Preparation of nanometer δ- and β-bismuth trioxide by vacuum vapor-phase oxidation

A stable δ- and β-bismuth trioxide was prepared at room temperature by vacuum vapor-phase oxidation. The average crystal size of products was 14.6 nm (by XRD), the d(0.5) value was in the range from 62 nm to 69 nm, and geometric standard deviation(GSD) was from 1.42 to 1.64. The results show that δ-Bi2O3 is formed when quenching rates is rapid and β-Bi2O3 is formed when it is slow. The size of grains increases with rising reaction temperature, flow rate of carrier gas, residual pressure of system and longer growing time of grains.

The Wigner function and phase properties of superposition of two coherent states with the vacuum state

This paper discusses some statistical properties of the superposition of two coherent states with a vacuum state, such as sub-Poissonian photon statistics and negativity of the Wigner function. Phase probability distribution and phase variance are calculated. Special cases of the constructed superposition states are presented. The results show that depending on the vacuum state coefficient γ and the coherent state coefficient a, it can generate a variety of nonclassical states.

GLOBAL EXISTENCE OF CLASSICAL SOLUTION FOR A VISCOUS LIQUID-GAS TWO-PHASE MODEL WITH MASS-DEPENDENT VISCOSITY AND VACUUM

In this work, we obtain the global existence and uniqueness of classical solu-tions to a viscous liquid-gas two-phase model with mass-dependent viscosity and vacuum in one dimension, where the initial vacuum is allowed. We get the upper and lower bounds of gas and liquid masses n and m by the continuity methods which we use to study the compressible Navier-Stokes equations.

Quantum phase distribution and the number-phase Wigner function of the generalized squeezed vacuum states associated with solvable quantum systems

The quantum phase properties of the generalized squeezed vacuum states associated with solvable quantum systems are studied by using the Pegg-Barnett formalism.Then,two nonclassical features,i.e.,squeezing in the number and phase operators,as well as the number-phase Wigner function of the generalized squeezed states are investigated.Due to some actual physical situations,the present approach is applied to two classes of generalized squeezed states：solvable quantum systems with discrete spectra and nonlinear squeezed states with particular nonlinear functions.Finally,the time evolution of the nonclassical properties of the considered systems has been numerically investigated.

Phase Property of Weakly Squeezed Vacuum State and Analyses of Phase Diffusion in Optical Attenuater

In this paper, the phase property of weakly squeezed vacuum state is studied using the definitionof the phase by Pegg. We use the phase states to analyze. phase evolution in optical attenuater. The resultingdiffusion of the phase probability distribution is compared with that obtained in conventional

The Dynamic Volt-Ampere Characteristics of a Vacuum Arc at Intermediate-Frequency Under a Transverse Magnetic Field

In this study, the changes of a vacuum arc＇s appearance were observed and the volt-ampere characteristics of the vacuum arc at intermediate frequency were analyzed under a transverse magnetic field （TMF）. The TMF and phase shift time were calculated by using the TMF contact model and the large phase shift of the magnetic field at a higher frequency was conductive to the dispersion process of residual plasma. The arc velocity was higher at 800 Hz than at 400 Hz. It can be inferred that TMF will encourage arc movement at 800 Hz. Moreover, the arc movement has an impact on the arc voltage. Because of the increasing length of the arc column with a high arc velocity, the elongated arc causes the arc voltage to increase. Specifically, the volt-ampere characteristics of the vacuum arc are divided into three stages in this paper. The higher the frequency, the greater the initial rate of rise in the arc voltage and the larger the area surrounded by arc volt-ampere characteristics. The correlations between the arc voltage and the amplitude and frequency of the current are also presented.

Study on the formation of intermetallic phases in the new type of Zn-Mg coatings on steel sheets

Zn-Mg alloy coatings were obtained by physical vapor deposition （PVD） on electroplated steel sheets. Study on the formation of intermetallic phases in the coatings was conducted through the use of X-ray diffraction （XRD） ,scanning electron microscope （SEM） and glow discharge optical emission spectrometry （GDOES）. It is found that MgZn2 is the main Zn-Mg alloy phase formed after heat treatment. The formation of Mg-Zn intermetallic phases is controlled not only by thermodynamics, but also by kinetics. MgZn2 has different morphologies, such as laminar structure,porous structure and floc-like structure,which are mainly determined by the annealing temperature. Obvious diffusion of Mg starts at 350 ℃, and the diffusion of iron increases significantly when the temperature is elevated to 380℃.

Phase transformation of fully lamellar γ-TiAl alloys in α+γ field

The isothermal phase transformation mechanisms in Ti 46.5Al 2Cr 1.5Nb 1V alloy were studied. The microstructures of the alloy annealed at 1 260 ℃ for different times (2 h, 4 h, 10 h) were observed by using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. When the annealing time is up to 10 h, the primitive large lamellar grains (more than 600 μm) transform to small lamellar domains (about 50 μm). The small lamellar domains formed from one primitive grain have four kinds of fixed orientations and each orientation has a fixed angle. The lamellar spacing and composition of the small lamellar domains are different from those of the primitive lamellar grains.

First Observation of Acceleration of Electrons by a Laser in a Vacuum

Using the BNL Accelerator Test Facility we have shown that a tightly focused laser on a vacuum can accelerate an electron beam in free space. The electron beam had energy of 20 MeV and the CO2 laser had energy of about 3 Joule. In the readout of the experiment we detect a clear effect for the laser beam off and on. The size of the effect is about 20% and is reproducible over many laser and beam shots. This is a proof of principle and the data are fully consistent with the CAS theory. The results of this experiment may have an impact on the LASER fusion method.

Experimental Investigation of Loop Heat Pipe with Two Evaporators/Two Condensers under Thermal Vacuum Condition

Multiple loop heat pipe is a high-functional thermal transport device. This work was conducted to confirm the working performance of Multiple loop heat pipe under thermal vacuum ambience with the working fluid ammonia. Asmall multiple loop heat pipe with two evaporators and two ra- diators was designed and fabricated. Then thermal vacuum test was conducted. The heaters were fasten on both evaporators, both radiators, both compensation chambers. In the case that both evaporators were heated, the multiple loop heat pipe can transport 120/120 W for 1.5 m, in the case that only one evaporator was heated, evaporator 1 can transport 80 W for 1.5 m, while eva- porator 2 can transport 120 W for 1.5 m. Two flow regulators were installed near the confluence of liquid line to prevent uncondensed vapor penetrating into returning liquid when the tempera- ture difference exists between two radiators. In the case that the heat load at both evaporators were 40/40 W and one radiator was heated, the flow regulator1 can tolerate the 160 W of heat load which was supplied to radiator1 while the flow regulator2 can tolerate the 100 W of heat load which was supplied to radiator2. To demonstrate the multiple loop heat pipe’s startup behavior at lowheat load, each of the compensation chamber was preheated to change the initial distribution of liquid and vapor in the evaporator and compensation chamber, in the result, each evaporator can start up at 5W through preheating.

真空羽流中相变过程DSMC仿真方法研究

真空燃气羽流快速膨胀过程中,其中的H_(2)O和CO_(2)等组元容易发生凝结相变现象.为了研究真空羽流中水蒸气的相变产物冰晶对羽流红外信号、侵蚀等污染效应的影响,开展羽流中相变过程的数值模拟方法研究.基于稀薄两相羽流双向耦合DSMC方法,采用经典成核理论和液滴生长理论,建立了真空羽流的相变过程的数值仿真方法.对水蒸气在拉法尔喷管中自凝结试验的仿真.通过与试验结果的对比,对经典成核理论进行了修正,对成核率给出了10^(3)的修正因子,可以得到与试验符合的仿真结果,表明对成核理论修正后,可以应用到稀薄流动的数值模拟中.对某发动机真空羽流相变流场的仿真,在核心区得到与CFD相近的结果.仿真结果表明,在羽流流场中,由于相变,存在较多的冰晶颗粒,在计算条件下,羽流核心区冰晶数密度最大达到10^(15) m^(-3)的量级,冰晶直径在约10^(-8) m的量级.在真空环境下,随着羽流向倒流区无限制膨胀,倒流区流场内也会出现一定数量的冰晶颗粒,数密度从10^(7)~10^(10)m^(-3)的量级,直径在5.0×10^(-10)m的量级.颗粒在空间的数密度、尺寸等分布与气相分布存在差异,需要开展相关污染效应的影响研究.

Deformation Nano-Mechanisms Occurring on the Interface of Dissimilar Materials Joined in Solid Phase by Means of High Temperature Rolling

Nano-mechanisms of crystal lattice deformation on the interface of dissimilar materials (Cu-Nb), joined by vacuum rolling in solid phase under high temperature (950℃) were studied by means of high resolution electron microscopy. Input of carriers of rotation modes—nano-dipoles of partial disclinations and nano-twist disclinations in the form of double spirals in deformation mechanisms were analyzed. The role of these mechanisms in decrease of shear stability of the interface areas and in production of high-quality rolled metal is discussed.

Interfacial Microstructure and Properties of Ti(C, N)/Ni Bonded by Transient Liquid-phase Diffusion

Effects of the main process parameters（temperature and time） on microstructure and properties of Ti（C, N）/Ni interface bonded by （Cu＋Nb） interlayer in a vacuum diffusion bonding device were investigated. The interfacial microstructures consisted initially of Ni3Nb metallic compound and eutectic of Ni3Nb ＋ CuNiss, and finally transformed to （Ti, Nb） （C, N）＋Ni3Nb near Ti （C, N） and NiCuss ＋ Ni3Nb near Ni when diffusion bonding temperature was 1 523-1 573 K. It was clear that Cu was a constituent in the transient liquid phase （TLP） into which Ni was dissolved by forming Cu-Ni transition liquid. Nb was dissolved in Cu-Ni transition liquid rapidly. Ti （C, N） conld be wetted by resultant Ni-Nb-Cu transient liquid phase which was followed by a little （Ti, Nb） （C, N） solid solution formed at interface. This increased the interface combining capability. Ultimately the interface shear strength was able to reach 140 MPa. The theoretle analysis and experimental results show that the growth of interfacial reaction layer Ni3Nb accords with parabola law, and the activation energy of diffusion reaction is 115.0±0.5 kJ/mol, while the diffusion reaction speed constant is 12.53 mm/s^1/2.

Wave Processes and Mass Transfer on the Copper-Stainless Steel Interface under Solid Phase Bonding by High-Temperature Rolling

The paper presents the study of hierarchy of deformation wave-processes from nano- to macro-structural level, which takes place in dissimilar materials, bonded by high-temperature vacuum rolling in solid phase. The focus was on the processes that occur on the interface of the bonded materials: mass trasfer of impurities and alloying elements stimulated by deformation, the study of nano- and micro-hardness.

Al、Ti、V和Cr促进高熵合金BCC相形成能力的研究

定量研究了Al、Ti、V和Cr促进CoFeMnNi基高熵合金形成BCC相的添加量,结合元素周期表分析了相关规律。使用真空熔炼炉炼制了CoFeMnNi基高熵合金,使用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计分析了合金的组织结构和硬度。结果表明,CoFeMnNi合金为单一FCC相结构,Al、Ti、V和Cr四种元素单独添加到合金中出现BCC相的添加量分别是0.6、0.6、1和2 mol;促进BCC相形成能力的顺序是Al>Ti>V>Cr;对于元素周期表第4周期的过渡族元素,序号小于25的元素是BCC形成元素,序号越小越有利于在高熵合金中形成BCC相。当合金有BCC相形成时,合金的硬度升高;随BCC相的增加,硬度增加,合金脆性变大。合金含钛2 mol后,合金抗腐蚀能力提升明显,即使在王水腐蚀120 s仍然没有明显的腐蚀痕迹。

Intermetallic Getters Reactants for Vacuum Applications

The present work continues a series of publications devoted to the study of the sorption properties of reactive alloys based on IIA metals and the development of advanced getter materials for gas and vacuum technologies. This publication attempts to answer the current challenges in the field of gas sorption associated with the emergence of new vacuum products such as vacuum insulated glasses, electronic systems, cryogenic devices, etc. An analysis of the problems that arise here, as well as the results of sorption measurements, carried out with the participation of intermetallic phases of the composition CaLi2 and Ca0.33Li0.48Mg0.19, show that the best getter support for these new hermetically sealed products can be provided by intermetallic compounds formed in systems Li-IIA metals. Intermetallic phases of this family are easy to manufacture and demonstrate outstanding service characteristics: their specific sorption capacity is recorded high, exceeding traditional gas sorbents in this respect by at least an order of magnitude;the kinetics of gas capturing is set at the stage of alloy production, i.e., is adjustable;the temporary resistance of these phases to atmospheric gases allows to install the getter at its workplace in air, without further thermal activation. The sorption superiority of reactive intermetallics is explained by their special sorption mechanism: the gas/metal interaction is formed here as a combination of two processes, continuous growth of reaction products on a metallic surface and corrosion decay of brittle intermetallic phase under mechanical forces, which feeds the chemical reaction with a fresh surface. The advantages of sorption processes of this new type are undoubted and significant: compared with the conventional sorbents, an intermetallic getter reactant solves two important problems;it reduces production costs and increases the sorption yield.

Multilayer polarization elements and their applications to polarimetric studies in vacuum ultraviolet and soft X-ray regions

Multilayer polarization elements and their applications to polarimetric studies in 20～400 eV region are mainly reviewed. General principle of selecting material combinations to get high linear polarizance multilayers of reflection type is given with practical examples,with periodic or non-periodic layer structures depending on the usage. Transmission type is introduced as linear polarizer and phase shifter. Their applications include polarization diagnosis of laboratory optical systems and synchrotron radiation beamlines of linear and circular polarization,magnetic rotation experiments such as Faraday rotation and magnetic Kerr rotation on magnetic films and multilayers,and ellipsometry to measure optical constants of thin films precisely. Polarization analysis of soft X-ray fluorescence using multilayer-coated grating is also mentioned. Finally this review is summarized with outlook of further developments.

废锌基脱硫剂与铜锌基催化剂协同真空碳热提取锌

针对废锌基脱硫剂及铜锌基催化剂中金属提取工艺流程长、污染物产生量大的问题,提出了利用真空碳热还原方法将两种物料中铜和锌实现高效、清洁协同分离利用的技术思路。在对废脱硫剂、铜锌基催化剂化学成分及主要物相检测的基础上进行了真空碳热协同提取分离铜和锌的实验研究,通过调整加热温度、保温时间、配料比等获得了较优的锌挥发工艺条件,并深入分析了工艺机理。研究结果表明,以ZnS为主要物相的废脱硫剂和以CuO和ZnO为主要物相的废铜锌基催化剂协同在真空碳热还原时可有效地将两种物料中的锌充分还原挥发。铜锌基催化剂、脱硫剂及碳以C∶(ZnO+CuO)=1∶1 (摩尔比)、CuO∶ZnS=2∶1 (摩尔比)的配料组成混合物料,加热至1100℃保温60min,锌的还原挥发率可达到99.56%,还原渣中铜品位可达到59.46%,还原渣中铜主要为Cu_(1.96)S,可作为冰铜吹炼原料使用。

高真空激光等离子体的同步移相干涉诊断及仿真

为了解决在高真空环境下,等离子体膨胀迅速、外围羽流引起的条纹偏移小、单幅干涉条纹图难以检出的问题,采用同步移相干涉测试技术得到了1.333×10-4 Pa和1.333×10-3 Pa真空度下激光诱导铝等离子体电子密度分布;同时采用2维轴对称流体动力学模型,对高真空环境下激光诱导等离子体的膨胀过程进行了数值仿真,得到了电子密度的2维分布,并分析了数值仿真结果存在偏差的原因及改进方法。结果表明,等离子体的中心电子密度在50 ns时下降至1.4×1020 cm-3;数值仿真结果与实验结果吻合较好,验证了模型的正确性。该研究为高真空下激光等离子体的研究提供了一定的参考。

NiCoCrAlYTa粘结层与镍基高温合金基体的界面高温互扩散行为

采用真空等离子体喷涂技术(vacuum plasma spraying,VPS)在镍基高温合金GH3128基体表面沉积NiCoCrAlYTa粘结层,并在1100℃进行不同时间的热处理。采用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)、能谱仪(energy dispersive spectrometer,EDS)等分析NiCoCrAlYTa粘结层与GH3128高温合金界面元素的互扩散行为。结果表明,在热处理过程中,互扩散区(interdiffusion zone,IDZ)和二次反应区(secondary reaction zone,SRZ)的厚度随着热处理时间延长而增大,且在SRZ中明显观察到拓扑密堆(topological close-packed,TCP)相晶粒的生长。Al、Ta、Co元素由NiCoCrAlYTa粘结层向GH3128高温合金扩散,Ni、W、Mo元素由GH3128高温合金向NiCoCrAlYTa粘结层扩散。依据EDS检测的粘结层/基体界面处元素成分,计算出上述元素在界面处的扩散系数,掌握了各元素在高温热处理过程中的扩散速率,揭示了VPS制备的NiCoCrAlYTa粘结层与GH3128高温合金界面处元素在高温下的互扩散规律。