Upcycling plastic wastes into value-added products via electrocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis

Plastic,renowned for its versatility,durability,and cost-effectiveness,is indispensable in modern society.Nevertheless,the annual production of nearly 400 million tons of plastic,coupled with a recycling rate of only 9%,has led to a monumental environmental crisis.Plastic recycling has emerged as a vital response to this crisis,offering sustainable solutions to mitigate its environmental impact.Among these recycling efforts,plastic upcycling has garnered attention,which elevates discarded plastics into higher-value products.Here,electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic treatments stand at the forefront of advanced plastic upcycling.Electrocatalytic or photoelectrocatalytic treatments involve chemical reactions that facilitate electron transfer through the electrode/electrolyte interface,driven by electrical or solar energy,respectively.These methods enable precise control of chemical reactions,harnessing potential,current density,or light to yield valuable chemical products.This review explores recent progress in plastic upcycling through electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic pathways,offering promising solutions to the plastic waste crisis and advancing sustainability in the plastics industry.

Valorization of Camellia oleifera oil processing byproducts to value-added chemicals and biobased materials: A critical review

The C.oleifera oil processing industry generates large amounts of solid wastes,including C.oleifera shell(COS)and C.oleifera cake(COC).Distinct from generally acknowledged lignocellulosic biomass(corn stover,bamboo,birch,etc.),Camellia wastes contain diverse bioactive substances in addition to the abundant lignocellulosic components,and thus,the biorefinery utilization of C.oleifera processing byproducts involves complicated processing technologies.This reviewfirst summarizes various technologies for extracting and converting the main components in C.oleifera oil processing byproducts into value-added chemicals and biobased materials,as well as their potential applications.Microwave,ultrasound,and Soxhlet extractions are compared for the extraction of functional bioactive components(tannin,flavonoid,saponin,etc.),while solvothermal conversion and pyrolysis are discussed for the conversion of lignocellulosic components into value-added chemicals.The application areas of these chemicals according to their properties are introduced in detail,including utilizing antioxidant and anti-in-flammatory properties of the bioactive substances for the specific application,as well as drop-in chemicals for the substitution of unrenewable fossil fuel-derived products.In addition to chemical production,biochar fabricated from COS and its applications in thefields of adsorption,supercapacitor,soil remediation and wood composites are comprehensively reviewed and discussed.Finally,based on the compositions and structural characteristics of C.oleifera byproducts,the development of full-component valorization strategies and the expansion of the appli-cationfields are proposed.

The Operating Revenue of Jinbo Bio-Pharmaceutical for 2023 Reaching 0.78 Billion yuan

In Mar.20th,2024,Jinbo Bio-Pharmaceutical released the first performance report since it was listed at Beijing Stock Exchange,with many data hitting a record high.The company realized an operating revenue of 0.78 billion yuan,with a year-on-year increase of 99.96%,and hitting a new high for the past five years.The net profit attributable to shareholders was 0.3 billion yuan,with a year-on-year increase of 174.6%.The net profit attributable to shareholders after deducting non recurring gains and losses was 0.286 billion yuan,with a year-on-year increase of 181.02%.

Revenue management method and critical techniques of railway passenger transport

Purpose–Revenue management(RM)is a significant technique to improve revenue with limited resources.With the macro environment of dramatically increasing transit capacity and rapid railway transport development in China,it is necessary to involve the theory of RM into the operation and decision of railway passenger transport.Design/methodology/approach–This paper proposes the theory and framework of generalized RM of railway passenger transport(RMRPT),and the thoughts and methods of the main techniques in RMRPT,involving demand forecasting,line planning,inventory control,pricing strategies and information systems,are all studied and elaborated.The involved methods and techniques provide a sequential process to help with the decision-making for each stage of RMRPT.The corresponding techniques are integrated into the information system to support practical businesses in railway passenger transport.Findings–The combination of the whole techniques devotes to railway benefit improvement and transit resource utilization and has been applied into the practical operation and organization of railway passenger transport.Originality/value–The development of RMRPT would provide theoretical and technical support for the improvement of service quality as well as railway benefits and efficiency.

Revenue Sharing in Dairy Industry Supply Chain-A Case Study of Hohhot,China

Dairy industry has become an increasingly important enterprise in China as people＇s dietary preferences and composition have changed dramatically with rapid economic development in the past several decades.A number of problems,however,exist in China＇s relatively young dairy industry,including the imbalanced allocation of profits throughout the dairy supply chain.One of the root causes of the melamine infant powered milk scandal in 2008 was the unfair profit allocation mechanism in dairy supply chain.The revenue sharing contract approach has proven to be effective in generating market shares and total profits.In this study,we apply the three-stage revenue sharing contract model of Giannoccaro and Pontrandolfo（2004） in an analysis of dairy supply chain to explore its problems in profit allocation and possible solutions to them.The analysis was conducted by a case study of Hohhot,often called as ＂milk capital of China＂.Our results show that the current profit distribution in the dairy supply chain is not balanced：the supermarket＇s profitfarmer＇s profitmanufacturer＇s profit.Under the revenue sharing contract setting,the dairy industry＇s total profit increased by 12.49%.By exploring different parameters in the revenue sharing contract model,we have found that a win-win situation can be created among all the members of the supply chain.In dairy supply chain,the ratio of the revenue reserved for the supermarket itself is equal or greater than 47% and the ratio of the revenue reserved for the manufacturer itself is between 46.4 and 50.2%.The values of the parameters that generate a sustainable or win-win situation are related to the bargaining position in the dairy supply chain.The revenue sharing contract has proven to be effective and desirable by all the dairy chain partners in dairy supply chain.The results of this study provide relevant information for improving the dairy supply chain structure and the revenue sharing contract model can be applied to other industries,sectors and regions.

Supply Chain Network Equilibrium with Revenue Sharing Contract under Demand Disruptions

Contract is a common and effective mechanism for supply chain coordination,which has been studied extensively in recent years.For a supply chain network model,contracts can be used to coordinate it because it is too ideal to obtain the network equilibrium state in practical market competition.In order to achieve equilibrium,we introduce revenue sharing contract into a supply chain network equilibrium model with random demand in this paper.Then,we investigate the influence on this network equilibrium state from demand disruptions caused by unexpected emergencies.When demand disruptions happen,the supply chain network equilibrium state will be broken and change to a new one,so the decision makers need to adjust the contract parameters to achieve the new coordinated state through bargaining.Finally,a numerical example with a sudden demand increase as a result of emergent event is provided for illustrative purposes.

Artificial photosynthesis for high-value-added chemicals:Old material,new opportunity

Solar energy utilization has drawn attention due to ever-increasing environmental and energy issues.Photoelectrochemical(PEC)and photocatalytic(PC)water splitting for hydrogen production,which is the most popular and well-established solar-to-chemical conversion process,has been studied thoroughly to date but is now facing limitations related to low conversion efficiency.To resolve this issue,research in PEC cells or photocatalysts has recently aimed to produce alternative value-added chemicals by modifying their redox reactions,which potentially enables high economic reward to compensate for the low efficiency.Here,various kinds of redox reactions that decouple classic water splitting reactions to produce value-added chemicals via PEC and PC processes are introduced.Successful coupling of CO_(2) reduction,O_(2) reduction and organic synthesis with either water oxidation or water reduction is comprehensively discussed from the perspective of basic fundamental and product selectivity in terms of the band structure of materials,cocatalyst design,and thermodynamics and kinetics of the reactions.Throughout the review,future challenges and opportunities are suggested with respect to the redesigned artificial synthesis,which might be an alternative development for the commercialization of PEC or PC value-added chemical production technologies in the near future.

Food processing wastewater purification by microalgae cultivation associated with high value-added compounds production——A review

Microalgae have been considered as an efficient microorganism for wastewater treatment with simultaneously bioenergy and high value-added compounds production.However,the high energy cost associated with complicated biorefinery(e.g.microalgae cultivation,harvesting,drying,extraction,conversion,and purification)is a critical challenge that inhibits its large-scale application.Among different nutrition(e.g.carbon,nitrogen and phosphorous)sources,food processing wastewater is a relative safe and suitable one for microalgae cultivation due to its high organic content and low toxicity.In this review,the characteristic of different food wastewater is summarized and compared.The potential routes of value-added products(i.e.biofuel,pigment,polysaccharide,and amino acid)production along with wastewater purification are introduced.The existing challenges(e.g.biorefinery cost,efficiency and mechanism)of microalgal-based wastewater treatment are also discussed.The prospective of microalgae-based food processing wastewater treatment strategies(such as microalgae-bacteria consortium,poly-generation of bioenergy and value-added products)is forecasted.It can be observed that food wastewater treatment by microalgae could be a promising strategy to commercially realize waste source reduce,conversion and reutilization.

Influence of Pt/Ru anodic ratio on the valorization of ethanol by PEM electrocatalytic reforming towards value-added products

The ethanol electro-reforming process was studied over PtRu/C catalysts synthesized by the modified polyol method with different compositions.In particular,this work reports the influence of anodic Pt:Ru ratio(5:1,2:1 and 1:2)on the organic product distribution(acetaldehyde,acetic acid and ethyl acetate)and pure hydrogen generation at different current densities operation levels.Physicochemical characterization of the catalysts was made by X-ray diffraction(XRD),temperature-programmed reduction(TPR)and N_(2) adsorption-desorption measurements.XRD patterns showed that Ru is introduced into the Pt structure,forming an alloy between both metals.Also,the degree of alloy was higher by increasing the Ru amounts.From TPR profiles Pt was found to be properly reduced while Ru was both in metallic state and forming RuO2.The electrochemical behaviour of each catalyst towards ethanol electroreforming process was investigated through electrochemical techniques in a half cell and a single proton exchange membrane(PEM)cell systems.An intermediate Pt:Ru ratio was found to result in high current density and electrochemical surface area(ECSA)values along with lower amounts of adsorbed species.Also,Ru addition seems to diminish the degree of degradation of the catalyst.Based on characterization and in agreement with essays carried out in a PEM cell at mild conditions(80℃ and 1 atm),PtRu/C 2:1 anode provided the best electrocatalytic results in terms of current density(740 mA cm^(-2)),hydrogen production and selectivity toward acetic acid(up to 15%apart from acetaldehyde and ethyl acetate)while requiring the lowest energy consumption.

Using Artificial Neural Network Modeling in Forecasting Revenue: Case Study in National Insurance Company/Iraq

There are few changes that took place in Iraqin many fields during the past few years;the financial aspect is one of the fields that undergone this change. The change has positive impact because it increases the revenue inIraqfrom the oil exports. The National Insurance Company is one of many companies that belongs to the Ministry of Finance inIraqand has affected directly from this change in term of increasing the number of the insurers which we will discuss in this research. The aim of this research is to forecast the insurance premiums revenue of the National Insurance Company between the years 2012 to 2053 using Artificial Neural Network based on the actual annual data of the insurance premiums revenue between the years 1970 to 2011. The data analyses results of this research show that the growth indicator of the insurance premiums revenue for the next 41 years is approximately 120%, the Mean Squared Error is the average squared difference between outputs and targets. Lower values are better. Zero means no error and the regression values are very high. The estimations and forecasts of the insurance premiums revenue using Artificial Neural Network confirmed to be strong and useful to deploy it for forecasting the insurance premiums revenue.

Application of Grey Model and Neural Network in Financial Revenue Forecast

There are many influencing factors of fiscal revenue,and traditional forecasting methods cannot handle the feature dimensions well,which leads to serious over-fitting of the forecast results and unable to make a good estimate of the true future trend.The grey neural network model fused with Lasso regression is a comprehensive prediction model that combines the grey prediction model and the BP neural network model after dimensionality reduction using Lasso.It can reduce the dimensionality of the original data,make separate predictions for each explanatory variable,and then use neural networks to make multivariate predictions,thereby making up for the shortcomings of traditional methods of insufficient prediction accuracy.In this paper,we took the financial revenue data of China’s Hunan Province from 2005 to 2019 as the object of analysis.Firstly,we used Lasso regression to reduce the dimensionality of the data.Because the grey prediction model has the excellent predictive performance for small data volumes,then we chose the grey prediction model to obtain the predicted values of all explanatory variables in 2020,2021 by using the data of 2005–2019.Finally,considering that fiscal revenue is affected by many factors,we applied the BP neural network,which has a good effect on multiple inputs,to make the final forecast of fiscal revenue.The experimental results show that the combined model has a good effect in financial revenue forecasting.

Empirical Research on Relationship between Corporate Brand Value and Apparel Market Sales Revenue of Apparel Enterprise

Among the existing researches on brand value,few of them focused on the demands of the companies in the clothing industry to brand value. There were three innovation points as follows: first of all,two key demands of apparel companies to existing brand value were summarized through investigation; then,the concept of rapid brand value evaluation and multi-dimensional factors( MDFs) was presented; finally,the relationship between apparel corporate brand value and the sales revenue in apparel market with the sales revenue was proven by empirical research.During the process of empirical study,the sales revenue data of 66 apparel enterprises domestic and abroad were collected,and the regression analysis has been done on the relationship between the corporate brand value and the apparel market sales revenue of apparel enterprise. The empirical research showed that they were positively correlated to each other. This conclusion presented a method of judging brand value development trend quickly by single indicator.

Airline Alliance Revenue Distribution Considering Horizontal and Vertical Competition

Considering the existence of multi-level fares in the alliance,and the existence of horizontal competition and vertical competition at the same time,this paper intends to maximize the revenue of airline alliance and fairly distribute the revenue to member airlines.Firstly,a model is built under the centralized mechanism,in which all airlines in the alliance are regarded as a whole.By solving the model,the shadow price of each flight leg on the code-sharing route is gotten.It is used to calculate the proportion of the revenue distribution.Then,the centralized model is decomposed into the single airline model by the proportion.The seat allocation among airlines and distributed revenue can be gotten by solving the model.Three typical examples are designed to test it.The results show that,the model can effectively reflect the managerial principal of the airline alliance,that is maximizing total revenue and fairly distributing the revenue among member airlines.

Revenue-sharing contract to coordinate independent participants within the supply chain

To improve the performance of the supply chain with one supplier and multiple retailers under deterministic price-sensitive customer demand, an optimal strategy is proposed based on knowledge discovery. First the decentralized system in which the supplier and the retailers are independent, profit-maximizing participants with the supplier acting as a Stackelberg game leader is studied. Numerical examples illustrate the importance of the coordination. The conventional quantity discount mechanism needs to be modified to coordinate the supply chain, so a revenue-sharing contract is proposed to coordinate such supply chain. Lastly, a special decision under certain demand rates is studied. The pricing and replenishment policies can be decided sequentially, which yields much less loss comparing with optimal decision when the demand rates are sufficiently large.

Economic Implications of CO2 Emission Reduction in Japan Applying a Dynamic CGE Model with Endogenous Technological Change： Use of Emission Permit Revenue

This study analyzes the economic and environmental impacts of a climate change measure in Japan using a single-country dynamic computable general equilibrium model with technological change as an endogenous variable. In this way, a comprehensive analysis of the relationships between climate change and its measures, technology, and economy has been done. The model uses technological change as the accumulation of knowledge capital that is derived from research and development investment. The study investigates the impacts of a climate change measure considering the use of emission permit revenue and technological change induced by the policy implementation in the Japanese economy. Simulation results show that there is compatibility between CO2 emission reduction and positive effects on GDP that depends on the ways of the revenue use and technological change induced by emission reduction. However, it is not possible to find the ways to realize positive effects on both GDP and welfare simultaneously in the study. The sensitivity analysis for the elasticity of substitution between knowledge capital and other inputs also confirms the obtained results.

Research on Tax Revenue Flexibility Based on the Perspective of Central Tax in Chongqing

Tax revenue is the main part of the finance revenue, and it plays an important role in the process of achieving the finance goals and promoting the economic development. Tax revenue flexibility is a main index which reveals the whole country's burden on the main macro-economy. The paper did an empirical research on national tax revenue flexibility in Chongqing from the total and structural perspectives, and it shows that there are some fluctuations during 2005-2009, which are still within a normal range. Tax revenue promotes Chongqing's economic growth.

Study of the Option Ordering Policy concerning Perishable Farm Produce Based on Revenue Sharing Contract

This paper considers the two-echelon supply chain system which consists of single agricultural producers and retailers,and analyzes the impact of sharing ratio on the option ordering quantity,and retailers and producers' expected profits.Studies have shown that in the case of decentralization,when the revenue sharing ratio is between 0 and 0.3,the option ordering quantity of farm produce is a decreasing function of the sharing ratio; when the revenue sharing ratio is between 0.3 and 1,the option ordering quantity of farm produce is an increasing function of sharing ratio; when the revenue sharing ratio is between 0.421 and 1,the agricultural producers and retailers' expected profits are an increasing function of sharing ratio.Finally,through the numerical calculation,the applicability of the conclusions is verified,to provide a reference for the supply chain management practices.

The Research of the Tariff Revenue Impact on China Based on APEC List of Environmental Goods

In this paper, the development conditions of the trades of merchandises among APEC countries, which were based on the APEC environmental goods are retrospected and summarized. Considering the commitments to reduce tariff rates on the 54 types of goods in 2015, the international tariff revenue of each country on this kind of goods will be influenced to different extents. This article quantifies the potential loss of each country from the perspective of the tariff revenue loss and contrasts the results, in order to offer related advice and suggestions from the standpoint of Chinese participation of tariff reduction among environmental goods.

Brief analysis on value-added tax transformation and its influence on enterprises

From Jan. 1st, 2009, the value-added tax transformation will be performed in all industries around the country. Based on value-added tax types and retrospection of reform practices, this article analyzes the background of the national value-added tax transformation and points out the influence of full implementation of the value-added tax transformation on various enterprises.

Mode Selection Strategy of Dual Distribution Channel Based on Revenue Analysis

Within the scope of dual distribution channel(DDC)modes—ME&T-C and M-T&E-C,a game model designed for channel members was proposed.Based on this game model,the game equilibrium under both centralized and decentralized decisionmaking situations was analyzed,the channel members' and overall revenues of two modes under the same decision-making situation are compared,and the influence of demand shift coefficient to the overall and members' revenue was also studied through example analysis.Based on the comparison and analysis of the revenue yielded from the two DDC modes,it's discovered that within a certain hypothetical range,the M-T&E-C mode seems to be a better option for the manufacturer than the ME&T-C mode.Therefore,this discovery can be served as a theoretical reference for manufacturers when choosing the optimal DDC mode in real life.