Loose deposits, rainfall and topography are three key factors that triggering debris flows.However, few studies have investigated the effects of loose deposits on the whole debris flow process.On June 28, 2012, a cata...Loose deposits, rainfall and topography are three key factors that triggering debris flows.However, few studies have investigated the effects of loose deposits on the whole debris flow process.On June 28, 2012, a catastrophic debris flow occurred in the Aizi Valley, resulting in 40 deaths.The Aizi Valley is located in the Lower Jinsha River,southwestern Sichuan Province, China. The Aizi Valley debris flow has been selected as a case for addressing loose deposits effects on the whole debris flow process through remote sensing, field investigation and field experiments. Remote sensing interpretation and laboratory experiments were used to obtain the distribution and characteristics of the loose deposits, respectively. A field experiment was conducted to explore the mechanics of slope debris flows, and another field investigation was conducted to obtain the processes of debris flow formation, movement and amplification. The results showed that loose deposits preparation, slope debris flow initiation,gully debris flow confluence and valley debris flow amplification were dominated by the loose deposits.Antecedent droughts and earthquake activities may have increased the potential for loose soil sources in the Aizi Valley, which laid the foundation for debris flow formation. Slope debris flow initiated under rainfall, and the increase in the water content as well as the pore water pressure of the loose deposits were the key factors affecting slope failure. The nine gully debris flows converged in the valley, and the peak discharge was amplified 3.3 times due to a blockage and outburst caused by a large boulder. The results may help in predicting and assessing regional debris flows in dry-hot and seismic-prone areas based on loose deposits, especially considering large boulders.展开更多
Natural dams are formed when landslides are triggered by heavy rainfall during extreme weather events in the mountainous areas of Taiwan.During landslide debris movement,two processes occur simultaneously:the movement...Natural dams are formed when landslides are triggered by heavy rainfall during extreme weather events in the mountainous areas of Taiwan.During landslide debris movement,two processes occur simultaneously:the movement of landslide debris from a slope onto the riverbed and the erosion of the debris under the action of high-velocity river flow.When the rate of landslide deposition in a river channel is higher than the rate of landslide debris erosion by the river flow,the landslide forms a natural dam by blocking the river channel.In this study,the effects of the rates of river flow erosion and landslide deposition(termed the erosive capacity and depositional capacity,respectively)on the formation of natural dams are quantified using a physics-based approach and are tested using a scaled physical model.We define a dimensionless velocity index vde as the ratio between the depositional capacity of landslide debris(vd)and the erosive capacity of water flow(ve).The experimental test results show that a landslide dam forms when landslide debris moves at high velocity into a river channel where the river-flow velocity is low,that is,the dimensionless velocity index vde>54.Landslide debris will not have sufficient depositional capacity to block stream flow when the dimensionless velocity index vde<47.The depositional capacity of a landslide can be determined from the slope angle and the friction of the sliding surface,while the erosive capacity of a dam can be determined using river flow velocity and rainfall conditions.The methodology described in this paper was applied to seven landslide dams that formed in Taiwan on 8 August 2009 during Typhoon Morakot,the Tangjiashan landslide dam case,and the Yingxiu-Wolong highway K24 landslide case.The dimensionless velocity index presented in this paper can be used before a rainstorm event occurs to determine if the formation of a landslide dam is possible.展开更多
The objective of this study is to incorporate a numerical model with GIS to simulate the movement, erosion and deposition of debris flow across the three dimensional complex terrain. In light of the importance of eros...The objective of this study is to incorporate a numerical model with GIS to simulate the movement, erosion and deposition of debris flow across the three dimensional complex terrain. In light of the importance of erosion and deposition processes during debris flow movement, no entrainment assumption is unreasonable. The numerical model considering these processes is used for simulating debris flow. Raster grid networks of a digital elevation model in GIS provide a uniform grid system to describe complex topography. As the raster grid can be used as the finite difference mesh, the numerical model is solved numerically using the Leap-frog finite difference method. Finally, the simulation results can be displayed by GIS easily and used to debris flow evaluation. To illustrate this approach, the proposed methodology is applied to the Yohutagawa debris flow that occurred on 2oth October 2010, in Amami- Oshima area, Japan. The simulation results that reproduced the movement, erosion and deposition are in good agreement with the field investigation. The effectiveness of the dam in this real-ease is also verified by this approach. Comparison with the results were simulated by other models, shows that the present coupled model is more rational and effective.展开更多
Debris flow is a rapid flow which could lead to severe flooding with catastrophic consequences such as damage to properties and loss of human lives.It is important to study the movement of debris flow.Since during a d...Debris flow is a rapid flow which could lead to severe flooding with catastrophic consequences such as damage to properties and loss of human lives.It is important to study the movement of debris flow.Since during a debris flow process,the erosion and deposition processes are important,the no entrainment assumption is not acceptable.In this study,first we considered the debris flow as equivalent fluid and adopted the depth-averaged govern equations to simulate the movements and evolution of river bed.Secondly,the set of partial differential equations was solved numerically by means of explicit staggered leap-frog scheme that is accurate in space and time.The grid of difference scheme was derived from GIS raster data.Then the simulation results can be displayed by GIS and easily used to form the hazard maps.Finally,the numerical model coupled with GIS is applied to simulate the debris flow occurred on Oct.20th,2010,in Amamioshima City,Japan.The simulation reproduces the movement,erosion and deposition.The results are shown to be consistent with the field investigation.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41861134008 and 41601476)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFC1505202)the 135 Strategic Program of the IMHE, CAS (Grant No. SDS-1351705)
文摘Loose deposits, rainfall and topography are three key factors that triggering debris flows.However, few studies have investigated the effects of loose deposits on the whole debris flow process.On June 28, 2012, a catastrophic debris flow occurred in the Aizi Valley, resulting in 40 deaths.The Aizi Valley is located in the Lower Jinsha River,southwestern Sichuan Province, China. The Aizi Valley debris flow has been selected as a case for addressing loose deposits effects on the whole debris flow process through remote sensing, field investigation and field experiments. Remote sensing interpretation and laboratory experiments were used to obtain the distribution and characteristics of the loose deposits, respectively. A field experiment was conducted to explore the mechanics of slope debris flows, and another field investigation was conducted to obtain the processes of debris flow formation, movement and amplification. The results showed that loose deposits preparation, slope debris flow initiation,gully debris flow confluence and valley debris flow amplification were dominated by the loose deposits.Antecedent droughts and earthquake activities may have increased the potential for loose soil sources in the Aizi Valley, which laid the foundation for debris flow formation. Slope debris flow initiated under rainfall, and the increase in the water content as well as the pore water pressure of the loose deposits were the key factors affecting slope failure. The nine gully debris flows converged in the valley, and the peak discharge was amplified 3.3 times due to a blockage and outburst caused by a large boulder. The results may help in predicting and assessing regional debris flows in dry-hot and seismic-prone areas based on loose deposits, especially considering large boulders.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.41661144028,41771045 and 41501012)the CAS "Light of West China" Program+1 种基金the Foundation for Young Scientist of Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment,CAS(Grant No.SDS-QN-1912)the Foundation of Youth Innovation Promotion Association,CAS(Grant No.2017425)
文摘Natural dams are formed when landslides are triggered by heavy rainfall during extreme weather events in the mountainous areas of Taiwan.During landslide debris movement,two processes occur simultaneously:the movement of landslide debris from a slope onto the riverbed and the erosion of the debris under the action of high-velocity river flow.When the rate of landslide deposition in a river channel is higher than the rate of landslide debris erosion by the river flow,the landslide forms a natural dam by blocking the river channel.In this study,the effects of the rates of river flow erosion and landslide deposition(termed the erosive capacity and depositional capacity,respectively)on the formation of natural dams are quantified using a physics-based approach and are tested using a scaled physical model.We define a dimensionless velocity index vde as the ratio between the depositional capacity of landslide debris(vd)and the erosive capacity of water flow(ve).The experimental test results show that a landslide dam forms when landslide debris moves at high velocity into a river channel where the river-flow velocity is low,that is,the dimensionless velocity index vde>54.Landslide debris will not have sufficient depositional capacity to block stream flow when the dimensionless velocity index vde<47.The depositional capacity of a landslide can be determined from the slope angle and the friction of the sliding surface,while the erosive capacity of a dam can be determined using river flow velocity and rainfall conditions.The methodology described in this paper was applied to seven landslide dams that formed in Taiwan on 8 August 2009 during Typhoon Morakot,the Tangjiashan landslide dam case,and the Yingxiu-Wolong highway K24 landslide case.The dimensionless velocity index presented in this paper can be used before a rainstorm event occurs to determine if the formation of a landslide dam is possible.
基金finanicial support from the Global Environment Research Fund of Japan(S-8)from Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research(Scientific Research(B),22310113,G.Chen)from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
文摘The objective of this study is to incorporate a numerical model with GIS to simulate the movement, erosion and deposition of debris flow across the three dimensional complex terrain. In light of the importance of erosion and deposition processes during debris flow movement, no entrainment assumption is unreasonable. The numerical model considering these processes is used for simulating debris flow. Raster grid networks of a digital elevation model in GIS provide a uniform grid system to describe complex topography. As the raster grid can be used as the finite difference mesh, the numerical model is solved numerically using the Leap-frog finite difference method. Finally, the simulation results can be displayed by GIS easily and used to debris flow evaluation. To illustrate this approach, the proposed methodology is applied to the Yohutagawa debris flow that occurred on 2oth October 2010, in Amami- Oshima area, Japan. The simulation results that reproduced the movement, erosion and deposition are in good agreement with the field investigation. The effectiveness of the dam in this real-ease is also verified by this approach. Comparison with the results were simulated by other models, shows that the present coupled model is more rational and effective.
基金This study was supported by the Global Environment Research Found of Japan(S-8)and Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research(Scientific Research(B),22310113,G.Chen)from Japan Society for the Promotion of ScienceAnd the first author acknowledges the support of China Scholarship Council.These financial supports are gratefully acknowledged.
文摘Debris flow is a rapid flow which could lead to severe flooding with catastrophic consequences such as damage to properties and loss of human lives.It is important to study the movement of debris flow.Since during a debris flow process,the erosion and deposition processes are important,the no entrainment assumption is not acceptable.In this study,first we considered the debris flow as equivalent fluid and adopted the depth-averaged govern equations to simulate the movements and evolution of river bed.Secondly,the set of partial differential equations was solved numerically by means of explicit staggered leap-frog scheme that is accurate in space and time.The grid of difference scheme was derived from GIS raster data.Then the simulation results can be displayed by GIS and easily used to form the hazard maps.Finally,the numerical model coupled with GIS is applied to simulate the debris flow occurred on Oct.20th,2010,in Amamioshima City,Japan.The simulation reproduces the movement,erosion and deposition.The results are shown to be consistent with the field investigation.
