutions increases the processing capacity per membrane of the experimental set-up. When keeping constant RE concentration in feed solutions, increasing RE concentration in circular solutions decreases its HCl concentration, and HCl recovery ratio increases accordingly, however, processing capacity per membrane of the experimental set-up decreases at the same time. The mathematical results are in accordance with experimental results.

Simultaneous recovery of phosphorus and nitrogen from liquid digestate by vacuum membrane distillation with permeate fractional condensation

A vacuum membrane distillation(VMD)process with permeate fractional condensation on membrane downstream has been developed for simultaneous recovery of phosphorus and nitrogen from liquid digestate.The polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)membrane flux could reach 6000 g·m-2·h-1 with the rejection efficiency of total phosphorus(TP)over 0.99,under the condition of flowrate being 120 L·h-1 and temperature being 40°C.Membrane fouling occurred with a film of organics and microorganism deposited on the surface of the membrane.Membrane flux could be reversed after the membrane was rinsed by water.Higher feed temperature and flowrate could improve the membrane flux,while hardly affect the rejection efficiency of total phosphorus.The concentration of TP could reach 1600 mg·L-1 after membrane distillation,which is about 5 times of that in initial liquid digestate.On the downstream of the membrane,some of the permeate vapor was condensed under the vacuum condition and most of water was collected here.The remaining vapor enriched with total nitrogen(TN)was compressed and pumped to the atmospheric condition to condense.The TN concentration in atmospheric condensate was as high as 7000 mg·L-1 with the process separation factor for ammonia being enhanced to 114.

PVDF中空纤维膜组件特性参数对淡化浓盐水VMD性能的影响

研究聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜组件性能参数(高径比、装填封率)对淡化浓盐水真空膜蒸馏(VMD)性能的影响,获得适用于淡化浓盐水VMD过程膜组件制备的优化参数.小试实验研究了膜组件高径比为分别为25∶2、15∶1、35∶2、20∶1、45∶2及装填封率分别为1%、5%、10%条件下的淡化浓盐水真空膜蒸馏性能.在真空膜蒸馏中试试验中,研究膜组件高径比分别为10∶3、70∶9、10∶1,装填封率分别为7.11%、9.48%、14.22%条件下的膜蒸馏性能.结果表明,在同等条件下高径比或装填封率越小时,膜蒸馏的渗透通量越大.淡化浓盐水VMD过程产品水脱盐率均在99.9%以上.

VMD处理反渗透浓水操作参数及水质评价

利用VMD进行了处理反渗透(RO)浓水的试验研究,考察了VMD过程中操作参数对产水量的影响,并利用离子色谱仪与气相色谱-质谱联用仪对RO浓水与VMD产水中所含阳离子与有机物进行了进一步分析。试验结果表明,VMD产水量均随着冷侧真空度、料液线速度以及料液温度的升高而增大,但增长趋势各不相同;VMD除对NH4+截留率相对较低外,对于其它阳离子的截留率均达到99.9%以上;VMD对RO浓水的TOC截留率可达86.4%,其产水中主要含有低分子量有机物。

PP/POE中空纤维膜的制备及其VMD应用研究

选用乙烯-辛烯共聚物(POE)作为聚丙烯(PP)共混增韧改性材料,通过热致相分离法制备PP/POE中空纤维膜,研究POE含量对膜性能的影响.结果表明,POE最佳添加量为15%,共混膜的水接触角提高8.5%,平均孔径提高32.26%,真空膜蒸馏(VMD)通量从8.36kg/(m^2·h)增加到12.60kg/(m^2·h),提高了50.72%;膜的拉伸强度提高了12.82%,最大伸长率提高了51.90%.

太阳能真空膜蒸馏和肥料汲取液正渗透处理反渗透浓水的节能性和经济性分析

针对太阳能真空膜蒸馏(Solar vacuum membrane distillation,SVMD)和肥料汲取液正渗透(Fertilizer draw forward osmosis,FDFO)系统处理反渗透(Reverse osmosis,RO)浓水的试验研究较多,而对其能耗和经济性分析的较少.通过对试验规模和工业规模条件下2种系统的膜通量、能耗和成本进行对比分析,结果表明,在试验规模条件下,将RO浓水浓缩4倍,无辅助热源SVMD系统的膜通量为2.46 kg/(m^(2)·h),比能耗为110.6 kWh/m^(3),单位水生产成本为96.6元/m^(3);有辅助热源SVMD系统的膜通量为3.75 kg/(m^(2)·h),比能耗为230.7 kWh/m^(3),单位产水成本为13.4元/m^(3);FDFO系统的膜通量为3.62 kg/(m^(2)·h),比能耗为20.44 kWh/m^(3),单位产水成本为26.8元/m^(3).在工业化规模条件下,设计产水量均为240 m^(3)/d时,SVMD系统比能耗为12.8 kWh/m^(3),单位产水成本为10.8元/m^(3);FDFO系统比能耗为12 kWh/m^(3),单位产水成本为9.38元/m^(3).可见生产规模越大,不同系统的产水成本越小,差别也越小.

蒸汽诱导法辅助相转化法制备疏水PDMS-PVDF微孔膜及其结构性能研究

采用蒸汽诱导法辅助浸没沉淀相转换法制备了硅橡胶-聚偏氟乙烯(PDMS-PVDF)疏水微孔膜并用于真空膜蒸馏NaCl水溶液,通过衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、接触角测试仪对微孔膜的形貌结构和表面接触角进行表征和测试,研究了相对湿度对微孔膜结构和性能的影响。结果表明:随着相对湿度的增加,微孔膜表面接触角逐渐增加,孔隙率提高,平均孔径为(31±2)nm;截留率均达到99.9%以上,渗透通量先增加后降低;相对湿度为70%时制备的微孔膜渗透通量可达5.2kg/(m^(2)·h)。

双疏膜膜蒸馏处理含有机溶剂废水的研究

采用内置双疏膜的真空膜蒸馏工艺处理N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物(NMMO)溶液、乙醇溶液、喷漆废水和气田采出水四种含有机溶剂的水溶液,考察双疏膜处理含有机溶剂废水的可行性.实验结果表明,双疏膜可用于NMMO溶液和气田采出水的浓缩.实验过程中,NMMO溶液质量分数由25.0%提高到46.0%,截留率高于99.9%;浓缩后的气田采出水COD高于15 000 mg/L,盐和有机物的截留率分别为99.8%和95%.19%乙醇溶液的产水中乙醇质量分数最高可达28.1%,始终高于浓水中的乙醇浓度,因此由于乙醇具有高挥发性,无法对其溶液进行浓缩;工业喷漆废水中有机溶剂2-丁氧基乙醇具有很强的表面活性剂功能,导致双疏膜被迅速浸润.本研究为双疏膜用于膜蒸馏技术浓缩有机溶剂废水提供了方向指导和实验支撑.

机械蒸汽再压缩耦合中空纤维真空膜蒸馏系统试验

为了解决工业废水处理过程中分离效率低、运行能耗高的问题,设计搭建了一套新型的机械蒸汽再压缩(MVR)耦合中空纤维真空膜蒸馏系统,考察了耦合系统的运行特性,并开展了不同进料条件及长时间运行下系统对氯化铵溶液蒸发的试验研究。结果表明,当进料液氯化铵质量分数、进料液温度、进料液流量和真空侧压力分别为5%、75℃、10 m^(3)/h和24 kPa时,产水速率和产水电导率基本稳定在45.9 kg/h和11.9μS/cm,分离效率为99.9%,单位加热能耗(SHEC)为118.5 kW·h/t。随着进料液氯化铵质量分数的增加,产水速率减小,SHEC增加;而随着进料液温度和进料液流量增加,产水速率增加,SHEC减小。经过240 h运行试验,膜污染并未明显影响产水水质,但降低了产水速率,经膜清洗后,产水速率可恢复至原来的96.1%,该系统能够高效分离氯化铵溶液,回收能源,应用前景非常广阔。

中空纤维真空膜蒸馏处理硫酸废液试验研究

为了解决工业硫酸废液处理过程中分离效率低、运行稳定性差的问题,设计搭建了一种基于聚四氟乙烯中空纤维的真空膜蒸馏浓缩回收系统,并开展了不同工况下蒸发浓缩硫酸溶液试验,研究了操作参数对系统产水特性的影响。结果表明:随着进料溶液硫酸质量分数和真空侧压力增加,膜通量减小;而随着进料温度和进料流量增加,膜通量增加;另外,在进料溶液硫酸质量分数2%,进料温度80℃,进料流速1.0 m/s的工况下连续运行10 d,膜通量略有减小,冷凝水电导率波动范围为11~13μS/cm,远低于自来水电导率(200μS/cm),系统的分离效率为99.9%。中空纤维真空膜蒸馏浓缩回收系统具有良好的运行稳定性,能够实现对硫酸废液的高纯分离,应用前景非常广阔。

减压膜蒸馏分离含Cr(VI)水溶液的实验研究

采用标称孔径为 0 .2 2 μm的聚偏氟乙烯微孔膜 ,对减压膜蒸馏法分离Cr(VI)水溶液进行了实验研究 ,探讨了进料浓度和pH值对膜分离性能的影响 .得到的最佳工艺条件为 :冷侧真空度 0 .0 96MPa、进料温度 6 0℃、进料流速 6 0L/h .在该工艺条件下膜具有良好的分离性能 ,此时 ,膜通量为 34.52kg/ (m2 ·h) ,截留率为 99.2 5% .结果表明 ,Cr(VI)水溶液经减压膜蒸馏技术处理后 ,能达到 0 .5mg/L的国家Cr(VI)控制浓度排放标准 .

PVDF疏水中空纤维膜的膜蒸馏含盐废水处理性能研究

利用新型高通量聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)中空纤维疏水膜,对石化企业废水经反渗透(RO)处理的浓排水进行减压膜蒸馏(VMD)处理实验。研究了RO浓排水流速、温度和冷侧真空度对VMD过程中PVDF膜性能的影响,考察了PVDF膜在VMD法RO浓水浓缩过程中的性能变化。结果表明,原液流速对膜性能无明显影响;原液温度或冷侧真空度提高都会使膜的产水通量明显上升,而产水电导保持稳定。在冷侧真空度为-0.095MPa、原液温度70℃、流速0.66m/s的条件下,经15.2h实验,将RO浓排水浓缩20倍,膜的产水通量从25.8L/(m2.h)降低至11.8L/(m2.h),产水电导低于4μS/cm,脱盐率高于99.99%,产水CODCr值约30mg/L。经过5次浓缩实验后,PVDF膜的通量和产水电导均保持稳定。