Numerical Analysis of Flow-Induced Vibration and Noise Generation in a Variable Cross-Section Channel

Flow channels with a variable cross-section are important components of piping system and are widely used in variousfields of engineering.Using afinite element method and modal analysis theory,flow-induced noise,mode shapes,and structure-borne noise in such systems are investigated in this study.The results demonstrate that the maximum displacement and equivalent stress are located in the part with variable cross-sectional area.The aver-age excitation force on theflow channel wall increases with theflow velocity.The maximum excitation force occurs in the range of 0–20 Hz,and then it decreases gradually in the range of 20–1000 Hz.Additionally,as theflow velocity rises from 1 to 3 m/s,the overall sound pressure level associated with theflow-induced noise grows from 49.37 to 66.37 dB.Similarly,the overall sound pressure level associated with the structure-borne noise rises from 40.27 to 72.20 dB.When theflow velocity is increased,the increment of the structure-borne noise is higher than that of theflow-induced noise.

Analysis of the mass of behind-armor debris generated by RHA subjected to normal penetration of variable cross-section EFP

Analyzing the mass of behind-armor debris (BAD) generated by Rolled Homogeneous Armor (RHA) subjected to normal penetration of variable cross-section Explosively Formed Projectile (EFP) is the purpose of this paper. So theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and experimental data are combined to analyze the influence of variable cross-section characteristic on the time history of crater radius. Moreover the relationships between time history of crater radius (as well as mass of BAD) and the thickness of RHA (from 30mm to 70 mm) and the impact velocity of EFP (1650 m/s to 1860 m/s) are also investigated. The results indicate that: 1) being compared to the variable cross-section characteristic is ignored, the theoretical time history of crater radius is in better agreement with the simulation results when the variable cross-section characteristic is considered;2) being compared to the other three conditions of plug, the theoretical mass of BAD is in the best agreement with the simulation results when the shape of plug is frustum of a cone and the angle between generatrix and bottom is 45- and the axial length of mushroom is considered.

Modeling and analysis of piezoelectric beam with periodically variable cross-sections for vibration energy harvesting

A bimorph piezoelectric beam with periodically variable cross-sections is used for the vibration energy harvesting. The effects of two geometrical parameters on the first band gap of this periodic beam are investigated by the generalized differential quadrature rule （GDQR） method. The GDQR method is also used to calculate the forced vibration response of the beam and voltage of each piezoelectric layer when the beam is subject to a sinusoidal base excitation. Results obtained from the analytical method are compared with those obtained from the finite element simulation with ANSYS, and good agreement is found. The voltage output of this periodic beam over its first band gap is calculated and compared with the voltage output of the uniform piezoelectric beam. It is concluded that this periodic beam has three advantages over the uniform piezoelectric beam, i.e., generating more voltage outputs over a wide frequency range, absorbing vibration, and being less weight.

Study of the Bearing Capacity at the Variable Cross-Section of A Riser- Surface Casing Composite Pile

Reducing the cost of offshore platform construction is an urgent issue for marginal oilfield development.The offshore oil well structure includes a riser and a surface casing.The riser,surface casing and oil well cement can be considered special variable cross-section piles.Replacing or partially replacing the steel pipe pile foundation with a variable cross-section pile to provide the required bearing capacity for an offshore oil platform can reduce the cost of foundation construction and improve the economic efficiency of production.In this paper,the finite element analysis method is used to investigate the variable cross-section bearing mode of composite piles composed of a riser and a surface casing in saturated clay under a vertical load.The calculation formula of the bearing capacity at the variable section is derived based on the theory of spherical cavity expansion,the influencing factors of the bearing capacity coefficient N_(c) are revealed,and the calculation method of N_(c) is proposed.By comparing the calculation results with the results of the centrifuge test,the accuracy and applicability of the calculation method are verified.The results show that the riser composite pile has a rigid core in the soil under the variable cross-section,which increases the bearing capacity at the variable cross-section.

In-Plane Impact Dynamics Analysis of Re-Entrant Honeycomb with Variable Cross-Section

Due to the unique deformation characteristics of auxetic materials(Poisson’s ratioμ<0),they have better shock resistance and energy absorption properties than traditional materials.Inspired by the concept of variable crosssection design,a new auxetic re-entrant honeycomb structure is designed in this study.The detailed design method of re-entrant honeycomb with variable cross-section(VCRH)is provided,and five VCRH structures with the same relative density and different cross-section change rates are proposed.The in-plane impact resistance and energy absorption abilities of VCRH under constant velocity are investigated by ABAQUS/EXPLICIT.The results show that the introduction of variable cross-section design can effectively improve the impact resistance and energy absorption abilities of auxetic re-entrant honeycombs.The VCRH structure has better Young’s modulus,plateau stress,and specific energy absorption(SEA)than traditional re-entrant honeycomb(RH).The influence of microstructure parameters(such as cross-section change rateα)on the dynamic impact performance of VCRH is also studied.Results show that,with the increase in impact velocity andα,the plateau stress and SEA of VCRH increase.A positive correlation is also found between the energy absorption efficiency,impact load uniformity andαunder both medium and high impact speeds.These results can provide a reference for designing improved auxetic re-entrant honeycomb structures.

Dynamic symmetry breaking and structure-preserving analysis on thelongitudinal wave in an elastic rod with a variable cross-section

The longitudinal wave propagating in an elastic rod with a variable cross-section owns wide engineering background,in which the longitudinal wave dissipation determines some important performances of the slender structure.To reproduce the longitudinal wave dissipation effects on an elastic rod with a variable cross-section,a structure-preserving approach is developed based on the dynamic symmetry breaking theory.For the dynamic model controlling the longitudinal wave propagating in the elastic rod with the variable cross-section,the approximate multi-symplectic form is deduced based on the multi-symplectic method,and the expression of the local energy dissipation for the longitudinal wave propagating in the rod is presented,referring to the dynamic symmetry breaking theory.A structure-preserving method focusing on the residual of the multi-symplectic structure and the local energy dissipation of the dynamic model is constructed by using the midpoint difference discrete method.The longitudinal wave propagating in an elastic rod fixed at one end is simulated,and the local/total energy dissipations of the longitudinal wave are investigated by the constructed structure-preserving scheme in two typical cases in detail.

THE APPROXIMATE ANALYTICAL SOLUTION FOR THE BUCKLING LOADS OF A THIN-WALLED BOX COLUMN WITH VARIABLE CROSS-SECTION

For a thin-walled box column with variable cross-section, the three governing equations for torsional-flexural buckling are ordinary differential equations of the second or fourth order with variable coefficients, so it is very difficult to solve them by means of an analytic method. In this paper, polynomials are used to approximate the geometric properties of cross-section and certain coefficients of the differential equations. Based on the energy principle and the Galerkin's method, the approximate formulas for calculating the flexural and torsional buckling loads of this kind of columns are developed respectively, and numerical examples are used to verify the correctness of the solutions obtained. The results calculated in this paper provide the basis for demonstrating the stability of thin-walled box columns with variable cross-section. This paper is of practical value.

Deformation Calculation of Cross-section Based on Virtual Force in Thin-walled Tube Bending Process

Cross-section deformation is one of important factors affecting the quality of tube formation, and the tube＇s capability of transporting liquid and gas will be reduced because of the cross-section ellipse deformation due to the effect of shear load in plastic bending process. When the tube is bent, the extrados-wall bears the tension stress and the intrados-wall bears the compression stress, synchronously the cross-section is affected by the circumferential stress. According to the above, the distribution function and curve of tangential stress can be obtained according to force balance differential equations on circumferential direction and Trasca rule. Subsequently the real state and virtual state moment equations were established, a new method was presented adopting the virtual principle of deformation system to calculate the x-axis and y-axis displacement of arbitrary point on cross-section. So the major and minor axes of deformed cross-section can be calculated according to the displacements of each point, and the variety value of major and minor axes will be obtained further. Finally the theoretical calculating result is compared with NC tube rotary-bending experiment results to verify the rationality of theoretical analysis, and the cross-section deformation rule of thin-walled tube can be received.

Analysis and experiment of cross-section flattening incoreless tube bending

In order to predict the flattening rate of the cross-section accurately during the tube ben- ding, the generation principle, the solution and the influence factor of the cross-section flattening were studied. On the basis of the plane-stress and the assumption that the plastic volume is con- stant, three-dimensionai strain formulas were established in consider of the cross-section flattening. Considering the wail-thickness change, the approximate calculation formulas of short axis flattening rate were deduced, with the outer diameter and the inner diameter as parameters. Because different materials have different cross-section flattening rates, a material correction factor was introduced to modify the formula based on experiments. Finally, the validity of the theoretical formulas was proved according to the calculation and the experiment results, which can provide a reference for the forming quality prediction in tube bending.

HYBRID PERTURBATION-GALERKIN SOLUTION OF THE FLOW IN A CIRCULAR CROSS-SECTION TUBE WITH CONSTRICTION

Using hybrid perturbatin_Galerkin technique,a crcular cross_section tube model with sinusoidal wall is studied.This technique can remove the limitation of small parameters for perturbation and the difficulty of selecting good coordinate functions about Galerkin technique.The effects caused by the boundary conditions and the Reynolds number on the flow were discussed.The position of the separate and reattachment points was obtained.The tendency of the variation about the shear stress on the wall and friction factor along the axis direction were also analyzed.The results at a small parameter have good agreements with the perturbation ones.

Failure analysis and control technology of intersections of large‑scale variable cross‑section roadways in deep soft rock

In deep underground mining,achieving stable support for roadways along with long service life is critical and the complex geological environment at such depths frequently presents a major challenge.Owing to the coupling action of multiple factors such as deep high stress,adjacent faults,cross-layer design,weak lithology,broken surrounding rock,variable cross-sections,wide sections up to 9.9 m,and clusters of nearby chambers,there was severe deformation and breakdown in the No.10 intersection of the roadway of large-scale variable cross-section at the−760 m level in a coal mine.As there are insufcient examples in engineering methods pertaining to the geological environment described above,the numerical calculation model was oversimplifed and support theory underdeveloped;therefore,it is imperative to develop an efective support system for the stability and sustenance of deep roadways.In this study,a quantitative analysis of the geological environment of the roadway through feld observations,borehole-scoping,and ground stress testing is carried out to establish the FLAC 3D variable cross-section crossing roadway model.This model is combined with the strain softening constitutive(surrounding rock)and Mohr–Coulomb constitutive(other deep rock formations)models to construct a compression arch mechanical model for deep soft rock,based on the quadratic parabolic Mohr criterion.An integrated control technology of bolting and grouting that is mainly composed of a high-strength hollow grouting cable bolt equipped with modifed cement grouting materials and a high-elongation cable bolt is developed by analyzing the strengthening properties of the surrounding rock before and after bolting,based on the Heok-Brown criterion.As a result of on-site practice,the following conclusions are drawn:(1)The plastic zone of the roof of the cross roadway is approximately 6 m deep in this environment,the tectonic stress is nearly 30 MPa,and the surrounding rock is severely fractured.(2)The deformation of the roadway progressively increases from small to large cross-sections,almost doubling at the largest cross-section.The plastic zone is concentrated at the top plate and shoulder and decreases progressively from the two sides to the bottom corner.The range of stress concentration at the sides of the intersection roadway close to the passageway is wider and higher.(3)The 7 m-thick reinforced compression arch constructed under the strengthening support scheme has a bearing capacity enhanced by 1.8 to 2.3 times and increase in thickness of the bearing structure by 1.76 times as compared to the original scheme.(4)The increase in the mechanical parameters c andφof the surrounding rock after anchoring causes a signifcant increase inσt;the pulling force of the cable bolt beneath the new grouting material is more than twice that of ordinary cement grout,and according to the test,the supporting stress feld shows that the 7.24 m surrounding rock is compacted and strengthened in addition to providing a strong foundation for the bolt(cable).On-site monitoring shows that the 60-days convergence is less than 30 mm,indicating that the stability control of the roadway is successful.

Research of Elastic and Elastic-Plastic Deformation on Bending Problems of Variable Stiffness Beams

A novel variable stiffness model was proposed for analyzing elastic-plastic bending problems with arbitrary variable stiffness in detail.First,it was assumed that the material of a rectangular beam is an ideal isotropic elastic-plastic material,whose elastic modulus,yield strength,and section height are functions of the axial coordinates of the beam respectively.Considering the effect of shear on the deformation of the beam,the elastic and elastic-plastic bending problems of the axially variable stiffness beam were studied.Then,the analytical solutions of the elastic and elastic-plastic deformation of the beam were derived when the cross-section height and the elastic modulus of the material were varied by special function along the length of the beam respectively.The elastic and elastic-plastic analysis of the variable stiffness beam was carried out using Differential Quadrature Method(DQM)when the bending stiffness varied arbitrarily.The influence of the axial variation of the bending stiffness on the elastic and elastic-plastic deformation of the beam was analyzed by numerical simulation,DQM,and finite element method(FEM).Simulation results verified the practicability of the proposed mechanical model,and the comparison between the results of the solutions of DQM and FEM showed that DQM is accurate and effective in elastic and elastic-plastic analysis of variable stiffness beams.

基于Tube不变集的鲁棒模型预测控制

针对具有持续有界扰动的线性变参数系统,设计一种基于Tube不变集的鲁棒模型预测控制算法。离线算法结合系统多胞体模型参数变化的影响,构建系统的Tube不变集。在对应标称模型状态变量的多面体不变集算法基础上,得到系统的多面体状态允许不变集序列。在线算法通过强控制优化得到标称模型系统的控制量,以得到符合实际控制过程的系统控制量,给出本算法的详细步骤和系统稳定性证明。仿真结果验证了本算法的有效性,表明本算法将持续有界扰动对系统的影响限制在Tube不变集中,实现了系统的快速稳定控制。

基于可变终端Tube-Based MPC的机场除雪车横向稳定性控制方法

为了提高机场路面自动驾驶除雪车作业过程中的侧倾稳定性,提出了一种基于可变终端tubebased MPC的机场除雪车横向稳定性控制方法。建立了除雪车作业的三自由度侧倾动力学解耦模型,采用tube-based MPC控制算法,基于除雪车横向稳定性、误差跟踪特性等约束条件设计了LQR函数,使MPC具有更好的鲁棒性,并在此基础上针对除雪车高速情况下可能出现的跟踪偏差发散设计了可变终端集。设计了多重模糊控制策略,确保除雪车在安全可行域内的灵活性和极端情况的安全性。仿真结果表明,采用tube-based MPC对比传统MPC在高速下除雪车综合跟踪性能提升80.22%,车身稳定性提升66.62%;加入多层模糊控制和可变终端约束的tube-based MPC对比可变终端约束的tube-based MPC在高速情况下除雪车综合跟踪性能提升71.77%,车身稳定性提升26.27%。

地震作用下变截面钢管混凝土单桩动力响应

为了探讨桥梁位于软弱土层时,地震作用下变截面钢管混凝土桩基的动力响应,以翔安大桥为工程背景,利用FLAC3D有限元软件建立地震作用下桩-岩土体-钢管耦合作用的数值模型,研究在不同强度的地震作用下变截面钢管混凝土单桩和变截面普通混凝土单桩桩身加速度、桩身位移、桩身弯矩的动力响应差异.结果表明:变截面钢管混凝土单桩在地震作用下的桩身加速度、加速度放大系数、桩身位移最大值和桩身弯矩变化规律均同变截面普通混凝土单桩类似,但钢管使桩身加速度放大系数降低、桩基抵抗侧向变形能力和抗弯承载力提高.因此,钢管可以显著提升地震作用下桩基的抵抗变形能力和承载力.

局部环向变厚度方钢管混凝土柱偏压力学性能研究

针对海洋环境中飞溅区造成的钢管混凝土柱局部环向腐蚀现象,采用机械削减方式模拟钢管壁厚局部环向腐蚀,进行了7个方钢管混凝土柱偏压试验,揭示了削弱率和偏心率对其偏压承载力的影响,并通过数值模拟对削弱率进行拓展分析.提出了基于削弱率的偏压承载力降低系数,代入中、美规范进行偏压承载力计算.结果表明:钢管的局部环向变厚度严重削弱了方钢管混凝土柱的偏压承载力和侧向挠曲能力;较大的加载偏心率也降低了其偏压承载力,但增大了其侧向挠曲能力.引入偏压承载力降低系数后,根据中、美规范计算得到的偏压承载力与试验值均吻合较好;相比于我国规范,美国规范在计算偏压承载力时相对更加保守.

面向壁厚均匀的液压成形三通管的坯料设计方法与参数优化

目的研究连续变厚度管液压成形过程中三通管的壁厚均匀性问题。方法首先,利用有限元软件分析得到了等厚管液压成形三通管过程中的成形规律,根据其成形规律,反向设计了用于液压成形三通管的连续变厚度管坯;其次,采用正交试验方法,研究了连续变厚度管厚区壁厚、过渡区长度对液压成形三通管成形质量的影响;最后,采用多岛遗传算法,对连续变厚度管的结构参数进行了优化验证,提高了液压成形三通管的成形质量。结果在等厚管液压成形三通管成形过程中,支管顶部壁厚值持续减小、轴向过渡圆角及直管底部中间位置处壁厚值持续增大;环向过渡圆角处等效应力最大,其他位置连续变化;轴向压应力使得三通管壁厚增大,拉应力使得壁厚减小;正交试验结果表明,当连续变厚度管厚区厚度、环向过渡区长度达到某一值时将出现较好的壁厚均匀性;在4种过渡区曲线线型中,直线型的壁厚均匀性最好;通过多目标优化得到最佳连续变厚度管结构参数,并通过有限元仿真进行验证,相对误差均在2%以内,使用优化后的连续变厚度管液压成形三通管相对于等厚管,壁厚均匀值减小了0.423 mm。结论可以采用厚度补偿或减薄的方式来提高成形三通管的壁厚均匀性;连续变厚度管坯相比于等厚管,显著提高了液压成形三通管的壁厚均匀性。

壁式钢管混凝土柱-钢梁嵌入式双侧板节点抗震性能研究及设计建议

以壁式钢管混凝土柱-钢梁嵌入式双侧板节点为研究对象,进行两个足尺试件的拟静力试验,分析节点的破坏模式、滞回曲线、骨架曲线,并研究节点承载力、延性、耗能能力和刚度退化等指标。试验结果表明:试件破坏模式分别为侧板外梁端形成塑性铰、节点核心区侧板开裂及轻微鼓曲;试件滞回曲线稳定饱满,曲线呈现梭形,试件延性系数为3.11~3.53,等效黏滞阻尼系数大于0.4,具有良好的耗能能力;刚度退化较稳定,具备较好的抗侧能力。在验证有限元模型合理的基础上,通过有限元变参分析此类节点的滞回性能,结果表明:增加侧板厚度或侧板外伸长度可提高嵌入式双侧板节点的承载力及延性。最后结合试验和有限元变参分析结果,针对此类节点提出设计建议。

铝合金变直径管材旋弯渐进成形规律有限元模拟研究

研究设计了一种用于旋弯渐进成形的双辊柔性弯曲模,其可对管材施加较强周向约束,且成形中可自适应转动。相比传统圆弧型单辊弯曲模,新型双辊柔性弯曲模能够有效降低旋弯渐进成形弯曲力,提高成形稳定性,并抑制管材截面畸变。在此基础上,建立了铝合金管材旋弯渐进成形-回弹全过程有限元模型,并通过与柔性弯曲成形对比,分析获得了旋弯变形耦合对成形结果的影响规律,发现在旋压基础上引入弯曲工步,会引起一定程度的截面变形和壁厚不均匀现象;在弯曲基础上引入旋压工步,会减小弯曲段截面变形量,增加内外脊线壁厚差异,加剧起皱风险,减小成形后的回弹变形。

某变径管状零件液压成形加载路径优化研究

针对现有管件液压成形加载路径优化方法实用性差的问题,提出了试错仿真分析与二分法相结合的加载路径优化方法。首先,通过分析变径管的几何数模、管材力学特性及成形工艺,设计了变径管液压成形模具。其次,进行变径管液压成形实验,与仿真结果进行对比,证明了有限元模型及仿真方法的正确性。最后,利用试错仿真分析与二分法相结合的加载路径优化方法,对变径管液压成形进行加载路径优化,得到了最优加载路径,为管材液压成形加载路径优化方法的工程化应用提供参考。