Theory and practice of value management and its innovation for natural resources from the perspective of sustainable development

The supreme obstacle for sustainable development of natural resources is the scarecity, bottleneck. So how to promote the sustainable utilizing and increase the using efficiency of natural resources is worth studying. This paper suggests that we should improve the model and means of evaluating method and value management based on th~ theory of natural resource compensation. This paper discusses the User Cost Method based on the microeeonomicaspect which can change the evaluating method for natural resources. From the perspective of value managemen model, we should use the User Cost Method to realize the linkage and integration of micro and macro eompensation for natural resources. Based on the evaluating and aecounting idea User Cost Method, this paper presents a theo. retical framework to harmonize and link micro and macro compensation for natural resources. At present, we should seek the new approach and method to manage natural resources, so can we realize the capitalization managemen focusing on the vahte management for natural resources.

A Review and Reflection of Value Account of Forest Resources

The framework of forest valuation accounting has been formed through the development stages of timber value calculation, forest ecosystem valuation and entire value accounting of forest resources, including the forest values of resources in kind, environmental resources and social benefits in China. These theory and methods still face deviation of theories and methods from vague position of discipline, larger accounting results from ignoring differences between forest ecological functions and ecosystem services, and unrealistic and other problems from non-standard index system and accounting methods due to the development history and other reasons. Five suggestions are proposed to make explicit the object and purpose of the forest resource value accounting, establish universal, scientific, measurable and concise index system for value evaluation, calculate forest resources value in consideration of forest type and position, distinguish accurately the functions from benefits of the forest resources, and suit value calculation result to the practice of social economy.

Morphological Characteristics, Ecological Habits and Utilization Value of Acrossocheilus fasciatus

Acrossocheilus fasciatus is a small omnivorous benthic fish widely distributed in the middle and upper reaches of mountain streams and small rivers in hilly and mountainous areas,suitable for stocking in the forks of reservoirs,streams or rivers,and artificial culture in larger ponds and eel farms,etc.The paper describes the morphological characteristics,ecological habits,geographic distribution,resources and utilization value of A.fasciatus,in order to provide scientific and practical reference information for individuals or enterprises interested in A.fasciatus culture and promote the sustainable development of A.fasciatus culture industry.

Diversity, distribution and resource values of woody climbers in tropical forests of southern Eastern Ghats, India

We investigated the distribution and resource values of liana species assessed in six hill complexes of southern Eastern Ghats, India. 143 liana species （DBH （diameter at breast height） ≥1.5 cm） and 32,033 liana individuals were recorded from 110 transects （0.5 ha each covering 55 ha area） in the study sites. The resource values of lianas were broadly categorized into ecological and economic importance. About 90% （129） of liana species and 96% （30,564） of liana individuals were established ecological/economic values. Fruit rewards provided by 76 species and 20,325 individuals constituted the major resource of ecological importance. 82 species and 21,457 liana individuals are of economic importance as medicine, edible fruits, edible and medicinal values, and yet others are used for different domestic purposes including furniture, fuel wood, rope making etc.. Ecologically, the prevalence of succulent diaspores in lianas of Indian Eastern Ghats indicates the animal dependence of many liana species for dispersal and underlines the need for a holistic and whole-forest conservation approach in maintaining forest biodiversity.

Assessing the Real Value of Farmland in China

The preservation of farmland is a growing concern in China because the fact that China possesses limited land resources and the world's largest population presents a clear contradiction. Only when the value of farmland is fully appreciated in commercial markets can farmland preservation be effectively achieved. The current study constructed a model to evaluate the economic, social, and ecological value of farmland in China according to the connotation of values. As a case study, the value of Chinese farmland was estimated in 1999, 2002, 2005, 2008, and 2011 using the established model. Although the amount of farmland was greatly reduced from 1999 to 2011 due to constructive occupation, agricultural restructuring, ecological restoration, and disaster destruction, the value of this farmland increased from 220.71×1012 to 736.26×1012 RMB Yuan as a result of the multifunctional nature and scarcity of farmland during the same period. The potential value of farmland in China was huge, but the value in the market was greatly underestimated, especially in regard to its social and ecological value. This study proposes a new method that integrates the discounted value of all future services provided by a natural resource(for the society and individuals) to evaluate the resource assets, provides a scientific foundation for the preservation and operation of farmland assets, and explores ways to increase farmers' property income.

Evaluation of water resources conserved by forests in the Hani rice terraces system of Honghe County,Yunnan,China：an application of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model

The Hani Rice Terraces System, based on gravity-flow irrigation, is one of the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS) pilot sites selected by FAO in 2010. The water resource plays an important role in the sustainable development of this system. The value of water conserved by the forest is influenced by natural, economic and social factors. In this paper, the water quality, per capita water resources, per capita GDP and population density are chosen as indices to construct an index system for a comprehensive evaluation of water resources value. The weights of these indices are 0.443, 0.31, 0.141 and 0.106 respectively, which are determined by the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) method. The water resources value has been assessed by the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model. The results show that the water resources value in the Hani Rice Terraces System is 4.25 RMB/m^3. Evaluating the value of water resources in the Hani Rice Terraces System can provide a reference for ecological compensation, for raising public awareness of the importance of protecting the system, and ultimately achieving its sustainable development.

Assessment of natural resources and the policy of subsidies in grain production

Based on the analysis on the status quo of natural resources input in Brain production and on the policy of Brain subsidies, this paper puts forward a new idea - establishing grain subsidies through assessing the value of the natural resources in Brain production. The assessment of the natural resources in Brain production provides rationale and reference standard for the policy of Brain subsidies, which will promote the sustainable use of natural resources accordingly. This paper concludes： （1） it is necessary for the grain subsidies to assess the full value of natural resources, including economic value, ecological value and social value： （2） the government should give farmers direct subsidies or environment subsidies according to the economic and ecological value of natural resources in grain production, （3） the social value of natural resources can be realized by establishing the country social security system, taking the social value as the criterion for the payment for part of farmers＇ insurance.

A STUDY ON THE OPTIMAL EXPLOITATION POLICY OF MULTI-MINE RESOURCES

At the present stage, the exploitation loss and waste of mineral resources are serious.lf this trend goes on, it will undoubtedly accelerate the resource depletion. Based on the values of mineral resources and their natural and economic attibutes, this paper sets up a multi-mine mineral resource exploitation model in the market competition. In addition, it analyses the struc-ture of the model and derives optimal conditions. Finally it gives a detailed interpretation of the practical application of the model for instance.

Landscape Pattern and Tourism Aesthetic Value of Shrubs in the Mountainous Area of West Sichuan, China

Shrubs is one of the major types of natural terrestrial ecosystems.China is one of the largest shrubs distribution countries in the world,and the mountainous area of west Sichuan in the southwest region is one of the key distribution sections.Nevertheless,the basic data of shrubs has long been unexplored.This study was designed to document and map the landscape pattern of the shrubs by using land use data with the help of field survey data and well-established landscape metrics.The study area was classifi ed into 7 fi rst-class land cover types and 19 second-class shrubs types.The results showed that grassland,forest,and shrubs landscapes are 3 dominant types.Shrubs landscape showed high quality,fragmentation,aggregation and diversity,richness of resources.Based on these,this paper also presented an outspread discussion on the tourism aesthetic value of shrubs.The conclusion is that the aesthetic value and tourism resources value of shrubs are both considerable,especially for Rhododendron L.shrubs.And ecotourism is suitable for shrubs’exploration and environmental education.Analyzing distribution of shrubs landscape and discussing its tourism aesthetic value can provide a reference and idea for future research.

Review of tourism resources valuation

Tourism resources valuation is now a hot issue of the science of tourism resources, resources economics and environmental economics. This paper reviews research progresss on tourism resources valuation, introduces its theoretic basis, and elaborates two classical valuation methods： TCM and CVM. And two existing problems are discussed Firstly, tourism resources value constitution system is still under dispute. This paper puts forward the Value constitution system based on present value categories. Secondly, tourism resources valuation methods need further studies because both TCM and CVM have deficiencies. Finally, the paper points out the development direction of tourism resources valuation.

Economic Value of Water Resources of the Upper Reaches of the Xin’an River Basin, China

Estimating the value of water resources not only forms the basis of water rights transactions between upstream and downstream and eco-compensation standards, but also provides scientific data for the reasonable establishment of local water prices and promotes sustainable use and efficient management. Here, we estimate the economic value of the water resources of the upper reaches of the Xin’an River basin. Our purpose is to establish theoretical support for eco-compensation standardization and provide data for the protection of water resources and water price reform.

Studies on Marine Oil Spills and Their Ecological Damage

The sources of marine oil spills are mainly from accidents of marine oil tankers or freighters, marine oil-drilling platforms, marine oil pipelines, marine oilfields, terrestrial pollution, oil-bearing atmosphere, and offshore oil production equipment. It is concluded upon analysis that there are two main reasons for marine oil spills: (I) The motive for huge economic benefits of oil industry owners and oil shipping agents far surpasses their sense of ecological risks. (II) Marine ecological safety has not become the main concern of national security. Oil spills are disasters because humans spare no efforts to get economic benefits from oil. The present paper draws another conclusion that marine ecological damage caused by oil spills can be roughly divided into two categories: damage to marine resource value (direct value) and damage to marine ecosystem service value (indirect value). Marine oil spills cause damage to marine biological, fishery, seawater, tourism and mineral resources to various extents, which contributes to the lower quality and value of marine resources.

TRUST MODEL BASED ON THE MULTINOMIAL SUBJECTIVE LOGIC AND RISK MECHANISM FOR P2P NETWORK OF FILE SHARING

In order to deal with the problems in P2P systems of file sharing such as unreliability of the service,security risk and attacks caused by malicious peers,a novel Trust Model based on Multinomial subjective logic and Risk mechanism(MR-TM) is proposed.According to the multinomial subjective logic theory,the model introduces the risk mechanism.It assesses and quantifies the peers' risk,through computing the resource value,vulnerability,threat level,and finally gets the trust value by the risk value and the reputation value.The introduction of the risk value can reflect the recent behaviors of the peers better and make the system more sensitive to malicious acts.Finally,the effectiveness and feasibility of the model is illustrated by the simulation experiment designed with Peersim.

Classification of plant functional types based on the nutrition traits： a case study on alpine meadow community in the Zoigê Plateau

The ecological concept of Plant Functional Types（PFTs）, which refers to the assemblage of plants with certain functional traits, has been introduced for the study of plant responses to the environment change and human disturbance. Taking the alpine meadow community in the Zoigê Plateau as a study case, this paper classified PFTs in terms of plant nutrition traits. The sequential results are as follows.（1） The main herbages in the Zoigê Plateau included 16 species in 5 families. Among the five families, Cyperaceae vegetation accounted for 81.37%of herbage area in total, while the remaining 4families occupied less than 20%. As for the species,Kobresia setchwanensis Hand.-Maizz. was dominant,accounting for 48.74% of the total area; while the remaining 51.26% was comprised of Polygonum viviparum L., Anaphalis fiavescens Hand.-Mazz.,Stipa aliena Keng and other species.（2） By using the Principal Component Analysis（PCA）, the assessment of herbages nutrition was carried out based on the comprehensive multi-index evaluation model.Polygonum viviparum L. had the highest nutritional value score（1.43）, and Stipa aliena Keng had the lowest（-1.40）. Nutritional value of herbage species had a significantly positive correlation with altitude（P＆lt;0.01） in the Zoigê Plateau.（3） Based on the nutritional values, herbages in the Zoigê Plateau could be grouped into 3 nutrition PFTs（high, medium and low） by using the Natural Breaks（Jenks） method.