Brief analysis on value-added tax transformation and its influence on enterprises

From Jan. 1st, 2009, the value-added tax transformation will be performed in all industries around the country. Based on value-added tax types and retrospection of reform practices, this article analyzes the background of the national value-added tax transformation and points out the influence of full implementation of the value-added tax transformation on various enterprises.

Value-Added Tax （VAT） on Selected Financial Transactions

This paper deals with the approach to imposing value-added tax （VAT） on financial transactions. The VAT is a highly harmonized consumption tax within the European Union （EU）. VAT operational rules have been set down by the relevant directive of the Council of the EU. Under the directive, it is possible to select either exemption or taxation of financial transactions. Only the first option is permitted in the Czech Republic. Pros and cons of both models are described, in particular, the problems with determining the difference between financial transactions and other similar performance that must always be subject to tax. Potential lower VAT revenue or tax base assessment, as appropriate, seems to be crucial in the case of the taxation of financial transactions.

The Variance Analysis on Enterprise of Different Ways of Sales：Based on Analysis of Enterprise Tax Burden and Cash Flows

在目前竞争激烈的市场经济环境中,许多企业为了维持或扩大自己商品的市场份额,往往采取多种多样的销售方式,以达到促销的目的,而且随着经济的发展以及互联网时代的来临,销售形式也越来越多.基于企业税负与现金净流量的基础上对9 种销售方式从企业税负与现金净流量两个方面进行了分析与研究.研究发现税负高的销售方式,可能其现金净流量也比较高,因此企业在经营销售过程中,不能只考虑税负的问题,还要考虑企业现金净流量的问题,甚至是企业的整体发展问题以及顾客对销售方式的接受程度.

Interregional Value-Added Tax in the Era of E-Commerce: Tax Policy Design Based on Big Data from Online Retailing

The value-added tax(VAT)in China is levied and allocated based on the origin principle.Under the background of the increasing substitution of online retail for traditional offline retail,this mechanism will exacerbate the disparity of regional tax revenue,and intensify tax competition among local governments.Therefore,reconsidering the allocation mechanism of value-added tax in China can be an important policy decision,and it is influenced by various economic and social factors.Firstly,we utilize large-scale retail transaction data from an e-commerce platform to measure regional disparities in retail and consumption among different regions and then reveals present tax policy results in revenue imbalance in different regions.Secondly,we establish a model based on game theory to illustrate how the origin principle leads to fierce tax competition among regions.Furthermore,by establishing and solving tax allocation models between local governments and the central government,this study simulates and calculates the degree of revenue imbalance under different scenarios and attempts to propose policy measures.The results indicate that implementing the destination principle will reduce regional tax imbalances.Moreover,adjusting the allocation ratio between the central government and local governments based on city levels is advantageous for further reducing regional tax revenue disparities.

Tax and Fee Burden of Rural Households and Economic Growth in China

This paper is based on the fixed follow-up observation data of the countryside in Shanxi and Zhejiang provinces of china. It gives positive analysis of the tax and fee burden of rural households in these two provinces as weU as the tendency of its development since the mid-1980s. It is found from the analysis that the model of tax and fee burden is completely different between these two provinces and each model brings quite different effects. In the Shanxi burden model focusing on the collection of fees, farmers pay less taxes and fees, but they have to pay more compared with their income, thus resulting in a lack of the stamina for rural household economy even causing the economy to be thrown into a state of stagnancy. In the Zhejiang burden model focusing on tax, farmers pay more tax, but its percentage is lower compared with their income, with the result that the rural household economy has a strong stamina for growth. With the coming system of ＂transforming fees into taxes＂ to be trial-implemented in the rural areas, the pilot experience in Anhui Province is truly important, but comparatively speaking, the practice in Zhejiang is of more immediate significance.

China should Improve its Tax Regime to Reduce Excess Tax Burden

After reviewing relevant theories,this article uses Barro’s tax-smoothing model to present an empirical analysis on China’s excess tax burden.Whilst providing an explanation for the abnormally high growth of tax revenue,the author suggests further improvements to the tax regime,and in light of current tax policies and the new round of tax reforms,puts forward policy recommendations on how to realize tax-smoothing and reduce the excess tax burden for higher economic efficiency.

Reduce Tax and Alleviate the Burden

‘Tax reduction’must be one of the key words of the Chinese economy in 2018,during which various preferential tax policies were successively issued and tax-cut bonuses are continuously released.Since the beginning of the year,China has set a target of RMB 1.1 trillion in tax reductions throughout the year.In the second half of 2018,incremental policies were introduced.It is estimated that the annual economic burden will be reduced by more than RMB 1.3 trillion in 2018.

Effects of China's BT-to-VAT Reform on Listed Companies' Turnover Tax Burden

Using the data of China's listed companies during 2010-2014 as samples, this paper employs the PSM and DID methods to respectively investigate the effects of BTto-VAT reform on the turnover tax burden for companies in pilot regions(Shanghai and eight other provinces and municipalities) and the rest of China. Our study arrived at the following findings: Compared with pilot sectors in non-pilot regions, BT-to-VAT reform has no significant effect on the turnover tax burden of pilot companies in pilot regions; compared with non-pilot companies, BT-to-VAT reform slightly increased the turnover tax burden in the short run and somewhat reduced the turnover tax burden for pilot companies in the long run. Further differentiation of ownership nature led to the discovery that BT-toVAT reform somewhat reduced the turnover tax burden of SOEs and central SOEs, slightly increased the turnover tax burden for non-SOEs and local SOEs in pilot regions, slightly increased the turnover tax burden in the short run and somewhat reduced the turnover tax burden in the long run after nationwide pilot programs were introduced; BT-to-VAT reform has more significant effects on non-SOEs and local SOEs. In general, BT-to-VAT reform has no significant effects on the turnover tax burden of companies and after differentiating pilot regions, pilot sectors and ownership nature, we did not discover any significant effect, which is generally consistent with policy expectations.

The Impact of the ＂Replace the Business Tax with VAT＂ on the Enterprises Tax Burden

Since 2012, China has started to carry out pilot work on ＂Replace the Business Tax with VAT＂ in Shanghai, and in the same year expanded the scope of implementation in 8 provinces and municipalities. From August 2013, ＂Replace the Business Tax with VAT＂ were carried out nationwide. From May 1st, 2016, China will fully implement the pilot reform and increase the construction industry, real estate industry, financial industry, and life service industry into pilots. At this point, business tax will be withdrawn from the stage of history. VAT system will be more standardized. The large-scale promotion and implementation of ＂Replace the Business Tax with VAT＂ has not only eliminated the problem of double taxation, but has also achieved the major goal of structural tax cuts. The in-depth implementation of the taxation reform has played an active role in promoting the establishment of a sound taxation system in China, promoting the upgrading of China＇s industries, and optimizing the economic structure. It has important implications for creating a fair tax environment interiorly and promoting the development of social economy. In this paper, the quantitative study on whether the tax burden of the enterprise has been reduced after the ＂Replace the Business Tax with VAT＂ has been verified, to verify the policy effect of ＂Replace the Business Tax with VAT＂. at the same time, it can also provide some suggestions for enterprises to tax administration.

Empirical Analysis on Inequity of Rural Tax and Fee Burden Distribution： A Case from Rural Households of China from 1986 to 2000

This paper analyzes the distribution of rural in the eastern, mid and western China and in five income tax and fee burden and income of the rural households groups from the lowest income group to the highest group from 1986 to 1999. After the analyses, the paper thinks that the distribution of tax and fee between the rural households is inequitable whatsoever it is in the different income groups or in the different regions. The higher the income of the rural household is, the lighter the rural tax and fee burden is. The poorer the rural household is, the heavier the tax and fee burden of the rural household is. The more developed the economy of the region is, the less the rural tax and fee burden of rural household is. In the region that the agriculture is the leading industry, the rural tax and fee burden of the rural household is heavier than that in the region that the agriculture is not dominant. All mentioned above show the regressive characters of the agricultural taxation in rural China. At present the distribution of rural tax and fee burden between the rural household is inequitable.

Location Choice or Industrial Enterprises in China： Market Potential, Resource Endowment and Tax Burden

Using a New Economic Geography OVEG） model, this paper investigates the effect of market potential, natural resource endowment and tax burden on the location distribution of industrial enterprises in China. By applying data from 2000 to 2010 of 286 Chinese cities, this paper conducts an empirical analysis on the location of industrial enterprises of different time periods, regions and ownership systems. The results indicate that greater domestic market potential and international market demand are favorable to fostering or introduction of new enterprises. It also shows that coastal cities with better resource endowment are more attractive to corporate investment, while cities in interior regions have heavy and highly differentiated industrial tax burdens, which is unfavorable to the attraction of enterprises. In comparison, infrastructure and wage of cities have no obvious effect on enterprises＇ location choice. When it comes to enterprises of different ownership, domestic market potential and international market demand all have significant positive effects on the location distribution of foreign-funded enterprises, private enterprises and enterprises with investment from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, while the level of urban industrial tax burden has an opposite effect. We find that the NEG model has a relatively strong explanatory power to the location of industrial enterprises in China.

Study on Causes of Differences in Tax Burden of Value-Added Tax from the Perspective of Industrial Linkage

It is of great practical significance to analyze the differences of actual tax burden value-added tax(VAT)from the perspective of industrial linkage for accelerating the construction of a modern industrial system and promoting the formation of a new development pattern.This paper explains the differences and causes of the actual VAT tax burden in the manufacturing industry from the perspective of industrial linkage.According to the research results,the closer the intermediate input connection between an industry and other industries,the lower the actual VAT tax burden it bears.The characteristics of production network have a moderating effect on the relationship between the linkage of the manufacturing industries and the actual VAT tax burden.For the industries in the center of the production network,a stable backward linkage weakens the influence of industrial linkage on their actual tax burden.It is difficult for industries located in the spillover block to reduce their tax burden by adjusting the linkage of intermediate goods.In addition,highly linked manufacturing enterprises can also reduce their actual VAT tax burden by tax avoidance,tax shifting,adjusting the types of intermediate inputs and so on.Smoothing the domestic production network of the manufacturing industry and optimizing the VAT burden bearing mechanism of each manufacturing sub-industry will help promote the stable growth of the manufacturing industry and healthy development of the macro economy in China.

企业税负结构、税收成本粘性与全要素生产率

从税源的纳税人结构来看,我国税收收入主要源于企业,宏观层面的税制结构在微观领域主要投射为企业税负结构,税制结构对经济效率的宏观影响会通过企业税负结构对微观全要素生产率的促进或抑制来实现。因此,基于上市公司微观主体实证检验企业税负结构变化对微观全要素生产率的影响,可以验证税制结构对经济效率的宏观治理效应。研究结果表明:现行以间接税为主的企业税负结构对全要素生产率具有显著的抑制作用,具体表现为企业增值税负与企业所得税负比值越大,对全要素生产率抑制作用越强。进一步研究结果表明:企业税负结构是通过增加税收成本粘性对全要素生产率产生抑制作用;在当前税收立法水平与税制安排下,税收征管在企业税负结构抑制全要素生产率中发挥了正向调节作用。

税收负担、财政自给率与城市高质量发展

健全的财税体制是推动高质量发展的重要保障。为厘清税收负担、财政自给率与经济高质量发展的关系,有效贯彻长三角一体化国家战略,选取长三角41个城市2008—2019年面板数据,采用极值熵值法测算长三角城市高质量发展指数,运用Tobit模型实证检验税收负担和财政自给率对城市高质量发展的影响。研究发现:整体上看,长三角城市高质量发展呈阶段性波动趋势,且区域异质性明显,上海居于首位,浙江和江苏次之,安徽相对靠后。从子系统看,长三角城市高质量发展子系统指数中绿色>创新>开放>共享>协调。从实证结果看,税收负担和财政自给率都显著促进高质量发展,税收负担与财政自给率的交互项亦显著促进高质量发展。控制变量中,政府支出规模和经济发展水平对高质量发展的影响不确定,且未通过显著性检验,产业结构和能源消费结构与高质量发展具有负相关关系,城镇化水平与高质量发展具有正相关关系。

长周期减税对中国政府与市场关系的结构性影响——基于产业税收弹性变动的分析测度

我国大规模、长周期的减税政策带来了政府与市场关系的结构性调整。本文以产业税收弹性为标尺,利用2002—2021年的细分类产业与税收收入数据,分析了不同阶段产业税收弹性的变化轨迹以及不同产业间的税收弹性差异,测度了长周期减税对中国政府与市场关系的结构性影响。产业税收弹性揭示了税收与经济之间的互动关系,是优化税收政策的基础参数,是观察税收与产业发展情况的窗口,是评估税制改革成效的主要基准。

工程总承包模式下的税金计算研究

以我国工程总承包推进实践中工程计价中存在的税金计算难题为研究对象,探讨实践中存在的增值税认识偏差的根源。在引入增值税税负率、综合税负率的基础上,提出总承包模式下计算税金的思路:用税前含税工程造价作为增值税及工程造价税金的计算基数。采用典型案例、企业访谈分别测算工程费用、其他费用的增值税税负率及综合税负率,并据此确定基于综合税负率的工程总承包项目工程造价的计算程序。用简易计税的思路计算税金,简化工程总承包项目工程造价的确定,希望为工程总承包计价提供支撑。

净额所得视域下个税费用扣除规则的再审视

净额所得始能课税是量能课税原则在个税法上的具体要求,费用扣除则是把握净额所得的关键。2018年《个人所得税法》修订时提高了综合所得的一般性扣除额,同时增设六类专项附加扣除项目,契合净额所得课税的要求。净额所得有客观的净额所得与主观的净额所得之分,既有一般性扣除额实为个人生活费用的表彰,现行《个人所得税法》存在误将其作为取得工资薪金之成本费用的逻辑谬误,进而使法律在把握客观净额所得时存在罅隙,亟待补足。同时,现行法把握主观净额所得也有不足,应构建涵盖“个人基本生活需要—家庭基本生活需要—普通型支出增加—特殊型支出增加”的四层次扣除体系。下一步完善《个人所得税法》时应以净额所得课税为出发点建章立制,遵循客观净额所得和主观净额所得二元进路,塑造完整的费用扣除规则。

涉税环境信息新增如何影响企业实际税负和税费成本?——基于环境保护税改革的实证研究

中国税制改革日益重视纳税人涉税信息的完整性和准确性。随着税务机关掌握更多的纳税人涉税环境信息,企业实际税负和税费成本将会受到什么影响?本文以2014—2020年上市公司为样本,以2018年环境保护税改革为政策冲击,研究涉税环境信息新增对企业实际税负和税费成本的影响。研究发现,涉税环境信息新增显著降低了企业实际税负和税费成本。异质性分析发现,涉税环境信息新增对国有企业实际税负和非国有企业税费成本具有显著的负向影响;涉税环境信息新增显著提高了企业的所得税和流转税成本,降低了环境保护税成本。机制分析发现,企业研发投入是涉税环境信息新增影响企业实际税负和税费成本的机制变量,该机制变量从减少企业实际缴纳税费和扩大生产规模两方面降低企业实际税负和税费成本。本文的研究结论为持续推进环境保护税改革提供了实证依据。

税内税外:清代前期的地丁原额与实际税负

清代前期的地丁(田赋)“原额”是一个值得注意的问题。它既涉及作为定税基础的亩制、折亩、税率,也直接与清初沿袭的“万历则例”关联。清初沿袭的田赋征收标准是万历四十八年的定例,但在田赋征收货币化的进程中,清初所定的本色折银额过高,事实上增加了人民的负担,是清初田赋税额高出明代万历年间税额的重要原因之一。同时,由于在地丁征收过程中存在的银两与铜钱的折算,影响着纳税者和地方政府的实际利益。丁银摊入地亩,从总体上实现了“地丁”的合一,丁银征收标准以及丁银的摊入地亩或未摊入地亩,同样错综复杂。在地丁“原额”之外,预征、加征与差徭银的摊征,也反映出纳税、承差者的实际负担较为沉重。

控股股东财务资助与企业价值创造——基于民营上市公司的经验证据

党的二十大报告再次重申“两个毫不动摇”,为民营企业价值创造提供强有力的政策支持,而融资方式是影响企业价值的重要因素之一。控股股东财务资助凭借其融资成本低、内部风险可控等优势,成为民营企业融资新渠道。以2007—2021年沪深A股民营上市公司为样本,实证检验了控股股东财务资助对企业价值创造的影响。研究结果发现,控股股东财务资助对企业价值创造具有显著的正向影响。作用机制研究表明,控股股东财务资助通过降低税收负担激发企业价值创造。异质性分析表明,控股股东财务资助对企业价值创造的促进作用随着产品市场竞争程度的提高而增强,且对小规模企业的影响更加明显。研究既丰富了控股股东财务资助的经济后果及企业价值创造影响因素方面的文献,又为相关部门制定政策制度提供参考以及民营上市公司有效融资提供了理论依据。