Value-Added Tax （VAT） on Selected Financial Transactions

This paper deals with the approach to imposing value-added tax （VAT） on financial transactions. The VAT is a highly harmonized consumption tax within the European Union （EU）. VAT operational rules have been set down by the relevant directive of the Council of the EU. Under the directive, it is possible to select either exemption or taxation of financial transactions. Only the first option is permitted in the Czech Republic. Pros and cons of both models are described, in particular, the problems with determining the difference between financial transactions and other similar performance that must always be subject to tax. Potential lower VAT revenue or tax base assessment, as appropriate, seems to be crucial in the case of the taxation of financial transactions.

Brief analysis on value-added tax transformation and its influence on enterprises

From Jan. 1st, 2009, the value-added tax transformation will be performed in all industries around the country. Based on value-added tax types and retrospection of reform practices, this article analyzes the background of the national value-added tax transformation and points out the influence of full implementation of the value-added tax transformation on various enterprises.

The Empirical Analysis on Cognitive Degree of the Restaurant Industry to ＂Replace the Business Tax with Value-added Tax＂

The restaurant is traditional industry of the third industry in our country. Since May 1 in this year, China＇s Restaurant Industry to implement ＂replace the business tax with value-added tax＂ policy and change to pay VAT. This paper analyzed the possible impact on restaurant industry after the＂ replace the business tax with value-added tax＂ based on the understanding of the tax theory of＂ replace the business tax with value-added tax＂ and the tax compliance in our country. At the same time, this paper used the statistical analysis of data on the investigation of 100 samples of the VAT cognitive degree on ＂replace the business tax with value-added tax＂, using principal component analysis method to analyze and evaluate factors on the awareness of the restaurant owner to ＂replace the business tax with value-added tax＂ tax policy. After multiple comparison made on the sample data, this paper summarized and analyzed the countermeasures of improving the pushing effect in restaurant industry ＂replace the business tax with VAT ＂.

Analysis on the Influence of "Replacement of Business Tax by Value-added Tax" on the Cost of Highway Projects

The"replacement of business tax by VAT reform"(hereby refer to as"VAT reform"for short)is a newly promulgated and implemented tax policy,and its impact on various industries in China is very different,and the highway project industry is no exception.The implementation of the"VAT reform"will not only have a positive impact on the cost of highway projects,but will also have some negative impacts.For this reason,highway project construction corporates must actively respond.The author explores and analyzes the positive and negative effects of the"VAT reform"on the cost of highway projects,and proposes a reform strategy for highway project cost work under the background of the"VAT reform",in hope of helping with bringing out the intrinsic value of highway project cost management work.

Interregional Value-Added Tax in the Era of E-Commerce: Tax Policy Design Based on Big Data from Online Retailing

The value-added tax(VAT)in China is levied and allocated based on the origin principle.Under the background of the increasing substitution of online retail for traditional offline retail,this mechanism will exacerbate the disparity of regional tax revenue,and intensify tax competition among local governments.Therefore,reconsidering the allocation mechanism of value-added tax in China can be an important policy decision,and it is influenced by various economic and social factors.Firstly,we utilize large-scale retail transaction data from an e-commerce platform to measure regional disparities in retail and consumption among different regions and then reveals present tax policy results in revenue imbalance in different regions.Secondly,we establish a model based on game theory to illustrate how the origin principle leads to fierce tax competition among regions.Furthermore,by establishing and solving tax allocation models between local governments and the central government,this study simulates and calculates the degree of revenue imbalance under different scenarios and attempts to propose policy measures.The results indicate that implementing the destination principle will reduce regional tax imbalances.Moreover,adjusting the allocation ratio between the central government and local governments based on city levels is advantageous for further reducing regional tax revenue disparities.

Value-added Tax and Leverage:Evidence from China's Value-added Tax Rate Reform

This paper uses China's value-added tax(VAT)rate reform as a quasi-natural experiment to identify the impacts of VAT rate shocks on corporate financial leverage.The results indicate that the reform reduced corporate total leverage significantly.There was a decrease in short-term leverage,but long-term leverage showed no significant change.These results remained robust across a series of robustness checks.Mechanism analysis shows that increasing profitability and improving cash flows acted as intermediary channels for the reform's impact on leverage.The reform also contributed to the mitigation of the asset–liability mismatch problem and the reduction of debt risk,while having no apparent impact on corporate investments.Finally,enterprises with more elastic demand and those with lower intermediate input ratios were affected most by the deleveraging effect of the VAT rate reform.This study suggests how the VAT rate cut shaped corporate capital structure.It thus helps to explain the economic consequences of VAT rate shocks.

Effects of China's BT-to-VAT Reform on Listed Companies' Turnover Tax Burden

Using the data of China's listed companies during 2010-2014 as samples, this paper employs the PSM and DID methods to respectively investigate the effects of BTto-VAT reform on the turnover tax burden for companies in pilot regions(Shanghai and eight other provinces and municipalities) and the rest of China. Our study arrived at the following findings: Compared with pilot sectors in non-pilot regions, BT-to-VAT reform has no significant effect on the turnover tax burden of pilot companies in pilot regions; compared with non-pilot companies, BT-to-VAT reform slightly increased the turnover tax burden in the short run and somewhat reduced the turnover tax burden for pilot companies in the long run. Further differentiation of ownership nature led to the discovery that BT-toVAT reform somewhat reduced the turnover tax burden of SOEs and central SOEs, slightly increased the turnover tax burden for non-SOEs and local SOEs in pilot regions, slightly increased the turnover tax burden in the short run and somewhat reduced the turnover tax burden in the long run after nationwide pilot programs were introduced; BT-to-VAT reform has more significant effects on non-SOEs and local SOEs. In general, BT-to-VAT reform has no significant effects on the turnover tax burden of companies and after differentiating pilot regions, pilot sectors and ownership nature, we did not discover any significant effect, which is generally consistent with policy expectations.

The Impact of the ＂Replace the Business Tax with VAT＂ on the Enterprises Tax Burden

Since 2012, China has started to carry out pilot work on ＂Replace the Business Tax with VAT＂ in Shanghai, and in the same year expanded the scope of implementation in 8 provinces and municipalities. From August 2013, ＂Replace the Business Tax with VAT＂ were carried out nationwide. From May 1st, 2016, China will fully implement the pilot reform and increase the construction industry, real estate industry, financial industry, and life service industry into pilots. At this point, business tax will be withdrawn from the stage of history. VAT system will be more standardized. The large-scale promotion and implementation of ＂Replace the Business Tax with VAT＂ has not only eliminated the problem of double taxation, but has also achieved the major goal of structural tax cuts. The in-depth implementation of the taxation reform has played an active role in promoting the establishment of a sound taxation system in China, promoting the upgrading of China＇s industries, and optimizing the economic structure. It has important implications for creating a fair tax environment interiorly and promoting the development of social economy. In this paper, the quantitative study on whether the tax burden of the enterprise has been reduced after the ＂Replace the Business Tax with VAT＂ has been verified, to verify the policy effect of ＂Replace the Business Tax with VAT＂. at the same time, it can also provide some suggestions for enterprises to tax administration.

Research on Influence of ＂Business Tax to VAT＂ Reform on Real Estate Enterprise

This year is a crucial year of pushing forward the reform of supply side structural. Tax cuts is a simple, direct and effective measure. ＂Business Tax to VAT＂ reform suit the needs of the structural adjustment. It also has a positive effect on getting through the deduction of VAT chain, completely promote the market specialization, promote the organic integration of the second and third industry in our country. On Mayl, 2016, our country implemented ＂Business Tax to VAT＂ reform pilot, Including construction, finance, real estate and life services in the scope of the pilot. The policy implementation will inevitably bring different level tax burden influence to the enterprise. In this article, through analysis of the state council issued the ＂Business Tax to VAT＂ reform file, together with the present situation of China＇s economy, the real estate enterprises camp to increase after taxes influence and studied.

增值税减税能否提高制造业企业全要素生产率?--基于增值税税率下调事件的经验研究

深化税制改革是激发市场主体活力、加快制造业转型、实现经济高质量发展的重要路径。基于2016—2020年中国沪深A股上市公司数据,研究了2018年和2019年增值税税率下调对制造业企业全要素生产率的影响。研究发现,增值税减税提高了制造业企业的全要素生产率。异质性分析结果显示,对于市场竞争地位高、国有产权、处于成熟期以及高市场化地区的企业而言,增值税减税对全要素生产率的提升效应显著。渠道分析表明,研发投入、人力资本投入以及资本配置效率是增值税减税影响企业全要素生产率的主要渠道。因此,政府部门应继续深化增值税改革,缩小制造业与其他行业的税率差异,切实减轻制造业企业税收负担,同时应加大对民营、初创等弱势企业的财政扶持力度,全面提高各类企业的全要素生产率。

工程总承包模式下的税金计算研究

以我国工程总承包推进实践中工程计价中存在的税金计算难题为研究对象,探讨实践中存在的增值税认识偏差的根源。在引入增值税税负率、综合税负率的基础上,提出总承包模式下计算税金的思路:用税前含税工程造价作为增值税及工程造价税金的计算基数。采用典型案例、企业访谈分别测算工程费用、其他费用的增值税税负率及综合税负率,并据此确定基于综合税负率的工程总承包项目工程造价的计算程序。用简易计税的思路计算税金,简化工程总承包项目工程造价的确定,希望为工程总承包计价提供支撑。

电子发票与涉税数据保护

随着“以票控税”向“以数治税”转型的时代来临,电子发票是财税数字化转型的关键内容,在税收征管中发挥着关键作用。但是,我国电子发票的配套制度不够完善,缺少涉税数据保护的具体规则。从概念界定、权力结构和责任与归责机制看,数据保护的一般性规则在电子发票涉税数据保护中具有局限性。电子发票的参与主体多样,适用环节逐步扩大。因此,在涉税数据传输过程中,应当平衡公共价值与私法权益保护,注重个人信息与商业秘密的保护。根据域外经验,在发展诸如区块链、云服务、智能合约等技术的同时,应当遵循技术中立原则:如欧盟在电子发票涉税数据保护中,遵循目的限制原则、比例原则和数据最小化原则;《瑞士增值税法》也规定了涉税数据保护规则。建议将涉税数据保护纳入立法考量,通过制定《中华人民共和国增值税法》及其实施条例和修订《中华人民共和国发票管理办法》及《中华人民共和国网络发票管理办法》来保障涉税数据安全。

“留抵退税”政策对制造业创新的影响研究——以A股制造业上市公司为例

增值税“留抵退税”政策是“减税降费”的重要手段之一,即将进项税额与销项税额的差额部分税款进行退还,进而影响企业的现金流,降低融资约束影响,有利于企业减轻资金压力。目前,有关增值税留抵退税对制造业的影响机制、作用等相关研究文献较少,针对创新影响方面的文献则更少。鉴于此,通过双重差分模型分析增值税留抵退税政策对制造业上市公司创新的影响。研究表明:增值税“留抵退税”政策对制造业上市公司创新呈正向促进作用。

增值税专用发票犯罪事后免责的可能与路径

近年来,民营企业家涉税犯罪案件数量持续增长,其中,增值税专用发票类犯罪属于主要类型。为进一步优化营商环境,刑事立法及司法有必要在不削弱法益保护和犯罪预防强度的前提下,为涉嫌犯罪的民营企业及其经营者提供避免刑事处罚后果的方案。鉴于逃税罪已存在事后免责事由,对法益关联性更弱的增值税专用发票类犯罪适用事后免责事由、限制该类犯罪的追责范围,从保护国家税源税基的角度,具有必要性和正当性。为实现这一目的,有两种可能的方案,即“法益恢复”与“积极悔罪”模式,以及以《刑法》第二百零一条第四款为基础的当然推论。相比较而言,以《刑法》第二百零一条第四款为基础的当然推论能在兼顾法益保护及刑罚预防目的的前提下,实现国家与企业的共赢。

增值税留抵退税政策提高企业的研发能力了吗?——基于制造业上市公司的实证分析

文章选取我国2014-2021年A股制造业公司数据,运用双重差分法研究2018年实施的增值税留抵退税政策能否提升企业的研发能力。实证结果表明,享受增值税留抵退税政策的企业,研发能力显著提升,并在一系列稳健性检验中得以验证。理论逻辑在于,增值税留抵退税政策的实施增加了企业现金流,增强企业抵御风险能力的同时也会降低企业的研发风险,企业的研发意愿增强,研发能力会得到进一步的提升。另外,制造业企业需要购进生产设备进行研发活动,而现金流的返还让企业不再担心会因为采购机器设备而产生大量的留抵税额;企业生产模式和生产理念的转变,也会更偏向于进行研发创新,提升自身的研发能力。在产权性质方面,增值税留抵退税政策仅对非国有企业研发能力有激励作用;在成长速度方面,增值税留抵退税政策对成长速度快的企业提升研发能力产生了积极效果。

增值税减税对生活性服务业企业全要素生产率的影响——基于A股上市公司数据的实证分析

提高企业全要素生产率是增强生活性服务业竞争力的关键所在。作为宏观调控手段,税收政策对全要素生产率的影响一直备受关注。基于生活性服务业A股上市公司2015—2022年的数据,考察增值税减税对生活性服务业企业全要素生产率的影响。研究发现,增值税减税能够提高生活性服务业企业全要素生产率,且能通过缓解融资约束和增加人力资本两条途径促进企业全要素生产率的提高。基于此,提出以下建议:扩大增值税减税政策适用范围,增强政策普惠性;拓宽企业融资渠道,缓解企业融资困境;增加企业人力资本投入,提高人力资源质量;优化增值税减税政策设计,采取差异化政策。

留抵退税:定性、释疑与优化

近年来的留抵退税改革诱发关于其法律定性的争议,一方认为其属于税收优惠,另一方认为其是纳税人行使税收债权的当然表现。从增值税的内在机理出发,后一种观点更为妥帖。实践中,诸多争议均可基于前述定性予以解答:留抵退税款不应具有企业所得税的应税性,税务机关不予征税的做法是合理的,但应解决上位法意涵不明的问题;现实条件下,注销企业无法取得留抵退税款,且无法以留抵税额抵销非增值税欠税,难言合理;纳税人的债权人不能就留抵税额行使代位权。为强化留抵退税的政策功能,应允许纳税人同时适用留抵退税与即征即退等优惠,明确规定留抵退税款属于不征税收入,允许注销企业以留抵税额抵销非增值税欠税,适度放宽适用留抵退税的纳税信用等级门槛。

中小企业纳税筹划问题分析及对策建议——以M公司为例

“营改增”推行后,我国税收形势发生重大变化,纳税筹划的重要性日渐突显,做好纳税筹划对中小企业至关重要。以M公司为例,针对中小企业纳税筹划展开分析,探析其在增值税和企业所得税方面存在的问题,设计相应纳税筹划方案,并从完善内部控制机制、加强与税务部门的沟通、加深对税法政策的理解等方面提出相应解决对策,以期对中小企业的纳税筹划工作有所裨益。

“营改增”对劳动力个体就业的影响研究

以2010—2017年中国综合社会调查数据中劳动力个体为研究对象,基于“营改增”政策的准自然实验,采用双重差分法分析了其对劳动力个体就业的影响,以评估减税降费政策的社会福利效应,并考察其影响就业的具体机制。研究结果表明:“营改增”政策会提升试点地区劳动力个体的就业概率,机制在于优化产业结构;“营改增”政策对就业的影响在政策实施的第二年达到峰值,之后随着试点范围的扩大而逐渐减弱。异质性分析显示,“营改增”政策对劳动力个体就业的影响在不同受教育水平、性别和户籍群体间存在差异,表明精准的政策实施更有利于促进就业,优化就业结构。研究结论有助于在理论上甄别“营改增”影响就业的机理,在实践中为就业促进政策的制定与调整提供有益借鉴。

Study on Causes of Differences in Tax Burden of Value-Added Tax from the Perspective of Industrial Linkage

It is of great practical significance to analyze the differences of actual tax burden value-added tax(VAT)from the perspective of industrial linkage for accelerating the construction of a modern industrial system and promoting the formation of a new development pattern.This paper explains the differences and causes of the actual VAT tax burden in the manufacturing industry from the perspective of industrial linkage.According to the research results,the closer the intermediate input connection between an industry and other industries,the lower the actual VAT tax burden it bears.The characteristics of production network have a moderating effect on the relationship between the linkage of the manufacturing industries and the actual VAT tax burden.For the industries in the center of the production network,a stable backward linkage weakens the influence of industrial linkage on their actual tax burden.It is difficult for industries located in the spillover block to reduce their tax burden by adjusting the linkage of intermediate goods.In addition,highly linked manufacturing enterprises can also reduce their actual VAT tax burden by tax avoidance,tax shifting,adjusting the types of intermediate inputs and so on.Smoothing the domestic production network of the manufacturing industry and optimizing the VAT burden bearing mechanism of each manufacturing sub-industry will help promote the stable growth of the manufacturing industry and healthy development of the macro economy in China.