Ecosystem service values of gardens in the Yellow River Basin,China

Studies on the ecosystem service value(ESV)of gardens are critical for informing evidence-based land management practices based on an understanding of the local ecosystem.By analyzing equivalent value factors(EVFs),this paper evaluated the values of 11 ecosystem services of gardens in the Yellow River Basin of China in 2019.High-precision land use survey data were used to improve the accuracy of the land use classification,garden areas,and spatial distribution of the ESVs of gardens.The results showed that garden ecosystem generally had high ESVs,especially in terms of the ESV of food production,which is worthy of further research and application to the practice of land use planning and management.Specifically,the value of one standard EVF of ecosystem services in 2019 was 3587.04 CNY/(hm^(2)·a),and the ESV of food production of gardens was much higher than that of croplands.Garden ecosystem provided an ESV of 1348.66×10^(8)CNY/a in the Yellow River Basin.The areas with the most concentrated ESVs of gardens were located in four regions:downstream in the Shandong-Henan zone along the Yellow River,mid-stream in the Shanxi-Shaanxi zone along the Yellow River,the Weihe River Basin,and upstream in the Qinghai-Gansu-Ningxia-Inner Mongolia zone along the Yellow River.The spatial correlation of the ESVs in the basin was significant(global spatial autocorrelation index Moran's I=0.464),which implied that the characteristics of high ESVs adjacent to high ESVs and low ESVs adjacent to low ESVs are prominent.In the Yellow River Basin,the contribution of the ESVs of gardens to the local environment and economy varied across regions.We also put forward some suggestions for promoting the construction of ecological civilization in the Yellow River Basin.The findings of this study provide important contributions to the research of ecosystem service evaluation in the Yellow River Basin.

Sensitivity study of the SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor single event effect based on pulsed laser and technology computer-aided design simulation

The single event effect of a silicon–germanium heterojunction bipolar transistor(SiGe HBT) was thoroughly investigated. By considering the worst bias condition, the sensitive area of the proposed device was scanned with a pulsed laser.With variation of the collector bias and pulsed laser incident energy, the single event transient of the SiGe HBT was studied.Moreover, the single event transient produced by laser irradiation at a wavelength of 532 nm was more pronounced than at a wavelength of 1064 nm. Finally, the impact of the equivalent linear energy transfer of the 1064 nm pulsed laser on the single event transient was qualitatively examined by performing technology computer-aided design simulations, and a good consistency between the experimental data and the simulated outcomes was attained.

Nonphytate Phosphorus Requirement and Efficacy of a Genetically Engineered Yeast Phytase for Yellow Broilers at 22- to 42-d-Old Age

An experiment was conducted to investigate the requirement of nonphytate phosphorus（nPP） and efficacy of a genetically engineered yeast phytase（PHY A） for Lingnan yellow broilers from 22-to 42-d-old age.A total of 1 320 1-d-old male chicks were randomly divided into 11 dietary treatment groups,which consisted of 4 replicate floor pens with 30 birds per pen.The control group（treatment 1） was fed with basal diet of nPP 0.08% without dicalcium phosphate or phytase supplementation.Dietary levels of nPP were 0.16,0.24,0.32,0.40,0.48,and 0.56%,respectively,for treatments 2 to 7,through addition of dicalcium phosphate（chemistry grade） to the basal diet.Diets of treatments 8 to 11 were supplemented with PHY A at 200,400 and 600 U kg-1,a commercial phytase product（PHY B） at 400 U kg-1 level,respectively.The birds in 0.32-0.56% nPP groups gained more than those of the other groups（P0.05）.The nPP supplementation significantly improved feed intake（P0.05）.The feed gain ratio was significantly decreased by 0.40% nPP diet compared to the control birds（P0.05）.The level of 0.48% nPP was required for optimum tibia development.The additions of PHY A at 400 and 600 U kg-1 level and PHY B all significantly improved ADG（P0.05）,ADFI（P0.05）,and dry defatted tibia weight（P0.05）.Similarly,the percentage of tibia ash was increased by 600 U kg-1 PHY A supplementation（P0.05）.The requirement of nPP for maximal ADG and highest percentage tibia ash both was 0.40%.The phosphorus equivalency value of PHY A was estimated as 685 U kg-1 for male yellow broilers of 22-to 42-d-old age.

Impact of land use/land cover changes on ecosystem services in the Nenjiang River Basin, Northeast China

Introduction:The Nenjiang River Basin is an important foodstuff base and eco-environmental fragile area in Northeast China.With the rapid rise in human population,human-induced changes in land use/land cover form an important component of regional environment and ecosystem service change.At the local and regional level,the ecosystem service concept can act as a decision support tool for a stakeholder to reach sustainable land use management.However,the prevailing ecosystem service evaluation would produce a biggish warp when it is applied to concrete area.So,it is essential to evaluate ecosystem service change according to the local actuality.Method:According to 1:250,000 land use/land cover maps of China and the adjusted equivalent value per unit area of ecosystem services in the Nenjiang River Basin,we evaluated the ecosystem service change of the river basin from 1980 to 2005.Results:The forest and wetland,which are mainly located in the upstream mountainous area of the Nenjiang River Basin,were the two valuable land cover types,accounting for more than three quarters of the total ecosystem service value of the river basin.As for individual ecosystem service,besides the food production,all of the ecosystem service values declined from 1980 to 2005.The total decline of 2.43 billion USD was mainly due to the cultivation of grassland(14.34%of the area in 1980)and wetland(4.62%of the area in 1980)in the downstream plain.Conclusions:Due to the increase in population and the concomitant requirement of grain,the inconsistency between decision-making at the macro-level,and the objective of agricultural production at the micro-level,cultivated land was increased through zealous reclamation of grassland,marginal woodland,and even fallow land.Tremendous land use/land cover changes had caused great damages to the ecological environment such as land degradation and ecosystem service recession.So,the policies of the Grain for Green and Construction of Ecological Province projects should be well-implemented to optimize land use/land cover.