Industrial Poverty Alleviation Model in Deep Poverty-stricken Villages in the Dry-hot Valley of Jinsha River: A Case Study of Poverty Alleviation in the Green Prickleyash Planting Industry in Laopingzi Village,Luquan County

Industrial poverty alleviation is the core of poverty alleviation in rural areas of China,and it is the fundamental way for the rural poor to achieve stable income and poverty alleviation. Laopingzi Village,Jiaopingdu Town,Luquan County,Kunming County,Yunnan Province,located in the dry-hot valley area of Jinsha River,has become a typical deep poverty-stricken village due to its special natural conditions.In recent years,in the battle to win the fight against poverty,the people of Laopingzi Village have achieved a virtuous cycle of the ecological environment and an access to get rid of poverty and get rich through vigorously developing green prickleyash planting industry. By the end of 2018,the incidence of poverty in Laopingzi Village Committee dropped from 45. 62% in 2014 to 1. 11%,and the green prickleyash planting industry had achieved remarkable results in poverty alleviation. This article summarizes the specific practices of developing the green prickleyash planting industry in the village,analyzes the main results and successful experiences of the mode and discusses the inspiration of the implementation of green prickleyash cultivation on industrial poverty alleviation,so as to provide an effective practical example for the development and poverty alleviation of poverty-stricken areas.

REGIONAL DIFFERENCES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHANGJIANG RIVER VALLEY

Unbalanced development in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Valley is so obvious that it can be divided into three grades. The east including Shanghai municipality, Jiangsu and Zheyang provinces enjoys its advance prestige; the middle including Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan and Sichuan provinces occupies the second position; and the wet including Guizhou, Yunnan, Qinghai provinces and the Xizang (Tibet) Autonomous Region remains backward. The differences of the three grades are shown in the following aspects: (1) economic strength including gross national product (GNP), gross output value of industry and agriculture etc, inclines to the east; (2) the total social output valed per capita, the output value of agriculture and industry per capita are lowerand lower from the lower reaches to the upper arches; (3) the proportions of output value of industry to total output value of industry and agriculture, light industry to total industry, rural industry to agriculture, etc. are gradually reduced from the east to the west; (4) the ratio of farming labour employment to the total labour employment of society in the east is much lower than that of the middle and upper reaches; (5) the living standard in the lower reaches is much higher than that of the middle and upper reaches.

ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN THE JINSHA RIVER VALLEY

Monthly mean surface air temperatures and precipitation at 20 meteorological stations in the Jinsha River Valley(JRV) of southwest China were analyzed for temporal-spatial variation patterns during the period 1961-2010.The magnitude of a trend was estimated using Sen's Nonparametric Estimator of Slope approach.The statistical significance of a trend was assessed by the MK test.The results showed that mean annual air temperature has been increasing by 0.08℃/decade during the past 50 years as a whole.The climate change trend in air temperature was more significant in the winter(0.13℃/decade) than in the summer(0.03℃/decade).Annual precipitation tended to increase slightly thereafter and the increasing was mainly during the crop-growing season.Both the greatest variation of the annual mean temperature and annual precipitation were observed at the dry-hot valley area of middle reaches.Significant warming rates were found in the upper reaches whereas the dry-hot basins of middle reaches experienced a cooling trend during the past decades.Despite of the overall increasing in precipitation,more obvious upward-trends were found in the dry-hot basins of middle reaches whereas the upper reaches had a drought trend during the past decades.

Analysis of the Land Use Structure in Alpine Valley Area of Jinsha River:Taking Xueshan Township,Luquan County,Yunnan Province as an Example

Oriented by ecological,production and living functions of land,this paper analyzes the status of land use in Xueshan Township,Luquan County,Yunnan Province using the method of assignment.The land is classified into general production land,production and ecological land,general living land,living and production land,living and ecological land,general ecological land and ecological and production land.The result is compared with the classification system of the second national land survey.In theory,the classification system of ecological land,living land and production land is constructed.Taking Xueshan Township,Luquan County,a typical alpine valley area of Jinsha River as an example,based on the survey data on the changes of land use in Xueshan Township in Luquan County in 2016,this paper analyzes the distribution of ecological land,living land and production land in Xueshan Township.The results show that in Xueshan Township,ecological land(including general ecological land and ecological and production land)has the largest proportion(54.84%)in area,followed by production land(including general production land and production and ecological land)(44.41%),and living land(including general living land and living and production land)has the lowest proportion(only 0.75%).In overall,the distribution of production land and ecological land in Xueshan Township is not reasonable enough.For example,the proportion of dry land with a slope bigger than 15°and serious oil erosion in the township is currently 79.23%,among which,the dry land with a slope bigger than 25°and particularly serious soil erosion accounts for 52.88%.Therefore,it is necessary to gradually take measures to convert cultivated land into forests and further optimize the structure and spatial configuration of ecological land,living land and production land.

IMPACT OF WATER ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS IN DRY-HOT VALLEY OF JINSHA RIVER ON SOIL DESERTIFICATION

Based on the field investigation and the analysis of soil moisture curve, it is clearly shown that there is a positive relationship between vegetation coverage rate and soil moisture capacity and soil depth in dry hot valley of the Jinsha River, and also there is a desertification process with seasonality. It is suggested that the basic factor of desertification in the area is water deficiency (seasonal drought and low soil water capacity) and the direct dynamic of desertification is soil erosion. Some effective countermeasures are presented, of which water saving planting and irrigation techniques should be firstly applied in the studied area.

Land Suitability Evaluation of Zanthoxylum schinifolium in Dry and Hot Valley of Jinsha River: A Case Study of Jiaopingdu Town of Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County,Yunnan Province

According to the recent practice in Laopingzi Village,Jiaopingdu Town,Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County(Luquan County hereinafter)in dry and hot valley of Jinsha River,the development of Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb.et Zucc planting industry can help farmers gradually get rid of poverty and achieve a virtuous cycle of ecological environment.It is a sustainable poverty alleviation way.Based on the three aspects of soil properties,climatic conditions,and topographical conditions influencing the growth of Z.schinifolium,this paper selected eight evaluation factors to establish a suitability evaluation system for Z.schinifolium,used the analytic hierarchy process to determine the indicator,and determined the weight of the evaluation indicators.Besides,it calculated the comprehensive suitability index of land suitability of Z.schinifolium and evaluated the suitability of Z.schinifolium land in Jiaopingdu Town of Luquan County.The results showed that the suitable area for the cultivation of Z.schinifolium in Jiaopingdu Town reached 7270.78 ha,accounting for 88.69%of the study area;the area of unsuitable land was 922.07 ha,accounting for 11.31%of the study area.Among the suitable land areas,the high suitability area reached562.99 ha,accounting for 7.79%;the moderate suitability area was 2206.76 ha,accounting for 28.61%;the low suitability area was4599.03 ha,accounting for 63.6%.Based on the results of suitability evaluation,it came up with pertinent recommendations for the development of Z.schinifolium industry in Jiaopingdu Town.

Hydraulic Energy Development of Changjiang Valley in First 5 Decades of 21st Century

The Changjiang River Valley is rich in hydraulic energy resources. A rough estimation of the technically developable volume and the economically developable volume for the Changjiang River Valley was drawn out on the basis of new data. According to the estimation, the developable water energy resources of the whole valley is 257 627.60 MW with an annual energy output of 1 195.142 billion kW·h - respectively amounting to 120.6% and 116.3% of the General Investigation result in 1980. The proportion of economically developable volume in the technically developable volume ranges the medium level in the world. According to the 3-step plan for the national economic and social development, the economic situation of our country will come up to the standard of medium-developed countries in the mid of the 21st century. Calculation reports from related departments show that the national electric power requirement in the Year 2050 will be 6 200 billion kW·h (basic scheme) ～11 600 billion kW·h (ideal scheme) while the electric power requirement of the South-west, Central and East areas of the nation within the Changjiang River Valley will amount to 44% ～ 50 %. In order to satisfy the electric power requirement of the national economic and social development, the development and utilization of the hydraulic energy in the Changjiang River Valley should be speeded up by stressing its strategic position and taking effective measures. The structure of the electric energy components of the three areas will be improved with the increasing proportion of the hydroelectricity. The hydroelectricity should be mainly developed in the South-west area; both the hydroelectric and fossil-fired power should be developed in the Central China; the fossil-fired power should be mainly developed in the combination of hydropower while nuclear power will be properly developed in the East China. In the Year 2050, the development of the economically developable hydraulic energy in the whole valley will be basically completed and the proportion of the hydropower in the electric energy components will be 40%.

Emergy Analysis of Sustainability of Eco-economic System in Sichuan's Baisha River Valley

Using emergy analysis method,I conduct quantitative analysis of social,economic and natural systems in Sichuan's Baisha River valley during the period 2002-2006,through the establishment of indicators.I compare the emergy of Baisha River valley,with that of Xinjiang's Manas River valley and Sichuan Province,and evaluate the sustainable development conditions in Baisha River valley,in order to provide corresponding reference for the development and utilization of Baisha River valley in the future.The results show that from the perspective of emergy input of economic system,Baisha River valley is a typical ecological and economic zone with rich resources to be developed;in terms of the development of natural conditions and utilization of ecological resources,the resource utilization intensity of Baisha River valley is weak and the environmental loading ratio there is low,thus the level of emergy yield needs to be improved;the system of Baisha River valley has enormous capacity for sustainable development and good potential for development.

Formation mechanism and development pattern of aeolian sand landform in Yarlung Zangbo River valley

Aeolian sand landforms in the Yarlung Zangbo River valley can be divided into 4 classes and 21 types. The river valley has favourable environment conditions for the development of aeolian sand landforms. Simulation of MM4 mid-scale climate model showed that the near-surface flow field and wind vector field during the winter half year in the river valley are generally favourable for the aeolian sand deposition and as a whole they also affect the distribution mneu and sites of aeolian sand landforms. Sand dunes and sand dune grouup in the river valley developed mainly in three ways, namely windward retarding deposition, leeward back flow deposition and bend circumfluence deposition. Through alternating positive-reverse processes of sand dune formation under wind actions and sand dune vanishing under water actions, sand dunes developed fmm primary zone thmugh main-body zone then to vanishing zone where climbing dunes and falling dunes are declining and are even disappearing.

Evaluation of Mountain Land Ecological Security Based on DPSIR Model and Entropy Weight Method

In the Report of the 19 th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,it stated that we must put the ecological safety and green development in the first place.To achieve rural revitalization,ecological livability is the most important factor.Taking Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County(national level poor county)in Jinsha River valley of Yunnan Province as an example,using DPSIR(drivers,pressures,states,impacts,responses)model,this paper established an evaluation indicator system.Besides,using the entropy method,it determined the indicator weight.In addition,it evaluated the land ecological security of Luquan County since the implementation of targeted poverty alleviation policy(2013-2017)using multi-factor comprehensive evaluation method.This study shows that Luquan County has improved its ecological security in the past five years.The ecological status has gone through four stages,from sensitive state to severe state to critical safety to excellent ecology,and the value of the comprehensive index of land ecological security shows a rising trend.Through analyzing the ecological security value of each criterion hierarchy,it obtained the main factors affecting the ecological security of Luquan County.On this basis,it came up with feasible measures and recommendations for studying the ecological security of land in the region,so as to guide the rational use of land and sustainable economic development,provide a reference for the implementation of rural revitalization strategies,and promote the construction of regional ecological civilization.

金沙江中游干流鱼类资源现状及梯级开发对其产生的影响分析

在梳理金沙江中游水电开发现状的基础上,于2021年12月(枯水期)、2022年3-4月(平水期)、2022年7-8月(丰水期)对金沙江中游的鱼类资源进行了调查分析,以评估金沙江中游水电梯级开发对鱼类的影响。结果显示,调查共计采集鱼类47种,隶属于3目9科34属,其中8种国家二级重点保护种、14种外来物种。金沙江中游干流可分为梨园-龙开口河段与鲁地拉-观音岩和金沙-银江河段3组,鱼类群落结构差异显著(P<0.05),梨园、阿海、金安桥、龙开口河段鱼类组成以土著亲流型鱼类为主,优势种为细鳞裂腹鱼(Schizothorax chongi)、短须裂腹鱼(Schizothorax wangchiachii)等裂腹鱼科鱼类及圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti);鲁地拉、观音岩河段鱼类组成以土著亲流型鱼类与外来广适型鱼类为主,优势种为鲫(Carassius auratus auratus)、?(Hemiculter leucisculus)、短须裂腹鱼;金沙、银江河段鱼类组成以为静水、广适型的外来小型鱼类为主,优势种为麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)、高体鳑鲏(Rhodeus sinensis)。与历史资料相比,金沙江中游鱼类存在小型化及高原区系转变为平原区系趋势。研究补充了金沙江中游鱼类资源现状的基础数据,并提出保护建议,以期为该江段鱼类资源管理与保护提供科学依据。

柑橘产业在库区生态保护和乡村振兴中的作用研究——以金沙江下游水电站库区的云南省永善县为例

在乡村振兴大背景下,面对金沙江下游水电站库区面临的生态保护和乡村振兴两大挑战,以金沙江下游溪洛渡、向家坝水电站库区的云南省永善县为例,分析了库区柑橘产业发展优势,阐明了柑橘产业对库区生态保护和乡村振兴具有双重作用,指出了发展中存在的问题,并提出了对策建议,以期为进一步做大做强整个金沙江下游库区柑橘产业,助力乡村振兴提供参考。

金沙江上游沙东滑坡发育特征与堵江溃决预测分析

沙东滑坡位于金沙江结合带内,复活变形迹象明显,极可能形成滑坡-堵江-洪水灾害链,严重威胁沿线重大工程建设、交通设施以及人民生命财产安全。采用多源遥感动态监测、工程地质调查、数值模拟等方法,分析滑坡的复活变形特征,探讨滑坡堵江溃决的危险性。结果表明:沙东滑坡为巨型滑坡,体积约23045×10^(4) m^(3),目前处于蠕滑变形阶段,2018—2023年存在持续变形,滑坡变形区主要集中在斜坡前缘,下游侧变形比上游侧强烈。沙东滑坡沿基覆界面滑动,表现为牵引式渐进破坏,在稳定性分析的基础上,建立了3种潜在失稳模式:①天然工况下,C3次级滑体前缘失稳,滑坡持续过程约35 s,滑体最大速度达30 m/s,堵江堰塞坝高度约90 m,堰塞湖库容约1.62×10^(8) m^(3),堰塞坝溃决后拉哇电站坝址处最大洪水流量约3535 m^(3)/s,最大洪峰高度约14 m;②暴雨工况下,Ⅱ-2区失稳,堵江堰塞坝高度约133 m,堰塞湖库容约4.10×10^(8) m^(3),堰塞坝溃决后拉哇电站坝址处最大洪水流量约11315 m^(3)/s,最大洪峰高度约31 m;③暴雨+地震工况下,Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2区同时失稳,堵江堰塞坝高度约153 m,堰塞湖库容约5.66×10^(8) m^(3),堰塞坝溃决后拉哇电站坝址处最大洪水流量约19960 m^(3)/s,最大洪峰高度约45 m。沙东滑坡堵江风险高、致灾性强,建议采用天-空-地-内一体化的手段进行持续监测,研究滑坡的预警阈值,精准管控重大地质灾害风险。

基于Vortex模型分析金沙江水电开发对圆口铜鱼种群生存力的影响

圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti)是长江上游特有鱼类,研究金沙江梯级水电开发背景下圆口铜鱼种群生存力变化对该物种的保护具有重要意义。Vortex模型在传统种群评估方法的基础上,引入种群年龄结构、繁殖体制、性比等因素,并考虑了环境、灾害、遗传等随机性对种群的影响,可模拟种群数量和生存力变化特征,是一种应用广泛的种群生存力分析模型。基于1981—2021年金沙江圆口铜鱼资源调查数据,采用Vortex模型构建了金沙江中下游干流大规模水电开发前、后两个时期圆口铜鱼种群生存力分析模型,考虑了水电开发下,水温、流速等环境变化对圆口铜鱼种群的影响,对比了两个时期圆口铜鱼种群数量、结构及生存力等。结果表明:水电开发前,严重过度捕捞对圆口铜鱼种群产生了显著威胁,10年内种群数量下降了12.5%,百年内种群内禀增长率为0.085,种群的生存和繁殖能力较稳定,灭绝概率为1%;水电开发后,10年内种群数量下降了42%,百年内种群内禀增长率降至-0.087,灭绝概率增大至36.1%,种群平均灭绝时间为83.7年,圆口铜鱼抵抗环境干扰的种群恢复能力降低,种群生存力受到影响。

发挥金沙江干热河谷资源优势,努力培育精品咖啡产业

根据咖啡产业发展趋势及市场前景分析,论述金沙江干热河谷发展精品咖啡的优势、机遇及产业作用,提出发展金沙江干热河谷精品咖啡产业的基本思路及建议。

云南丽江地区大具盆地早更新世金沙江砾石层的发现及其意义

报道了云南大具盆地北部金沙江下渡口西岸的2层早更新世金沙江砾石层,它们分别位于盆地底部的冲、洪积砾石层的底部。该砾石层的砾石分选与磨圆很好,局部被钙质胶结,成分复杂,大部分为本地所无,表明其应为金沙江长距离搬运而来。该砾石层的钙质胶结物和钙质砂层2个样品的ESR年龄测定结果分别为1950±230kaBP和1770±160kaBP,属早更新世。对比其上游四川德格含下更新统汪布顶组哺乳动物群的金沙江第五级阶地砾石层和下游四川攀枝花金沙江沿岸伏于中、晚上新世湖相沉积昔格达组之下的分选与磨圆良好、成分复杂的河流相砾石层,表明在早更新世甚至上新世时期,金沙江已经贯通。

金沙江干热河谷典型区生态安全问题探析

金沙江干热河谷典型区的生态安全问题与西部大开发中金沙江流域及长江中下游地区工农业可持续发展息息相关。初步调查研究了金沙江干热河谷典型区元谋段生态安全现状,指出区域内自然环境条件恶劣、植被退化与破坏严重、不良耕作与过度放牧、生态安全意识薄弱、生产力低下和经济落后等是威胁区域内生态安全的主要因素,进而提出建立金沙江干热河谷区生态安全体系的基本措施。

玉龙山西麓更新世冰川作用及其与金沙江河谷发育的关系

在玉龙山东麓更新世冰川作用研究的基础上,对其西麓和金沙江河谷中的古冰川与冰水沉积物的分布和特征进行了调查。结合ESR测年,划分出4次冰期,即0.7～0.6MaB.P.的玉龙冰期,0.53～0.45MaB.P.的干海子冰期,0.31～0.13MaB.P.的丽江冰期和晚更新世中晚期的大理冰期,其中玉龙冰期为规模较大的山麓冰川,丽江和大理冰期为山谷冰川,干海子冰期则为山麓冰川与山谷冰川的过渡类型。来自玉龙山西坡的玉龙冰期冰碛物充填于现今金沙江谷底的事实和大具金沙江下渡口西岸早更新世金沙江砾石层的发现表明,金沙江在早更新世早期即已存在,也说明了在该段金沙江河谷中多处发现的湖相沉积物是冰川沉积堰塞河谷而成石鼓古湖的结果。在该段金沙江河谷中仅发现拔河50m左右以内的4级河流阶地,且往往以这些湖相沉积为基座的现象,则是石鼓古湖被外泄后金沙江现代河谷形成的结果。

滇西北丽江地区石鼓古湖的发现及其在现代金沙江河谷发育中的意义

在云南石鼓"长江第一湾"附近河段两岸发现了10多处典型的第四纪湖相沉积物露头,它们构成了金沙江第二、三、四级阶地的基座。热释光(TL)和U系法年龄测定及磁性地层学研究结果表明,该套湖相沉积物中上部的时代属于243.3～88.0kaBP的中更新世晚期至晚更新世早期,上覆的第四级阶地沉积物的年龄为88.0～80.9kaBP。湖相沉积物的粒度、地球化学和粘土矿物分析结果表明,其沉积环境有由温湿向湿热转化的趋势。根据对玉龙雪山更新世冰川作用的研究,石鼓古湖最初应是玉龙雪山西麓中更新世早期玉龙冰期冰碛物堰塞金沙江河谷而成的,中更新世晚期丽江冰期的冰水沉积物进一步加以堰塞,直至8万多年前被金沙江侵蚀而再次贯通。

金沙江“长江第一湾”段河谷地貌、沉积与发育

“长江第一湾”位于青藏高原东南边缘及其向云贵高原过渡的边缘地带，金沙江在该区深深切割了青藏高原东南边缘。按照河谷地貌与沉积特征，其宗—大具段金沙江可划分为其宗—下落鱼段、虎跳峡段和大具盆地段。详细描述了各河段的地貌与第四纪沉积特征，并根据同位素年龄等数据讨论了河流沉积物、湖相沉积物及冰川与冰水沉积物，特别是河谷中厚达150~250m的埋藏沉积物的成因与形成时代。在此基础上，讨论了研究区及邻区自中新世以来的金沙江河谷发育与青藏高原隆升问题。