Exergy Analysis of a Solar Vapor Compression Refrigeration System Using R1234ze(E)as an Environmentally Friendly Replacement of R134a

Refrigeration plays a significant role across various aspects of human life and consumes substantial amounts of electrical energy.The rapid advancement of green cooling technology presents numerous solar-powered refrigeration systems as viable alternatives to traditional refrigeration equipment.Exergy analysis is a key in identifying actual thermodynamic losses and improving the environmental and economic efficiency of refrigeration systems.In this study exergy analyze has been conducted for a solar-powered vapor compression refrigeration(SP-VCR)system in the region of Gharda颽(Southern Algeria)utilizing R1234ze(E)fluid as an eco-friendly substitute for R134a refrigerant.A MATLAB-based numerical model was developed to evaluate losses in different system components and the exergy efficiency of the SP-VCR system.Furthermore,a parametric study was carriedout to analyze the impact of various operating conditions on the system’s exergy destruction and efficiency.The obtained results revealed that,for both refrigerants,the compressor exhibited the highest exergy destruction,followed by the condenser,expansion valve,and evaporator.However,the system using R1234ze(E)demonstrated lower irreversibility compared to that using R134a refrigerant.The improvements made with R1234ze are 71.95%for the compressor,39.13%for the condenser,15.38%for the expansion valve,5%for the evaporator,and 54.76%for the overall system,which confirm the potential of R1234ze(E)as a promising alternative to R134a for cooling applications.

Analysis of Solar Direct-Driven Organic Rankine Cycle Powered Vapor Compression Cooling System Combined with Electric Motor for Office Building Air-Conditioning

Solar energy powered organic Rankine cycle vapor compression cycle(ORC-VCC)is a good alternative to convert solar heat into a cooling effect.In this study,an ORC-VCC system driven by solar energy combined with electric motor is proposed to ensure smooth operation under the conditions that solar radiation is unstable and discontinuous,and an office building located in Guangzhou,China is selected as a case study.The results show that beam solar radiation and generation temperature have considerable effects on the system performance.There is an optimal generation temperature at which the system achieves optimum performance.Also,as a key indicator,the cooling power per square meter collector should be considered in the hybrid solar cooling system in design process.Compared to the vapor compression cooling system,the hybrid cooling system can save almost 68.23%of electricity consumption.

Analysis of an Evaporator-condenser-separated Mechanical Vapor Compression System

An evaporator-condenser-separated mechanical vapor compression (MVC) system was presented. The better effect of descaling and antiscaling was obtained by the new system. This study focused on the method of thermodynamic analysis, and the energy and exergy flow diagrams were established by using the first and second law of thermodynamics analysis. The results show that the energy utilization rate is very high and the specific power consumption is low. Exergy analysis indicates that the exergy efficiency is low, and the largest exergy loss occurs within the evaporator-condenser and the compressor.

Energy Efficient Predictive Control for Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle Systems

Abstract--Vapor compression refrigeration cycle （VCC） system is a high dimensional coupling thermodynamic system for which the controller design is a great challenge. In this paper, a model predictive control based energy efficient control strategy which aims at maximizing the system efficiency is proposed. Firstly, according to the mass and energy conservation law, an analysis on the nonlinear relationship between superheat and cooling load is carried out, which can produce the maximal effect on the system performance. Then a model predictive control （MPC） based controller is developed for tracking the calculated setting curve of superheat degree and pressure difference based on model identified from data which can be obtained from an experimental rig. The proposed control strategy maximizes the coefficient of performance （COP） which depends on operating conditions, in the meantime, it meets the changing demands of cooling capacity. The effectiveness of the control performance is validated on the experimental rig. Index Terms--Cooling load, model predictive control （MPC）, superheat, vapor compression refrigeration cycle （VCC）.

Model Predictive Control for Vapor Compression Cycle of Refrigeration Process

A model predictive controller based on a novel structure selection criterion for the vapor compression cycle （VCC） of refrigeration process is proposed in this paper. Firstly, those system variables are analyzed which exert significant influences on the system performance. Then the structure selection criterion, a trade-off between computation complexity and model performance, is applied to different model structures, and the results are utilized to determine the optimized model structure for controller design. The controller based on multivariable model predictive control （MPC） strategy is designed, and the optimization problem for the reduced order models is formulated as a constrained minimization problem. The effectiveness of the proposed MPC controller is verified on the experimental rig.

Flow Characteristics of a Refrigerant-Oil Mixture in a Vapor Compression Heat Pump Heat Exchanger for Space Applications

The vapor compression heat pump is considered as the best option for aerospace thermal control system.The heat exchanger in vapor compression heat pump is a component that is greatly influenced by the cosmic environment.Lubricating oil enters heat pump system with a refrigerant under microgravity,and the entrance of the lubricant increases the complexity of the flow.In this work,FLUENT software was used to study the flow and lubricant deposition of a two-phase mixture of lubricant POE RL 68H and refrigerant R134a in a heat exchanger without the consideration of phase-change heat transfer.The functional relationships between the oil film thickness and the proportion of lubricating oil,the gravitational acceleration,the inlet flow velocity,and the placement directions of the two phases of oil in the heat exchanger were established.The results demonstrate that with the increase of the gravitational acceleration and the lubricating oil content,the thickness of the oil film will exhibit an S-type change in line with the Boltzmann function,and the amount of lubricating oil deposition will increase.With the increase of the flow velocity,the thickness of the oil film will exhibit an exponential decline.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON R134A AIRBORNE VAPOR-COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

The airborne high power electrical equipments have been widely used in modern aircrafts , which consequently causes the dramatic increase of heating load up to dozens of kilowatts.Accordingly , vapor-compression refrigeration system ( VCRS ) with lower engine bleed air and larger refrigeration capacity has been paid much attention in recent years.Therefore , based on the analysis of the characteristics of VCRS , an experiment system of VCRS using R134ais set up to simulate operation performances.The influences of different parameters including evaporation pressure , condensing pressure , refrigerant mass flow rate and compressor rotation speed are also investigated.The impacts of different parameters on the system performance are various.This work can help to establish the specific control law under different work conditions.

Entropy Analysis of Vapor-Compression Refrigeration System by Using the Second Law of Thermodynamics

By means of the Second Law of Thermodynamics,thispaper gives out the entropy analysis method for vapor-comperession refrigeration system.The thermal irrevers-ibility of the system charged with R12 and its hopeful al-ternative refrlgerant R134a have been studied respective-ly.On the basis of all the research results of this paper,the measure used to save energy for vapor-compressionrefrigeration system has been put out.

Experimental determination and prediction of the compressibility factor of high CO_2 content natural gas with and without water vapor

In order to study the effect of different CO2 contents on gas compressibility factor（Z-factor）,the JEFRI-PVT apparatus has been used to measure the Z-factor of dry natural gas with CO2 content range from 10.74 to 70.42 mol%at the temperature range from 301.2 to 407.3 K and pressure range from 7 to 44 MPa.The results show that Z-factor decreases with increasing CO2 content in natural gas at constant temperature and increases with increasing temperature for natural gas with the same CO2 content.In addition,the Z-factor of water-saturated natural gas with high CO2 content has been measured.A comparison of the Z-factor between natural gas with and without saturated water vapor indicates that the former shows a higher Z-factor than the latter.Furthermore,Peng-Robinson,Hall-Yarborough,and Soave-Benedict-Webb- Rubin equations of state（EoS）are used for the calculation of Z-factor of high CO2 content natural gas with and without water vapor.The optimal binary interaction parameters（BIP）for PR EoS are presented.The measured Z-factor is compared with the calculated Z-factor based on three models,which shows that PR EoS combined with van der Waals mixing rule for gas without water and Huron-Vidal mixing rule for water-saturated gas,are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Compression Design and Test of Water Vapor Receiving Data by Beidou Satellite

Water vapor monitoring system by Beidou satellite is a new detection system in meteorological department, which makes receiving amount of detected data and data storage and transmission pressure increase. Here, we try to use data compression to relieve pressure. Compres- sion software of water vapor monitoring system by Beidou satellite can be designed into three components： real-time compression software, check compression software and manual compression software, which respectively completes the compression tasks under real-time receiving, in-time check and separate compression, thereby forming a perfect compression system. Taking the design of manual compression software as guide,and using c language to develop,compression test of original receiving data is conducted. Test result proves that the system can carry out batch auto- matic compression, and compression rate can reach 30% ,which can reach the target of saving space in a degree.

Utilization of compressed natural gas for the production of carbon nanotubes

The present work aims at utilizing compressed natural gas （CNG） as carbon source for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes （CNTs） over CoO-MoO/Al2O3 catalyst via catalytic chemical vapor deposition （CCVD） method. The as-produced carbonaceous product was characterized by thermal gravimetric analyzer （TGA）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and Raman spectroscopy. The experimental finding shows that CNTs were successfully produced from CNG while carbon nanofibers （CNFs） were formed as the side products. In addition, the catalytic activity and lifetime were found sustained and prolonged, as compared with using high purity methane as carbon source. The present study suggests an alternative route which can effectively produce CNTs and CNFs using low cost CNG.

Numerical model of compressible gas flow in soil pollution control

Based on the theory of fluid dynamics in porous media, a numerical model of gas flow in unsaturated zone is developed with the consideration of gas density change due to variation of air pressure. This model is characterized of its wider range of availability. The accuracy of this numerical model is analyzed through comparison with modeling results by previous model with presumption of little pressure variation and the validity of this numerical model is shown. Thus it provides basis for the designing and management of landfill gas control system or soil vapor extraction system in soil pollution control.

Cooling High Power Dissipating Artificial Intelligence (AI) Chips Using Refrigerant

High power dissipating artificial intelligence (AI) chips require significant cooling to operate at maximum performance. Current trends regarding the integration of AI, as well as the power/cooling demands of high-performing server systems pose an immense thermal challenge for cooling. The use of refrigerants as a direct-to-chip cooling method is investigated as a potential cooling solution for cooling AI chips. Using a vapor compression refrigeration system (VCRS), the coolant temperature will be sub-ambient thereby increasing the total cooling capacity. Coupled with the implementation of a direct-to-chip boiler, using refrigerants to cool AI server systems can materialize as a potential solution for current AI server cooling demands. In this study, a comparison of 8 different refrigerants: R-134a, R-153a, R-717, R-508B, R-22, R-12, R-410a, and R-1234yf is analyzed for optimal performance. A control theoretical VCRS model is created to assess variable refrigerants under the same operational conditions. From this model, the coefficient of performance (COP), required mass flow rate of refrigerant, work required by the compressor, and overall heat transfer coefficient is determined for all 8 refrigerants. Lastly, a comprehensive analysis is provided to determine the most optimal refrigerants for cooling applications. R-717, commonly known as Ammonia, was found to have the highest COP value thus proving to be the optimal refrigerant for cooling AI chips and high-performing server applications.

大温升蒸汽压缩式热泵系统优化研究进展

在“双碳”战略的背景下,大温升热泵技术不仅低碳节能,而且能够有效利用更低品位热能,向更高温领域发展。本文概述了大温升蒸汽压缩式热泵系统(大温升系统)优化的研究进展,从制冷剂、组件、循环优化、示范验证四个方面详细分析了大温升系统可行的优化手段。分析表明:当前大温升系统实践工程的常用制冷剂仍以R134a、R245fa等高GWP制冷剂为主;而在大温升制冷剂筛选方面,自然纯制冷剂中二氧化碳(R744)适用温度范围广泛,性能表现优异;水(R718)是大温升系统突破超高温(150℃)限制的潜力制冷剂之一;有机纯制冷剂发展迅速,R1234ze(Z)、R1336mzz(Z)等具有极低的GWP与优异的热力学性质;制备R32基、HFOs基、CO_(2)基混合制冷剂低GWP的混合制冷剂是当前具有前景的思路;在组件优化方面,压缩机变频技术等成熟技术为大温升系统组件优化提供了现行方案;磁悬浮轴承技术工业产品走向成熟,可有效降低大温升系统摩擦损失;线结构换热器技术等新兴技术为大温升系统提供了新的组件优化思路;在循环优化方面,补气/补液增焓与多级压缩等成熟技术为大温升系统循环优化提供了现行方案;喷射技术与涡流管技术等研究成果对大温升系统具有优化效果,但受到工程实践经验缺少、机理研究不明等方面限制;结合示范验证部分,补气增焓技术是目前适用范围最宽泛、工业运用最成熟的大温升系统优化技术,一定条件下可提高大温升系统性能系数20%以上;串联多级压缩技术与复叠式压缩技术是提高系统温升范围、保障低温供暖的有力手段。

溶液再生研究现状及未来发展趋势

综述了溶液再生技术当中的空气再生、电渗析再生、膜蒸馏再生和机械蒸汽压缩再生的原理、结构、特点和研究现状等方面。空气再生技术可完成高浓度溶液再生,处理温度不高,可充分利用低品位废热,但此方法处理量小,能耗高;电渗析再生技术可用于两种不同盐分的溶液再生;膜蒸馏再生技术能将低品位的热量或者废热重新利用起来;机械蒸汽压缩再生技术可完成更高浓度溶液再生,处理量大,与传统的单效蒸发相比,大幅降低能耗。

利用ORC-VCR回收压缩热的预冷式CAES系统性能分析

常规非绝热压缩空气储能(D-CAES)系统的储能过程通常采用四级以上的压缩机组以减少空气压缩功的消耗,导致产生大量的低品位压缩热直接排放到环境中,能源浪费严重。针对这一问题,本工作提出了一种采用有机朗肯循环-蒸汽压缩制冷(ORC-VCR)回收压缩热的预冷式CAES系统(ORC-VCR-CAES),通过回收空气压缩阶段压缩机产生的压缩热来对压缩机入口空气进行预冷,可以进一步降低空气压缩功的消耗,提高系统的循环效率。对ORC-VCR-CAES耦合系统进行了热力学分析和经济性分析。结果表明,不同ORC-VCR循环工质对系统性能的影响较大,采用R152a作为循环工质的ORC-VCR-CAES系统综合性能最佳。其系统循环效率可达64.15%,比常规D-CAES系统提高了5.94%;在考虑外部废热能量输入时,ORC-VCR-CAES系统(火用)效率为51.90%,比常规D-CAES系统提高了4.81%。通过压缩热的回收有效减少了冷却器的(火用)损失,但压缩机组的(火用)损失仍然较大,是系统进一步优化的关键部件;经济性分析表明,当峰谷电价为1.26元和0.30元时,ORC-VCR-CAES系统的项目净现值相比于常规D-CAES系统可增加12.48%,且峰谷电价差越小,ORC-VCRCAES相比于常规D-CAES系统的项目净现值增加百分比越高。

高盐脱硫废水零排放工程实例分析

有色金属冶炼行业烟气洗涤会产生大量废液,它含有大量盐分,重金属含量高,成分复杂。某钼冶炼企业采用“生物制剂深度处理+膜分离+蒸发”工艺处理硫酸车间的两股含盐废水,新建工程设计处理规模为100 m^(3)/d。项目运行结果表明,净化废水经反渗透浓缩后与高盐的干吸废水进入机械式蒸汽再压缩器(Mechanical Vapor Re-compression,MVR)蒸发,产出的钠盐妥善处置,膜淡水、蒸发冷凝水满足企业回用水要求。本套工艺消除高盐生产废水排放带来的环境污染风险,做到零排放,为类似废水提供处置经验。

气分器增效分离式热虹吸/蒸气压缩复合系统工作特性

为进一步提升系统的制冷性能和运行稳定性,提出了气液分离器(简称为气分器)增效分离式热虹吸/蒸气压缩复合系统.在热虹吸模式下,利用气分器降低两相管内工质流动阻力,提升系统稳态传热性能、启动性能及运行稳定性.在蒸气压缩模式下,气分器使得饱和蒸气进入冷凝器,提升了冷凝器支路质量流量、冷凝器换热效率及系统性能系数(coefficient of performance,COP).构建了该复合系统的仿真模型,以热虹吸模式为切入点,探究结构参数对热虹吸模式性能的影响.在确定系统结构参数条件下,对比分析了新型系统与传统系统在蒸气压缩模式下的制冷性能差异.结果表明:主回路两相管内径为10 mm,旁路回路气管内径为9 mm,气分器距离地面1.05 m,系统整体高度为1.45 m时,系统性能最佳;任意工况下,新型系统均可获得更加优异的性能,与传统系统相比,新型系统的COP最大值提升了19.70%.

准二级压缩多联机严寒地区供暖性能研究

为了推动多联机在严寒地区的应用,在哈尔滨搭建了一个准二级压缩多联机实验台,采用根据室外温度分段控制压缩机吸气状态的控制策略,进行了91天的测试。结果表明:采用提出的控制策略,实验机组在整个测试期间均可以稳定运行,最高排气温度为90.6℃,季节性能系数为2.40,且室内温度能够满足供暖需要;导致机组在严寒地区制热量不足的主要因素是误除霜,而不是室外低温,误除霜引起的最大逐时制热量不足率为24.31%,而室外低温环境只有7.74%;在室外温度为-22.5~7.5℃时实验机组的供暖效果较好,室外温度低于-22.5℃时存在制热量不足;因严寒地区的机组选型较大且受压缩机最低频率限制,故在室外温度高于7.5℃时,机组存在频繁启停现象。

高速、高负荷径流透平在煤化工行业的应用

高速、高负荷径流透平是一种高效率、大调节比、小尺寸的能量转换机械,填补了兆瓦量级目前没有高效率原动机的空白,可以作为余热、余压、乏汽回收等节能减排系统的原动机或从动机,在煤化工行业有广泛的应用前景。该文阐述了高速、高负荷径流透平的理论原理,并通过余热、余压、乏汽回收三个应用实例,说明了高速、高负荷径流透平在煤化工行业的应用场景。