The cytokine channel’s mechanism for self-regulation involves the application of antagonistic cytokines that are synthesized to connect to the receptors and release soluble cytokine receptors.The very first receptor ...The cytokine channel’s mechanism for self-regulation involves the application of antagonistic cytokines that are synthesized to connect to the receptors and release soluble cytokine receptors.The very first receptor antagonist of cytokine that was naturally present was interleukin-1 receptor antagonist(IL-1Ra).The IL-1Ra protein forms are disinfected from supernatants of cultured monocytes on stacked IgG.The family of IL-1 consists of IL-1α,IL-1βand IL-1Ra.Human monocytes regulate the production of IL-Ra.IL-Ra takes part in normal physiological functions by using specific antibodies,and acts as an anti-inflammatory agent.IL-Ra is synthesized in the tissues during the period of active disease and can be systematically measured and/or estimated.Maintenance of the levels of IL-Ra and IL-1 is the main factor for host resistance in patients during diseased conditions,as IL-Ra acts as an inherent regulator of various inflammatory responses.In this article,we focuse on how IL-Ra is synthesized and performs its functions once the inflammatory responses are activated.展开更多
Non-invasive therapeutic methods have recently been used in medical sciences. Enzymes have shown high activity at very low concentrations in laboratories and pharmaceutical,enabling them to play crucial roles in diffe...Non-invasive therapeutic methods have recently been used in medical sciences. Enzymes have shown high activity at very low concentrations in laboratories and pharmaceutical,enabling them to play crucial roles in different biological phenomena related to living organism, especially human medicine. Recently, using the therapeutic methods based on non-invasive approaches has been emphasized in medical society. Researchers have focused on producing medicines and tools reducing invasive procedures in medical.Collagenases are proteins which catalyze chemical processes and break the peptide bonds in collagen. Collagen may be generated more than the required amount or produced in unsuitable sites or may not degrade after a certain time. In such cases, using an injectable collagenase or its ointment can be helpful in collagen degradation. In both in vitro and in vivo tests, it has been revealed that collagenases have several therapeutic properties in wound healing, burns, nipple pain and some diseases including intervertebral disc herniation, keloid, cellulite, lipoma among others. This review describes the therapeutic application of collagenase in medical sciences and the process for its production using novel methods, paving the way for more effective and safe applications of collagenases.展开更多
Fibrosis is a condition in which connective tissue replaces normal parenchymal tissue,resulting in significant tissue remodeling.Fibrosis can affect several organs and pose a serious threat to human health and life.Ad...Fibrosis is a condition in which connective tissue replaces normal parenchymal tissue,resulting in significant tissue remodeling.Fibrosis can affect several organs and pose a serious threat to human health and life.Adiposederived stem cells(ASCs)have been suggested as promising candidates for antifibrotic therapies.Paracrine secretion is one of the key processes in stem cell therapy due to its critical function in cellular communication.ASC-derived exosomes(ASC-exos)are used as tools for restoring and regenerating damaged tissue,and they are now thought to orchestrate antifibrosis-related events.In this review,we summarize the recent findings and present an extensive view of the therapeutic applications of ASC-exos in fibrotic diseases.展开更多
Objective: Carbon ion therapy, a new radiotherapy technology, has shown its remarkable efficacy and potential in cancer treatment, especially in the treatment of refractory tumors. Methods: This paper clarifies the ph...Objective: Carbon ion therapy, a new radiotherapy technology, has shown its remarkable efficacy and potential in cancer treatment, especially in the treatment of refractory tumors. Methods: This paper clarifies the physical basis, technological change, and clinical practice effect of carbon ion therapy, comprehensively discusses the future prospects, and evaluates the clinical application effect. Results: The technology has significantly improved the treatment effectiveness and received a positive response from patients. Conclusion: Carbon ion therapy technology has become a major innovation in the field of cancer treatment. It not only has a profound impact on many current cancer therapy methods but also indicates the application blueprint for a wider range of cancer types in the future, showing a new chapter of medical technology advancement.展开更多
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are non-hematopoietic stem cells with the capacity to differentiate into tissues of both mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal origin. MSCs can differentiate into osteoblastic, chondrogenic, an...Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are non-hematopoietic stem cells with the capacity to differentiate into tissues of both mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal origin. MSCs can differentiate into osteoblastic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages, although recent studies have demonstrated that MSCs are also able to differentiate into other lineages, including neuronal and cardiomyogenic lineages. Since their original isolation from the bone marrow, MSCs have been successfully harvested from many other tissues. Their ease of isolation and ex vivo expansion combined with their immunoprivileged nature has made these cells popular candidates for stem cell therapies. These cells have the potential to alter disease pathophysiology through many modalities including cytokine secretion, capacity to differentiate along various lineages, immune modulation and direct cell-cell interaction with diseased tissue. Here we first review basic features of MSC biology including MSC characteristics in culture, homing mechanisms, differentiation capabilities and immune modulation. We then highlight some in vivo and clinical evidence supporting the therapeutic roles of MSCs and their uses in orthopedic, autoimmune, and ischemic disorders.展开更多
Application of herbal medicine to acupoints is to regulate the meridians, yin-yang, and qi and blood for preventing and treating diseases through the pharmacological action of herbal medicines and with their stimulati...Application of herbal medicine to acupoints is to regulate the meridians, yin-yang, and qi and blood for preventing and treating diseases through the pharmacological action of herbal medicines and with their stimulation to the acupoints. This article explains how to apply herbal medicines and gave the examples for the treatment of hypertension, asthma, chronic bronchitis and allergic rhinitis. Application of herbal medicines to acupoints is one of the important components of TCM, which shows satisfactory effects in treatment of some chronic diseases.展开更多
The plant Aloe vera is used in Ayurvedic, Homoeopathic and Allopathic streams of medicine, and not only tribal community but also most of the people for food and medicine. The plant leaves contains numerous vitamins, ...The plant Aloe vera is used in Ayurvedic, Homoeopathic and Allopathic streams of medicine, and not only tribal community but also most of the people for food and medicine. The plant leaves contains numerous vitamins, minerals, enzymes, amino acids, natural sugars and other bioactive compounds with emollient, purgative, anti-microbial, anti inflammatory, antioxidant, aphrodisiac, anti-helmenthic, antifungal, antiseptic and cosmetic values for health care. This plant has potential to cure sunburns, burns and minor cuts, and even skin cancer. The external use in cosmetic primarily acts as skin healer and prevents injury of epithelial tissues, cures acne and gives a youthful glow to skin, also acts as extremely powerful laxative.展开更多
With unique physical properties, chemical properties, and biological effects, magnetic nanomaterials are important functional materials in many fields. In the past decades, iron based magnetic nanomaterials have attra...With unique physical properties, chemical properties, and biological effects, magnetic nanomaterials are important functional materials in many fields. In the past decades, iron based magnetic nanomaterials have attracted much attention in the biomedicine field due to their superior magnetic properties and great potential in biomedical applications. In particular, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(MIONPs) have been playing a crucial role in the biomedicine field because of their diagnostic and therapeutic functions. Meanwhile, MIONPs are benign, low toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable, so they are the only inorganic magnetic nanomaterials approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration(FDA) for clinical use at present. In this review, we mainly introduce the progress in the preparation of iron based magnetic nanomaterials for biomedical applications, including pure iron nanoparticles, iron-based alloy nanoparticles, and MIONPs, with a focus on MIONPs. Also, we summarize the preparation methods of MIONPs and point out the importance of their developments.展开更多
Microbial ecosystem comprises a complex community in which bacteria interact with each other. The potential roles of the intestinal microbiome play in human health have gained considerable attention. The imbalance of ...Microbial ecosystem comprises a complex community in which bacteria interact with each other. The potential roles of the intestinal microbiome play in human health have gained considerable attention. The imbalance of gut microbial community has been looked to multiple chronic diseases. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are leading causes of morbidity worldwide and are influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Recent advances have provided scientific evidence that CVD may also be attributed to gut microbiome. In this review, we highlight the complex interplay between microbes, their metabolites, and the potential influence on the generation and development of CVDs. The therapeutic potential of using intestinal microbiomes to treat CVD is also discussed. It is quite possible that gut microbes may be used for clinical treatments of CVD in the near future.展开更多
In addition to white adipose tissue （WAT） that stores energy, human and small mammals also have brown adipose tissue （BAT） that dissipates chemical energy for thermogenesis. BAT contains multilocular lipid droplet...In addition to white adipose tissue （WAT） that stores energy, human and small mammals also have brown adipose tissue （BAT） that dissipates chemical energy for thermogenesis. BAT contains multilocular lipid droplets and much higher numbers of mitochondria than WAT. The mitochondria in BAT uncouple large amounts of fuel oxidation from ATP for heat generation. Accumulating evidences have demonstrated that increased activity and/or amount of BAT can reverse obesity and improve insulin resistance, which highlights that BAT plays an important role in energy metabolism. In this review, we summarized recent findings that shows advantageous effects of BAT activation in metabolic diseases. In addition, we presented the function and role of brown and beige fat cells and regulatory factors for them. Finally, we discussed the potential application of brown adipocytes-based therapy and pharmacological intervention to increase BAT activity for the treatment of obesity and related diseases including insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes.展开更多
In addition to white adipose tissue(WAT) that stores energy, human and small mammals also have brown adipose tissue(BAT) that dissipates chemical energy for thermogenesis. BAT contains multilocular lipid droplets and ...In addition to white adipose tissue(WAT) that stores energy, human and small mammals also have brown adipose tissue(BAT) that dissipates chemical energy for thermogenesis. BAT contains multilocular lipid droplets and much higher numbers of mitochondria than WAT. The mitochondria in BAT uncouple large amounts of fuel oxidation from ATP for heat generation. Accumulating evidences have demonstrated that increased activity and/or amount of BAT can reverse obesity and improve insulin resistance, which highlights that BAT plays an important role in energy metabolism. In this review, we summarized recent findings that shows advantageous effects of BAT activation in metabolic diseases. In addition, we presented the function and role of brown and beige fat cells and regulatory factors for them. Finally, we discussed the potential application of brown adipocytes-based therapy and pharmacological intervention to increase BAT activity for the treatment of obesity and related diseases including insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases and type 2diabetes.展开更多
Hirudotherapy has a broad spectrum of therapeutic application in the medical field ranging from cardiology,gynaecology,ophthalmology,plastic and reconstructive surgeries.In medieval and early modern medicine,leeches w...Hirudotherapy has a broad spectrum of therapeutic application in the medical field ranging from cardiology,gynaecology,ophthalmology,plastic and reconstructive surgeries.In medieval and early modern medicine,leeches were used to remove blood from patients in an attempt to balance the biological humours.Leeches are widely used to treat venous congestion in microvascular replantation,free and conventional flap surgery and traumatology.Recently,Food and Drug Administration has approved the usage of live leeches as medical device for therapeutic applications.Presently,some of the leech species have declined dramatically in its population due to the over utilization of leech for medicinal purposes and also due to pollution in several parts of the world particularly in European and Asian countries.This review presents an overview of leech including the history,biology,classification,and its application as medical device.Further,it also covers the controversies and misconception related to leech species identification and complications of post hirudotherapy.展开更多
基金support of the Research Center for Advanced Materials Science(RCAMS)at King Khalid University Abha,Saudi Arabia,through Grant(KKU/RCAMS/22).
文摘The cytokine channel’s mechanism for self-regulation involves the application of antagonistic cytokines that are synthesized to connect to the receptors and release soluble cytokine receptors.The very first receptor antagonist of cytokine that was naturally present was interleukin-1 receptor antagonist(IL-1Ra).The IL-1Ra protein forms are disinfected from supernatants of cultured monocytes on stacked IgG.The family of IL-1 consists of IL-1α,IL-1βand IL-1Ra.Human monocytes regulate the production of IL-Ra.IL-Ra takes part in normal physiological functions by using specific antibodies,and acts as an anti-inflammatory agent.IL-Ra is synthesized in the tissues during the period of active disease and can be systematically measured and/or estimated.Maintenance of the levels of IL-Ra and IL-1 is the main factor for host resistance in patients during diseased conditions,as IL-Ra acts as an inherent regulator of various inflammatory responses.In this article,we focuse on how IL-Ra is synthesized and performs its functions once the inflammatory responses are activated.
基金Supported by Pasteur Institute of Iran and Iran National Science Foundation(Grant No.93011174)
文摘Non-invasive therapeutic methods have recently been used in medical sciences. Enzymes have shown high activity at very low concentrations in laboratories and pharmaceutical,enabling them to play crucial roles in different biological phenomena related to living organism, especially human medicine. Recently, using the therapeutic methods based on non-invasive approaches has been emphasized in medical society. Researchers have focused on producing medicines and tools reducing invasive procedures in medical.Collagenases are proteins which catalyze chemical processes and break the peptide bonds in collagen. Collagen may be generated more than the required amount or produced in unsuitable sites or may not degrade after a certain time. In such cases, using an injectable collagenase or its ointment can be helpful in collagen degradation. In both in vitro and in vivo tests, it has been revealed that collagenases have several therapeutic properties in wound healing, burns, nipple pain and some diseases including intervertebral disc herniation, keloid, cellulite, lipoma among others. This review describes the therapeutic application of collagenase in medical sciences and the process for its production using novel methods, paving the way for more effective and safe applications of collagenases.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.81670444)the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(CAMS)Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(CIFMS)(grant no.2020-I2M-C&T-A-004).
文摘Fibrosis is a condition in which connective tissue replaces normal parenchymal tissue,resulting in significant tissue remodeling.Fibrosis can affect several organs and pose a serious threat to human health and life.Adiposederived stem cells(ASCs)have been suggested as promising candidates for antifibrotic therapies.Paracrine secretion is one of the key processes in stem cell therapy due to its critical function in cellular communication.ASC-derived exosomes(ASC-exos)are used as tools for restoring and regenerating damaged tissue,and they are now thought to orchestrate antifibrosis-related events.In this review,we summarize the recent findings and present an extensive view of the therapeutic applications of ASC-exos in fibrotic diseases.
文摘Objective: Carbon ion therapy, a new radiotherapy technology, has shown its remarkable efficacy and potential in cancer treatment, especially in the treatment of refractory tumors. Methods: This paper clarifies the physical basis, technological change, and clinical practice effect of carbon ion therapy, comprehensively discusses the future prospects, and evaluates the clinical application effect. Results: The technology has significantly improved the treatment effectiveness and received a positive response from patients. Conclusion: Carbon ion therapy technology has become a major innovation in the field of cancer treatment. It not only has a profound impact on many current cancer therapy methods but also indicates the application blueprint for a wider range of cancer types in the future, showing a new chapter of medical technology advancement.
基金Supported by (in part) Research Grants from the Brinson Foundation (to He TC)the Orthopaedic Research and Education Foundation (to Haydon RC and Luu HH)+3 种基金the National Institutes of Health (to He TC, Haydon RC, Luu HH and Reid RR)The 863 Program of Ministry of Science and Technology of China,#2007AA2z400 (to He TC and Deng ZL)the Natural Science Foundation of China (#30901530 to Luo X, #30800658 to Luo J,and #30772211 to Deng ZL)the Natural Science Foundation Project of Chongqing Science and Technology Commission#2008BB5396 (to Chen L) and #2009BB5060 (to Luo J)
文摘Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are non-hematopoietic stem cells with the capacity to differentiate into tissues of both mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal origin. MSCs can differentiate into osteoblastic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages, although recent studies have demonstrated that MSCs are also able to differentiate into other lineages, including neuronal and cardiomyogenic lineages. Since their original isolation from the bone marrow, MSCs have been successfully harvested from many other tissues. Their ease of isolation and ex vivo expansion combined with their immunoprivileged nature has made these cells popular candidates for stem cell therapies. These cells have the potential to alter disease pathophysiology through many modalities including cytokine secretion, capacity to differentiate along various lineages, immune modulation and direct cell-cell interaction with diseased tissue. Here we first review basic features of MSC biology including MSC characteristics in culture, homing mechanisms, differentiation capabilities and immune modulation. We then highlight some in vivo and clinical evidence supporting the therapeutic roles of MSCs and their uses in orthopedic, autoimmune, and ischemic disorders.
文摘Application of herbal medicine to acupoints is to regulate the meridians, yin-yang, and qi and blood for preventing and treating diseases through the pharmacological action of herbal medicines and with their stimulation to the acupoints. This article explains how to apply herbal medicines and gave the examples for the treatment of hypertension, asthma, chronic bronchitis and allergic rhinitis. Application of herbal medicines to acupoints is one of the important components of TCM, which shows satisfactory effects in treatment of some chronic diseases.
文摘The plant Aloe vera is used in Ayurvedic, Homoeopathic and Allopathic streams of medicine, and not only tribal community but also most of the people for food and medicine. The plant leaves contains numerous vitamins, minerals, enzymes, amino acids, natural sugars and other bioactive compounds with emollient, purgative, anti-microbial, anti inflammatory, antioxidant, aphrodisiac, anti-helmenthic, antifungal, antiseptic and cosmetic values for health care. This plant has potential to cure sunburns, burns and minor cuts, and even skin cancer. The external use in cosmetic primarily acts as skin healer and prevents injury of epithelial tissues, cures acne and gives a youthful glow to skin, also acts as extremely powerful laxative.
基金Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51832001 and 31800843)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFA0104301)the Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology(Grant No.SX21400213)
文摘With unique physical properties, chemical properties, and biological effects, magnetic nanomaterials are important functional materials in many fields. In the past decades, iron based magnetic nanomaterials have attracted much attention in the biomedicine field due to their superior magnetic properties and great potential in biomedical applications. In particular, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(MIONPs) have been playing a crucial role in the biomedicine field because of their diagnostic and therapeutic functions. Meanwhile, MIONPs are benign, low toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable, so they are the only inorganic magnetic nanomaterials approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration(FDA) for clinical use at present. In this review, we mainly introduce the progress in the preparation of iron based magnetic nanomaterials for biomedical applications, including pure iron nanoparticles, iron-based alloy nanoparticles, and MIONPs, with a focus on MIONPs. Also, we summarize the preparation methods of MIONPs and point out the importance of their developments.
基金This work is supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Project ID.2018YFC1312703)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2016-I2M-1-006)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(81630014,81700374,81825002,91749107)Beijing Outstanding Young Scientist Program(BJJWZYJH01201910023029)Interdisciplinary Medicine Seed Fund of Peking University(BMU2020MX021).
文摘Microbial ecosystem comprises a complex community in which bacteria interact with each other. The potential roles of the intestinal microbiome play in human health have gained considerable attention. The imbalance of gut microbial community has been looked to multiple chronic diseases. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are leading causes of morbidity worldwide and are influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Recent advances have provided scientific evidence that CVD may also be attributed to gut microbiome. In this review, we highlight the complex interplay between microbes, their metabolites, and the potential influence on the generation and development of CVDs. The therapeutic potential of using intestinal microbiomes to treat CVD is also discussed. It is quite possible that gut microbes may be used for clinical treatments of CVD in the near future.
文摘In addition to white adipose tissue （WAT） that stores energy, human and small mammals also have brown adipose tissue （BAT） that dissipates chemical energy for thermogenesis. BAT contains multilocular lipid droplets and much higher numbers of mitochondria than WAT. The mitochondria in BAT uncouple large amounts of fuel oxidation from ATP for heat generation. Accumulating evidences have demonstrated that increased activity and/or amount of BAT can reverse obesity and improve insulin resistance, which highlights that BAT plays an important role in energy metabolism. In this review, we summarized recent findings that shows advantageous effects of BAT activation in metabolic diseases. In addition, we presented the function and role of brown and beige fat cells and regulatory factors for them. Finally, we discussed the potential application of brown adipocytes-based therapy and pharmacological intervention to increase BAT activity for the treatment of obesity and related diseases including insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes.
文摘In addition to white adipose tissue(WAT) that stores energy, human and small mammals also have brown adipose tissue(BAT) that dissipates chemical energy for thermogenesis. BAT contains multilocular lipid droplets and much higher numbers of mitochondria than WAT. The mitochondria in BAT uncouple large amounts of fuel oxidation from ATP for heat generation. Accumulating evidences have demonstrated that increased activity and/or amount of BAT can reverse obesity and improve insulin resistance, which highlights that BAT plays an important role in energy metabolism. In this review, we summarized recent findings that shows advantageous effects of BAT activation in metabolic diseases. In addition, we presented the function and role of brown and beige fat cells and regulatory factors for them. Finally, we discussed the potential application of brown adipocytes-based therapy and pharmacological intervention to increase BAT activity for the treatment of obesity and related diseases including insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases and type 2diabetes.
文摘Hirudotherapy has a broad spectrum of therapeutic application in the medical field ranging from cardiology,gynaecology,ophthalmology,plastic and reconstructive surgeries.In medieval and early modern medicine,leeches were used to remove blood from patients in an attempt to balance the biological humours.Leeches are widely used to treat venous congestion in microvascular replantation,free and conventional flap surgery and traumatology.Recently,Food and Drug Administration has approved the usage of live leeches as medical device for therapeutic applications.Presently,some of the leech species have declined dramatically in its population due to the over utilization of leech for medicinal purposes and also due to pollution in several parts of the world particularly in European and Asian countries.This review presents an overview of leech including the history,biology,classification,and its application as medical device.Further,it also covers the controversies and misconception related to leech species identification and complications of post hirudotherapy.
