High-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite all-pellet integrated burden optimization and softening-melting behavior based on flux pellets

High-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite(HVTM)is a crucial polymetallic-associated resource to be developed.The allpellet operation is a blast furnace trend that aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the future.By referencing the production data of vanadium-titanium magnetite blast furnaces,this study explored the softening-melting behavior of high-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite and obtained the optimal integrated burden based on flux pellets.The results show that the burden with a composition of 70wt%flux pellets and 30wt%acid pellets exhibits the best softening-melting properties.In comparison to that of the single burden,the softening-melting characteristic temperature of this burden composition was higher.The melting interval first increased from 307 to 362℃and then decreased to 282℃.The maximum pressure drop(ΔPmax)decreased from 26.76 to 19.01 kPa.The permeability index(S)dropped from 4643.5 to 2446.8 kPa·℃.The softening-melting properties of the integrated burden were apparently improved.The acid pellets played a role in withstanding load during the softening process.The flux pellets in the integrated burden exhibited a higher slag melting point,which increased the melting temperature during the melting process.The slag homogeneity and the TiC produced by over-reduction led to the gas permeability deterioration of the single burden.The segregation of the flux and acid pellets in the HVTM proportion and basicity mainly led to the better softening-melting properties of the integrated burden.

Simulation of deuterium pellet ablation and deposition in the EAST tokamak with HPI2 code

Pellet injection is a primary method for fueling the plasma in magnetic confinement devices.For that goal the knowledges of pellet ablation and deposition profiles are critical.In the present study,the pellet fueling code HPI2 was used to predict the ablation and deposition profiles of deuterium pellets injected into a typical H-mode discharge on the EAST tokamak.Pellet ablation and deposition profiles were evaluated for various pellet injection locations,with the aim at optimizing the pellet injection to obtain a deep fueling depth.In this study,we investigate the effect of the injection angle on the deposition depth of the pellet at different velocities and sizes.The ablation and deposition of the injected pellet are mainly studied at each injection position for three different injection angles:0°,45°,and 60°.The pellet injection on the high field side(HFS)can achieve a more ideal deposition depth than on the low field side(LFS).Among these angles,horizontal injection on the middle plane is relatively better on either the HFS or the LFS.When the injection location is 0.468 m below the middle plane on the HFS or 0.40 m above the middle plane of the LFS,it can achieve a similar deposition depth to the one of its corresponding side.When the pre-cooling effect is taken into account,the deposition depth is predicted to increase only slightly when the pellet is launched from the HFS.The findings of this study will serve as a reference for the update of pellet injection systems for the EAST tokamak.

Effect of titanium on the sticking of pellets based on hydrogen metallurgy shaft furnace:Behavior analysis and mechanism evolution

Direct reduction based on hydrogen metallurgical gas-based shaft furnace is a promising technology for the efficient and low-carbon smelting of vanadium-titanium magnetite.However,in this process,the sticking of pellets occurs due to the aggregation of metal-lic iron between the contact surfaces of adjacent pellets and has a serious negative effect on the continuous operation.This paper presents a detailed experimental study of the effect of TiO2 on the sticking behavior of pellets during direct reduction under different conditions.Results showed that the sticking index(SI)decreased linearly with the increasing TiO2 addition.This phenomenon can be attributed to the increase in unreduced FeTiO3 during reduction,leading to a decrease in the number and strength of metallic iron interconnections at the sticking interface.When the TiO2 addition amount was raised from 0 to 15wt%at 1100°C,the SI also increased from 0.71%to 59.91%.The connection of the slag phase could be attributed to the sticking at a low reduction temperature,corresponding to the low sticking strength.Moreover,the interconnection of metallic iron became the dominant factor,and the SI increased sharply with the increase in re-duction temperature.TiO2 had a greater effect on SI at a high reduction temperature than at a low reduction temperature.

Diffusion and reaction mechanism of limestone and quartz in fluxed iron ore pellet roasting process

The increase to the proportion of fluxed pellets in the blast furnace burden is a useful way to reduce the carbon emissions in the ironmaking process.In this study,the interaction between calcium carbonate and iron ore powder and the mineralization mechanism of fluxed iron ore pellet in the roasting process were investigated through diffusion couple experiments.Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy was used to study the elements’diffusion and phase transformation during the roasting process.The results indicated that limestone decomposed into calcium oxide,and magnetite was oxidized to hematite at the early stage of preheating.With the increase in roasting temperature,the diffusion rate of Fe and Ca was obviously accelerated,while the diffusion rate of Si was relatively slow.The order of magnitude of interdiffusion coefficient of Fe_(2)O_(3)-CaO diffusion couple was 10^(−10) m^(2)·s^(−1) at a roasting temperature of 1200℃for 9 h.Ca_(2)Fe_(2)O_(5) was the initial product in the Fe_(2)O_(3)-CaO-SiO_(2) diffusion interface,and then Ca_(2)Fe_(2)O_(5) continued to react with Fe_(2)O_(3) to form CaFe_(2)O_(4).With the expansion of the diffusion region,the sillico-ferrite of calcium liquid phase was produced due to the melting of SiO_(2) into CaFe_(2)O_(4),which can strengthen the consolidation of fluxed pellets.Furthermore,andradite would be formed around a small part of quartz particles,which is also conducive to the consolidation of fluxed pellets.In addition,the principle diagram of limestone and quartz diffusion reaction in the process of fluxed pellet roasting was discussed.

Probing deactivation by coking in catalyst pellets for dry reforming of methane using a pore network model

Dry reforming of methane(DRM) is an attractive technology for utilizing the greenhouse gases(CO_(2) and CH_(4)) to produce syngas. However, the catalyst pellets for DRM are heavily plagued by deactivation by coking, which prevents this technology from commercialization. In this work, a pore network model is developed to probe the catalyst deactivation by coking in a Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) catalyst pellet for DRM. The reaction conditions can significantly change the coking rate and then affect the catalyst deactivation. The catalyst lifetime is higher under lower temperature, pressure, and CH_(4)/CO_(2) molar ratio, but the maximum coke content in a catalyst pellet is independent of these reaction conditions. The catalyst pellet with larger pore diameter, narrower pore size distribution and higher pore connectivity is more robust against catalyst deactivation by coking, as the pores in this pellet are more difficult to be plugged or inaccessible.The maximum coke content is also higher for narrower pore size distribution and higher pore connectivity, as the number of inaccessible pores is lower. Besides, the catalyst pellet radius only slightly affects the coke content, although the diffusion limitation increases with the pellet radius. These results should serve to guide the rational design of robust DRM catalyst pellets against deactivation by coking.

The Logistics of Production and Supply of Ag Pellets for Industrial Applications in Canada

In this work we analyze the supply of biomass from field to an in-land or port destination. The biomass is pelletized to increase its bulk density to extend its storage period and for ease of its transport. The pellet may be used for conversion to chemicals and animal bedding or for straight combustion. We analyzed supply chain in Saskatchewan where there are plenty of crop residues but widely dispersed and harvest seasons are short. We envisioned that the farmer collects bales from field and transports the bales to farmstead during the harvest season. The bales are then processed into pellets using small scale pellet equipment. A custom operator with expertise in pelletization may engage in handling and densifying the biomass. The business case for the mobile mill will be similar to the well established custom grain and forage harvesting operations. The pellets are stored in hopper bottom grain bins at the farmstead. From this point, the handling of pellets would be similar to the handling and marketing of grain. The farmer trucks a specified volume of pellets from farmstead to the nearest elevator where the pellets are transferred to larger bins or silos. Pellets are extracted from silos and loaded onto the rail cars. The Canadian freight rail companies (mainly CN) currently transport over 3 million dry tonne (dt) of wood pellets in rail cars. The pellets are hauled to marine ports on the West Coast or East Coast for export. The cost of delivering ag pellets to biorefinery or to the shipping port is $86.09/dt. This cost does not include the equivalent value of removing biomass from the farm (e.g. fertilizer replacement) and return on investment. The GHG emissions to produce and transport ag pellets add up to 185.9 kg of CO2 per dt of biomass. The cost of producing pellets without drying feedstock is $35.05/dt and the corresponding GHG for palletization amounts $146.30/dt.

Hydrochar Pelletization towards Solid Biofuel from Biowaste Hydrothermal Carbonization

Hydrothermal carbonization is highly applicable to high moisture biomass upgrading due to the fact that moist-ure involved can be directly used as reaction media under the subcritical-water region.With this,value-added utilization of hydrochar as solid fuel with high carbon and energy density is one of the important pathways for biomass conversion.In this review,the dewatering properties of hydrochar after the hydrothermal carbonization of biowaste,coalification degree with elemental composition and evolution,pelletization of hydrochar to enhance the mechanical properties and density,coupled with the combustion properties of hydrochar biofuel were discussed with various biomass and carbonization parameters.Potential applications for the co-combustion with coal,cleaner properties and energy balance for biowaste hydrothermal carbonization were presented as well as the challenges.

Effect mechanism of aluminum occurrence and content on the induration characteristics of iron ore pellets

With the intensified depletion of high-grade iron ores,the increased aluminum content in iron ore concentrates has become unavoidable,which is detrimental to the pelletization process.Therefore,the effect mechanism of aluminum on pellet quality must be identified.In this study,the influence of aluminum occurrence and content on the induration of hematite(H)and magnetite(M)pellets was investigated through the addition of corresponding Al-containing additives,including alumina,alumogoethite,gibbsite,and kaolinite.Systematic mineralogical analysis,combined with the thermodynamic properties of different aluminum occurrences and the quantitative characterization of consolidation behaviors,were conducted to determine the related mechanism.The results showed that the alumina from various aluminum occurrences adversely affected the induration characteristics of pellets,especially at an aluminum content of more than 2.0wt%.The thermal decomposition of gibbsite and kaolinite tends to generate internal stress and fine cracks,which hinder the respective microcrystalline bonding and recrystallization between Fe2O3particles.The adverse effect on the induration characteristics of fired pellets with different aluminum occurrences can be relieved to varying degrees through the formation of liquid phase bonds between the hematite particles.Kaolinite is more beneficial to the induration process than the other three aluminum occurrences because of the formation of more liquid phase,which improves pellet consolidation.The research results can further provide insights into the effect of aluminum occurrence and content in iron ore concentrates on downstream processing and serve as a guide for the utilization of high-alumina iron ore concentrates in pelletization.

Elucidating the suppression of lithium dendrite growth with a void-reduced anti-perovskite solid-state electrolyte pellet for stable lithium metal anodes

Solid-state lithium-metal batteries,with their high theoretical energy density and safety,are highly promising as a next-generation battery contender.Among the alternatives proposed as solid-state electrolyte,lithium-rich anti-perovskite(Li RAP)materials have drawn the most interest because of high theoretical Li^(+)conductivity,low cost and easy processing.Although solid-state electrolytes are believed to have the potential to physically inhibit the lithium dendrite growth,lithium-metal batteries still suffer from the lithium dendrite growth and thereafter the short circuiting.The voids in practical Li RAP pellets are considered as the root cause.Herein,we show that reducing the voids can effectively suppress the lithium dendrite growth.The voids in the pellet resulted in an irregular Li^(+)flux distribution and a poor interfacial contact with lithium metal anode;and hence the ununiform lithium dendrites.Consequently,the lithium-metal symmetric cell with void-reduced Li_(2)OHCl-HT pellet was able to display excellent cycling performance(750 h at 0.4 m A cm^(-2))and stability at high current density(0.8 m A cm^(-2)for 120 h).This study provides not only experimental evidence for the impact of the voids in Li RAP pellets on the lithium dendrite growth,but also a rational pellet fabrication approach to suppress the lithium dendrite growth.

The Application of Electron-Beam Welding in Pellet Mold Preparation

This paper provides insight into the application of electron-beam welding in pellet mold preparation,highlighting the importance of the combination of electron-beam welding and pellet mold preparation in the fields of microstructure joining and micro-and nanostructure preparation.Precise material joining and microstructure fabrication can be achieved by the precise control of electron-beam welding and the shape adjustment of pellet molds.These applications hold significant potential in the modern industrial field,providing robust support for the development of new materials and the growth of the petrochemical industry.This paper asserts that in the future,the ongoing development of electron-beam welding and pelletizing template technology will unlock new possibilities in the field of petrochemicals,fostering progress in science and technology.

桉木屑颗粒燃料固体桥结构构建与燃烧特性研究

在成型燃料内部构建固体桥结构可有效改善其物理品质,利用不同粒径桉木屑构建了具有固体桥结构的颗粒燃料,并进一步研究了颗粒燃料的燃烧特性。提出的构建方法为同种原料不同粒径混配成型,在电子压力机上进行了粒径(0,1 mm]原料混配粒径(4 mm, 5 mm]原料的颗粒压缩成型实验,结果显示混配量5%~10%时颗粒内部长粒径粒子的交叉缠绕,可形成适量的固体桥结构,短粒径粒子填充饱满,粒子间结合紧密。较佳的混配量为5%,颗粒具有较高的松弛密度,为1 074.79 kg/m^(3),最高的Meyer强度,为23.93 MPa,最低的比能耗,为27.06 kJ/kg,平衡含水率为11.65%,吸水速率k为0.015 3 min^(-1)。在热分析仪上进行了成型颗粒燃烧实验,颗粒燃烧过程较为平稳且有所延长,在升温速率10~40℃/min的范围内,着火温度Ti在246.60~265.00℃之间,最大失重速率(dm/dτ)_(1max)在-6.84~-29.10%/min之间,综合燃烧指数S在7.26×10^(-12)~1.09×10^(-10)min^(-2)·K^(-3)之间。在X射线荧光光谱仪上分析了颗粒灰分的元素组成,预测颗粒燃烧时具有中等或较高的结渣沾污趋势。

唐钢基于高比例球团冶炼的高炉设计与生产实践

为贯彻“绿色、低碳”的发展理念,唐钢沿海钢铁基地炼铁系统从设计之初即针对球团矿的物化和冶金性能特点,从炉型结构、冷却壁设计等进行诸多优化。投产以来,通过提高焦炭质量、改善熔剂性球团低温还原粉化性能(RDI+6.3)、稳定炉料结构、优化操作制度等措施,在唐钢目前原燃料条件下,球团矿入炉比例稳定在40%以上,高炉实现长周期稳定顺行,燃料比、煤比分别控制在520 kg/t和170 kg/t左右。

锰矿粉球团烧结新工艺研究

传统锰矿粉烧结工艺存在着固体燃耗高、锰矿烧结矿质量差等难题,开发锰矿粉造块新技术对于降低铁合金生产成本、扩大原料来源和促进铁合金行业低碳绿色发展具有重要意义。本文提出了一种锰矿粉球团烧结新工艺,并通过烧结杯实验与传统烧结工艺进行了对比。结果表明,相比于传统烧结工艺,球团烧结新工艺的烧结矿转鼓强度提高了4.35%,利用系数增加了16.22%,固体燃耗降低了21.79%;此外,锰矿球团烧结矿相比于普通锰矿烧结矿具有较好的抗热爆性能和高温软熔性能。本研究成果将为锰矿粉实现低碳烧结和强化矿热炉冶炼提供重要的参考。

生物质成型技术及LH-600型生物质颗粒成型机设计

针对大型养殖场固体粪污、生物质秸秆、茶园茶梗、果园枝条、木屑及蘑菇渣等农业固体废弃物资源化利用过程中,生产生物质颗粒存在产量过低、设备故障率高、易堵塞模孔和成型率差等问题,研发设计了LH-600型生物质制粒成型机。对成型机喂料装置、颗粒成型装置、动力传动机构进行了创新设计,并利用Solidworks软件进行辅助设计。试验、工程实践应用表明,成型机具有使用寿命长、维护成本低、传动机构润滑降温效果好及高效节能等优点,适合大中型饲料加工厂、养殖场及有机肥厂使用。

中国废旧军服面料回收利用的研究现状及发展前景

为促进废旧军服面料的高值化回收利用,总结了国内07式军服的种类及其面料特征,系统分析了目前开纤纺纱法、再生聚酯切片法、涤棉分离技术等废旧军服面料的回收利用方法,并对废旧军服面料回收再利用的发展前景进行展望。分析表明:目前废旧军服面料的回收利用主要聚焦于简单再利用或回收涤纶组分制备高值再生聚酯切片,较少关注军服面料中其余组分的高值回收利用。针对废旧军服面料中含量相对较高的涤棉混纺面料,采用有效的涤棉分离技术高效分离涤纶和棉纤维,并以此作为原料分别制备再生聚酯切片和再生溶解浆,进一步以再生棉浆粕为原料制备再生纤维素产品将非常有前景。因而,开发高效的涤棉分离、废旧涤纶和棉纤维的高值化利用技术是实现废旧军服面料综合利用的重要发展方向。

肉羊饲喂全混合颗粒饲料对其采食行为的影响

本试验通过开展粗饲料资源玉米秸秆和苜蓿干草不同比、不同精粗比全混合颗粒饲料肉羊饲喂试验,观察记录肉羊采食行为。最终得出结论:饲喂全混合颗粒饲料,采食时间缩短30~40 min左右,采食速度提高,增加了采食量;粗饲料比例越高,肉羊饮水次数和饮水时间越长;精饲料比例越高,肉羊排便次数增加;精粗比对肉羊的运动和休息时间没有显著影响。通过观测各指标得出结论:A3B2组饲喂效果最好。

耳穴压豆联合正念减压法对肝郁型乳腺癌患者术后生存质量及免疫功能的影响

目的探讨耳穴压豆联合正念减压法对肝郁型乳腺癌患者术后生存质量及免疫功能的影响。方法选取2021年11月至2022年12月滨州医学院烟台附属医院收治的120例肝郁型乳腺癌患者,按照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组各60例。对照组采用常规护理,观察组在对照组的基础上采用耳穴压豆联合正念减压法。比较两组生命质量评分及免疫功能。结果干预后,观察组社会/家庭状况、情感状况、功能状况及附加关注评分均高于对照组(P<0.05)。干预后,两组生理状况评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。干预后,观察组CD3^(+)及CD4^(+)水平均高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论耳穴压豆联合正念减压法可改善肝郁型乳腺癌患者术后生存质量及免疫功能,值得临床推广应用。

激活的富血小板血浆促进Pellet培养的脂肪间充质干细胞成软骨样分化

目的探讨激活的富血小板血浆(PRP)对Pellet培养的人脂肪来源间充质干细胞向软骨样细胞分化及相关信号通路的影响。方法添加不同比例(5%、10%和15%)的激活PRP,检测不同培养时间(1、3、5、7、9、11 d)脂肪干细胞的增殖能力。将采用Pellet培养的P3代的h ADSCs分为3组,对照组、激活PRP组和含TGF-β3的软骨诱导组,持续培养21 d后,阿利新蓝和苏木精-伊红染色进行软骨分化鉴定,real-time PCR测定Sox-9、Aggrecan和II型胶原的基因表达,DMMB法测定胞外基质中GAG含量,Western blot进一步检测对照组和激活PRP组中Sox-9、Gli-1和BMP-2蛋白的表达。结果 MTT实验结果显示,在10%激活PRP培养条件下,11 d的生长时间内hADSCs的增殖率最适宜。阿利新蓝和苏木精-伊红染色显示,激活PRP组和软骨诱导组中软骨表达呈阳性。Real-time PCR结果表明软骨诱导组其Sox-9、Aggrecan和II型胶原mRNA表达的能力高于激活PRP组(P<0.05)。GAG实验结果显示,软骨诱导组促GAG分泌的能力优于激活PRP组(P<0.05)。Western blot结果显示,相比对照组,激活PRP组中伴随Gli-1和BMP-2的蛋白表达升高,而Sox-9蛋白表达随之升高。结论激活PRP刺激hADSCs的最适增殖能力的浓度比例为10%。激活PRP和软骨诱导剂对脂肪干细胞成软骨分化中的诱导表达具有相似的能力,激活PRP对h ADSCs诱导成软骨作用与Hedgehog和BMP信号通路有关。

京唐5500m^(3)高炉超高比例碱性球团矿冶炼实践

随着京唐5500m^(3)高炉入炉球团矿的比例>50%,酸性球团矿难以满足冶炼造渣要求,为此开发了碱度>1.1的球团矿,目前入炉碱性球团矿的比例保持在55%左右,单座高炉最高超过70%。针对超高比例碱性球团矿冶炼,采取了一系列措施,在精料方针方面,主要是改善碱性球团矿质量、稳定焦炭质量、控制碱金属负荷;在操作制度方面,主要是调整装料制度及送风制度、制订合理的热制度及造渣制度。3座高炉保持了长期稳定运行,主要技术经济指标维持在较好水平,其中1号高炉焦比最低降至257kg/t,燃料比最低496kg/t,焦炭负荷最高6.18,利用系数最高2.62(m^(3)·d)

生物质三组分对成型颗粒物理性能的影响

为探究生物质三组分(纤维素、半纤维素和木质素)对成型颗粒物理性能的影响,以棉秆、木屑以及生物质三组分为研究对象,单独或按一定掺混比例混合后制备成型颗粒,使用电子万能材料试验机分析了成型颗粒的表观密度和抗压强度,利用X射线光电子能谱仪分析了生物质成型前后分子结构的变化。结果表明:纤维素直接影响成型颗粒的抗压强度,半纤维素和木质素主要作为黏结剂,协同纤维素间接提高成型颗粒的抗压强度。向棉秆中加入纤维素或半纤维素后,其混合成型颗粒中的C—OH官能团均明显提高,且产生了新的C=C官能团,有利于形成分子间作用力和提高分子结构的稳定性,增强成型颗粒的物理性能。