This note illustrates the multidimensional dispersion relations that connect the real and imaginary parts of the matrixwhere z(p)) is the boundary value of the impedance
While an auxiliary information in double sampling increases the precision of an estimate and solves the problem of bias caused by non-response in sample survey, the question is that, does the level of correlation betw...While an auxiliary information in double sampling increases the precision of an estimate and solves the problem of bias caused by non-response in sample survey, the question is that, does the level of correlation between the auxiliary information x and the study variable y ease in the accomplishment of the objectives of using double sampling? In this research, investigation was conducted through empirical study to ascertain the importance of correlation level between the auxiliary variable and the study variable to maximally accomplish the importance of auxiliary variable(s) in double sampling. Based on the Statistics criteria employed, which are minimum variance, coefficient of variation and relative efficiency, it was established that the higher the correlation level between the study and auxiliary variable(s) is, the better the estimator is.展开更多
The synoptic circulation over Saudi Arabia is complicated and frequently governed by the effect of large-scale pressure systems. In this work, we used NCEP–NCAR global data to illustrate the relationship between clim...The synoptic circulation over Saudi Arabia is complicated and frequently governed by the effect of large-scale pressure systems. In this work, we used NCEP–NCAR global data to illustrate the relationship between climatic variables and the main pressure systems that affect the weather and climate of Saudi Arabia, and also to investigate the influence of these pressure systems on surface air temperature(SAT) and rainfall over the region in the winter season. It was found that there are two primary patterns of pressure that influence the weather and climate of Saudi Arabia. The first occurs in cases of a strengthening Subtropical High(Sub H), a weakening Siberian High(Sib H), a deepening of the Icelandic Low(Ice L), or a weakening of the Sudanese Low(Sud L). During this pattern, the Sub H combines with the Sib H and an obvious increase of sea level pressure(SLP) occurs over southern European, the Mediterranean, North Africa, and the Middle East. This belt of high pressure prevents interaction between midlatitude and extratropical systems, which leads to a decrease in the SAT,relative humidity(RH) and rainfall over Saudi Arabia. The second pattern occurs in association with a weakening of the Sub H, a strengthening of the Sib H, a weakening of the Ice L, or a deepening of the Sud L. The pattern arising in this case leads to an interaction between two different air masses: the first(cold moist) air mass is associated with the Mediterranean depression travelling from west to east, while the second(warm moist) air mass is associated with the northward oscillation of the Sud L and its inverted V-shape trough. The interaction between these two air masses increases the SAT, RH and the probability of rainfall over Saudi Arabia, especially over the northwest and northeast regions.展开更多
Lie symmetry and the generalized Hojman conserved quantity of Nielsen equations for a variable mass holonomic system of relative motion are studied. The determining equation of Lie symmetry of Nielsen equations for a ...Lie symmetry and the generalized Hojman conserved quantity of Nielsen equations for a variable mass holonomic system of relative motion are studied. The determining equation of Lie symmetry of Nielsen equations for a variable mass holonomic system of relative motion under the infinitesimal transformations of groups is given. The expression of generalized Hojman conserved quantity deduced directly from Lie symmetry for a variable mass holonomic system of relative motion is obtained. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results.展开更多
Mei symmetry and Mei conserved quantity of Appell equations for a variable mass holonomic system of relative motion are studied.The definition and criterion of the Mei symmetry of Appell equations for a variable mass ...Mei symmetry and Mei conserved quantity of Appell equations for a variable mass holonomic system of relative motion are studied.The definition and criterion of the Mei symmetry of Appell equations for a variable mass holonomic system of relative motion under the infinitesimal transformations of groups are given.The structural equation of Mei symmetry of Appell equations and the expression of Mei conserved quantity deduced directly from Mei symmetry for a variable mass holonomic system of relative motion are gained.Finally,an example is given to illustrate the application of the results.展开更多
In many batch processes, there are related or independence relationships among process variables. The traditional monitoring method usually carries out a single statistical model according to the related or independen...In many batch processes, there are related or independence relationships among process variables. The traditional monitoring method usually carries out a single statistical model according to the related or independent method, and in the feature extraction there is not fully taken into account the characterization of fault information, it will make the process monitoring ineffective, so a fault monitoring method based on WGNPE(weighted global neighborhood preserving embedding)–GSVDD(greedy support vector data description) related and independent variables is proposed. First, mutual information method is used to separate the related variables and independent variables. Secondly, WGNPE method is used to extract the local and global structures of the related variables in batch process and highlight the fault information, GSVDD method is used to extract the process information of the independent variables quickly and effectively. Finally, the statistical monitoring model is established to achieve process monitoring based on WGNPE and GSVDD. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by the penicillin fermentation process.展开更多
Objective:Although circulating tumor cells(CTCs)have been well-established as promising prognostic biomarkers in both early breast cancer and metastatic settings,little is known regarding the prognostic relevance o...Objective:Although circulating tumor cells(CTCs)have been well-established as promising prognostic biomarkers in both early breast cancer and metastatic settings,little is known regarding the prognostic relevance of CTCs in the long-term postoperative monitoring of patients with non-metastatic breast cancer(non-MBC).In this study,we investigated the associations of CTCs with clinicopathological features and metabolic-related variables,such as obesity and hyperglycemia.Methods:In this retrospective study,we recruited 264 patients with postoperative stage Ⅰ–Ⅲ breast cancer at Guangdong General Hospital from January 2009 to December 2015.The prevalence and number of CTCs were assessed using the Cell Search System at a median time of 19.0 months[interquartile range(IQR),7.8–33.0]after surgery.The CTC assay results were correlated with the clinicopathological features and metabolic-related variables.A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to further determine the independent predictors of CTCs.Results:CTCs were detected in 10.6%of all patients.The positive rate of CTCs in patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma was lower than that in patients with other pathological types(9.0%vs.28.6%,P=0.020).More importantly,the presence of CTCs was correlated with blood glucose level(P=0.015)and high-density lipoprotein level(P=0.030).The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the pathological type[odds ratio(OR):1.757,95%CI:1.021–3.023;P=0.042]and blood glucose level(OR:1.218,95%CI:1.014–1.465;P=0.035)were independent predictors of the presence of CTCs.Conclusions:This study revealed potential associations between CTCs and metabolic-related factors in Chinese patients with non-MBC and supports the hypothesis that metabolic dysfunction in breast cancer patients might influence the biological activity of metastatic breast cancer,leading to a higher prevalence of CTCs.展开更多
A mathematical model was developed for layout optimization of truss structures with discrete variables subjected to dynamic stress, dynamic displacement and dynamic stability constraints. By using the quasi-static met...A mathematical model was developed for layout optimization of truss structures with discrete variables subjected to dynamic stress, dynamic displacement and dynamic stability constraints. By using the quasi-static method, the mathematical model of structure optimization under dynamic stress, dynamic displacement and dynamic stability constraints were transformed into one subjected to static stress, displacement and stability constraints. The optimization procedures include two levels, i.e., the topology optimization and the shape optimization. In each level, the comprehensive algorithm was used and the relative difference quotients of two kinds of variables were used to search the optimum solution. A comparison between the optimum results of model with stability constraints and the optimum results of model without stability constraint was given. And that shows the stability constraints have a great effect on the optimum solutions.展开更多
In this paper we develop several new refinement relations of Z for multiple viewpoints oriented requirements method (MVORM). The original motivation is that we found the standard Z refinement relation is not adequate ...In this paper we develop several new refinement relations of Z for multiple viewpoints oriented requirements method (MVORM). The original motivation is that we found the standard Z refinement relation is not adequate or correct when considering specifications that have temporal relationships of operations. The concept of temporal state variables is introduced into Z. Then new implementation relations are defined and new refinement relations are deduced, mainly for temporal state variables to process temporal relationships of operations. We use state transition systems to abstract the temporal state transitions. A simple example is used to show the procedures of MVORM. Finally some directions of further work are forwarded.展开更多
In this paper, we review on a general theory of orthogonal polynomials in several variables (O.P.S.V) in which we present two different approaches for the three-term recurrence relation. We draw attention to the fact ...In this paper, we review on a general theory of orthogonal polynomials in several variables (O.P.S.V) in which we present two different approaches for the three-term recurrence relation. We draw attention to the fact that it is possible to take advantage of the orthogonal projection approach of the three-term recurrence relation towards the development of the algebraic theory of O.P.S.V.展开更多
In this paper, we extend the three-term recurrence relation for orthogonal polynomials associated with a probability distribution having a finite moment of all orders to a class of orthogonal functions associated with...In this paper, we extend the three-term recurrence relation for orthogonal polynomials associated with a probability distribution having a finite moment of all orders to a class of orthogonal functions associated with an infinitely divisible probability distribution µ?having a finite moments of order less or equal to four. An explicit expression of these functions will be given in term of the Lévy-Khintchine function of the measure?µ.展开更多
A new equation is found in which the concept of matter-space-time is mathematically connected;gravitation and electromagnetism are also bound by space-time. A mechanism is described showing how velocity, time, distanc...A new equation is found in which the concept of matter-space-time is mathematically connected;gravitation and electromagnetism are also bound by space-time. A mechanism is described showing how velocity, time, distance, matter, and energy are correlated. We are led to ascertain that gravity and electricity are two distinct manifestations of a single underlying process: electro-gravitation. The force of gravitation arises of electromagnetism—inherently much stronger—divided by the cosmological space-time. The radius of space-time belongs to the family of electromagnetic waves: the wavelength is the radius (1026 m) of the universe and the period (1017 s) is its cosmological age. For the first time, the cosmological time, considered as a real physical object, is integrated into a “cosmological equation” which makes coherent what we know regarding the time (its origin, its flow …), the matter, and space. It sets up a mathematical model allowing us to interpret dark energy (or cosmological constant) as being both “negative” and “tired” energy. After an introduction with a brief history of unifications and the presentation of two roughly equal ratios arising out from Dirac’s large-number hypotheses which relate to the ratio of electric force to gravitational force and the ratio of the age of the universe to the atomic time unit associated with atomic processes, we present in §2 this new equation of quantum cosmology which operates the reconciliation between the macrocosm and the microcosm. In §3 and §4, we discuss the irreversible cosmological time resulting from the equation, as well as the role of the mass (heavy) relative to the gravitational constant G. In §5 we discuss the links that the equation establishes between gravitation (structure of condensation) and electromagnetism (structure of expansion), between relativity and quantum theory. We apply the formula to Planck’s time. We speak of the new essential variable? ?, and briefly of a new principle, the principle of compensation. In §6 we discuss the negative energy solutions banned by physics, and we deplore that half of the universe escapes us. We present the electro-gravitation in §7, from the equation which represents a super hydrogen atom. In § 8 we show that the global mass (gravitational) is variable: it increases during the expansion while the mass of the elementary particles decreases. In §9 we approach the spontaneous symmetry breaking;when it occurs, the arrows of the equation are momentarily reversed: such a mechanism would apply to the Allais effect, also mentioned in §6.4. §10 and §11 deal with the energy linked by the equation to matter through expansive space-time. The equation transforms electromagnetic kinetic energy into a gravitational mass, considered as a potential energy. Entropy increases according to the arrow of time towards the future. In §12 we discuss of the prevailing theory of inflation. We note the similarity between the proclaimed acceleration of current expansion and inflation. Physicists have interpreted the positive cosmological constant in terms of vacuum energy which would be 10120 times higher than the dark energy density deduced from the astronomical measurements. However, the high theoretical value of the vacuum energy (and the cosmological constant) has no observable pending in the cosmos. In §13 we suggest that these several orders of magnitude difference problem are solved by the theory of relation, which indicates a deceleration of the expansion. Finally, in § 14, we close by speaking of a model of cyclic universe and about the object of this paper, a dynamic equation that allows to build a quantum cosmology.展开更多
In this study we have proposed a modified ratio type estimator for population variance of the study variable y under simple random sampling without replacement making use of coefficient of kurtosis and median of an au...In this study we have proposed a modified ratio type estimator for population variance of the study variable y under simple random sampling without replacement making use of coefficient of kurtosis and median of an auxiliary variable x. The estimator’s properties have been derived up to first order of Taylor’s series expansion. The efficiency conditions derived theoretically under which the proposed estimator performs better than existing estimators. Empirical studies have been done using real populations to demonstrate the performance of the developed estimator in comparison with the existing estimators. The proposed estimator as illustrated by the empirical studies performs better than the existing estimators under some specified conditions i.e. it has the smallest Mean Squared Error and the highest Percentage Relative Efficiency. The developed estimator therefore is suitable to be applied to situations in which the variable of interest has a positive correlation with the auxiliary variable.展开更多
By analyzing a set of dynamic variables of culture, this paper reaches the conclusion that there is a link between successful global business and cultural awareness and sensitivity.
文摘This note illustrates the multidimensional dispersion relations that connect the real and imaginary parts of the matrixwhere z(p)) is the boundary value of the impedance
文摘While an auxiliary information in double sampling increases the precision of an estimate and solves the problem of bias caused by non-response in sample survey, the question is that, does the level of correlation between the auxiliary information x and the study variable y ease in the accomplishment of the objectives of using double sampling? In this research, investigation was conducted through empirical study to ascertain the importance of correlation level between the auxiliary variable and the study variable to maximally accomplish the importance of auxiliary variable(s) in double sampling. Based on the Statistics criteria employed, which are minimum variance, coefficient of variation and relative efficiency, it was established that the higher the correlation level between the study and auxiliary variable(s) is, the better the estimator is.
基金funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah (Grant No. 155-003-D1433)the DSR for their technical and financial support
文摘The synoptic circulation over Saudi Arabia is complicated and frequently governed by the effect of large-scale pressure systems. In this work, we used NCEP–NCAR global data to illustrate the relationship between climatic variables and the main pressure systems that affect the weather and climate of Saudi Arabia, and also to investigate the influence of these pressure systems on surface air temperature(SAT) and rainfall over the region in the winter season. It was found that there are two primary patterns of pressure that influence the weather and climate of Saudi Arabia. The first occurs in cases of a strengthening Subtropical High(Sub H), a weakening Siberian High(Sib H), a deepening of the Icelandic Low(Ice L), or a weakening of the Sudanese Low(Sud L). During this pattern, the Sub H combines with the Sib H and an obvious increase of sea level pressure(SLP) occurs over southern European, the Mediterranean, North Africa, and the Middle East. This belt of high pressure prevents interaction between midlatitude and extratropical systems, which leads to a decrease in the SAT,relative humidity(RH) and rainfall over Saudi Arabia. The second pattern occurs in association with a weakening of the Sub H, a strengthening of the Sib H, a weakening of the Ice L, or a deepening of the Sud L. The pattern arising in this case leads to an interaction between two different air masses: the first(cold moist) air mass is associated with the Mediterranean depression travelling from west to east, while the second(warm moist) air mass is associated with the northward oscillation of the Sud L and its inverted V-shape trough. The interaction between these two air masses increases the SAT, RH and the probability of rainfall over Saudi Arabia, especially over the northwest and northeast regions.
文摘Lie symmetry and the generalized Hojman conserved quantity of Nielsen equations for a variable mass holonomic system of relative motion are studied. The determining equation of Lie symmetry of Nielsen equations for a variable mass holonomic system of relative motion under the infinitesimal transformations of groups is given. The expression of generalized Hojman conserved quantity deduced directly from Lie symmetry for a variable mass holonomic system of relative motion is obtained. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11142014 and 61178032)
文摘Mei symmetry and Mei conserved quantity of Appell equations for a variable mass holonomic system of relative motion are studied.The definition and criterion of the Mei symmetry of Appell equations for a variable mass holonomic system of relative motion under the infinitesimal transformations of groups are given.The structural equation of Mei symmetry of Appell equations and the expression of Mei conserved quantity deduced directly from Mei symmetry for a variable mass holonomic system of relative motion are gained.Finally,an example is given to illustrate the application of the results.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61763029)the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(1610RJZA016)
文摘In many batch processes, there are related or independence relationships among process variables. The traditional monitoring method usually carries out a single statistical model according to the related or independent method, and in the feature extraction there is not fully taken into account the characterization of fault information, it will make the process monitoring ineffective, so a fault monitoring method based on WGNPE(weighted global neighborhood preserving embedding)–GSVDD(greedy support vector data description) related and independent variables is proposed. First, mutual information method is used to separate the related variables and independent variables. Secondly, WGNPE method is used to extract the local and global structures of the related variables in batch process and highlight the fault information, GSVDD method is used to extract the process information of the independent variables quickly and effectively. Finally, the statistical monitoring model is established to achieve process monitoring based on WGNPE and GSVDD. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by the penicillin fermentation process.
基金supported by the Special Fund of Development of Technology by Guangdong Province (No.2016A030313768)the Special Fund of Guangzhou Science and Technology Bureau (No.201707010418)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81602645)the Science and Technology Project of Guangdong Province (No.2012A03040001)
文摘Objective:Although circulating tumor cells(CTCs)have been well-established as promising prognostic biomarkers in both early breast cancer and metastatic settings,little is known regarding the prognostic relevance of CTCs in the long-term postoperative monitoring of patients with non-metastatic breast cancer(non-MBC).In this study,we investigated the associations of CTCs with clinicopathological features and metabolic-related variables,such as obesity and hyperglycemia.Methods:In this retrospective study,we recruited 264 patients with postoperative stage Ⅰ–Ⅲ breast cancer at Guangdong General Hospital from January 2009 to December 2015.The prevalence and number of CTCs were assessed using the Cell Search System at a median time of 19.0 months[interquartile range(IQR),7.8–33.0]after surgery.The CTC assay results were correlated with the clinicopathological features and metabolic-related variables.A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to further determine the independent predictors of CTCs.Results:CTCs were detected in 10.6%of all patients.The positive rate of CTCs in patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma was lower than that in patients with other pathological types(9.0%vs.28.6%,P=0.020).More importantly,the presence of CTCs was correlated with blood glucose level(P=0.015)and high-density lipoprotein level(P=0.030).The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the pathological type[odds ratio(OR):1.757,95%CI:1.021–3.023;P=0.042]and blood glucose level(OR:1.218,95%CI:1.014–1.465;P=0.035)were independent predictors of the presence of CTCs.Conclusions:This study revealed potential associations between CTCs and metabolic-related factors in Chinese patients with non-MBC and supports the hypothesis that metabolic dysfunction in breast cancer patients might influence the biological activity of metastatic breast cancer,leading to a higher prevalence of CTCs.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 10002005 and 10421002)the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (No.02360081)the Education Committee Foundation of Tianjin (No.20022104)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University of China and the 211 Foundation of Dalian University of Technology
文摘A mathematical model was developed for layout optimization of truss structures with discrete variables subjected to dynamic stress, dynamic displacement and dynamic stability constraints. By using the quasi-static method, the mathematical model of structure optimization under dynamic stress, dynamic displacement and dynamic stability constraints were transformed into one subjected to static stress, displacement and stability constraints. The optimization procedures include two levels, i.e., the topology optimization and the shape optimization. In each level, the comprehensive algorithm was used and the relative difference quotients of two kinds of variables were used to search the optimum solution. A comparison between the optimum results of model with stability constraints and the optimum results of model without stability constraint was given. And that shows the stability constraints have a great effect on the optimum solutions.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (98J0 75 ) Ziqiang Technical Innovation Foundation ofWuhan Universi
文摘In this paper we develop several new refinement relations of Z for multiple viewpoints oriented requirements method (MVORM). The original motivation is that we found the standard Z refinement relation is not adequate or correct when considering specifications that have temporal relationships of operations. The concept of temporal state variables is introduced into Z. Then new implementation relations are defined and new refinement relations are deduced, mainly for temporal state variables to process temporal relationships of operations. We use state transition systems to abstract the temporal state transitions. A simple example is used to show the procedures of MVORM. Finally some directions of further work are forwarded.
文摘In this paper, we review on a general theory of orthogonal polynomials in several variables (O.P.S.V) in which we present two different approaches for the three-term recurrence relation. We draw attention to the fact that it is possible to take advantage of the orthogonal projection approach of the three-term recurrence relation towards the development of the algebraic theory of O.P.S.V.
文摘In this paper, we extend the three-term recurrence relation for orthogonal polynomials associated with a probability distribution having a finite moment of all orders to a class of orthogonal functions associated with an infinitely divisible probability distribution µ?having a finite moments of order less or equal to four. An explicit expression of these functions will be given in term of the Lévy-Khintchine function of the measure?µ.
文摘A new equation is found in which the concept of matter-space-time is mathematically connected;gravitation and electromagnetism are also bound by space-time. A mechanism is described showing how velocity, time, distance, matter, and energy are correlated. We are led to ascertain that gravity and electricity are two distinct manifestations of a single underlying process: electro-gravitation. The force of gravitation arises of electromagnetism—inherently much stronger—divided by the cosmological space-time. The radius of space-time belongs to the family of electromagnetic waves: the wavelength is the radius (1026 m) of the universe and the period (1017 s) is its cosmological age. For the first time, the cosmological time, considered as a real physical object, is integrated into a “cosmological equation” which makes coherent what we know regarding the time (its origin, its flow …), the matter, and space. It sets up a mathematical model allowing us to interpret dark energy (or cosmological constant) as being both “negative” and “tired” energy. After an introduction with a brief history of unifications and the presentation of two roughly equal ratios arising out from Dirac’s large-number hypotheses which relate to the ratio of electric force to gravitational force and the ratio of the age of the universe to the atomic time unit associated with atomic processes, we present in §2 this new equation of quantum cosmology which operates the reconciliation between the macrocosm and the microcosm. In §3 and §4, we discuss the irreversible cosmological time resulting from the equation, as well as the role of the mass (heavy) relative to the gravitational constant G. In §5 we discuss the links that the equation establishes between gravitation (structure of condensation) and electromagnetism (structure of expansion), between relativity and quantum theory. We apply the formula to Planck’s time. We speak of the new essential variable? ?, and briefly of a new principle, the principle of compensation. In §6 we discuss the negative energy solutions banned by physics, and we deplore that half of the universe escapes us. We present the electro-gravitation in §7, from the equation which represents a super hydrogen atom. In § 8 we show that the global mass (gravitational) is variable: it increases during the expansion while the mass of the elementary particles decreases. In §9 we approach the spontaneous symmetry breaking;when it occurs, the arrows of the equation are momentarily reversed: such a mechanism would apply to the Allais effect, also mentioned in §6.4. §10 and §11 deal with the energy linked by the equation to matter through expansive space-time. The equation transforms electromagnetic kinetic energy into a gravitational mass, considered as a potential energy. Entropy increases according to the arrow of time towards the future. In §12 we discuss of the prevailing theory of inflation. We note the similarity between the proclaimed acceleration of current expansion and inflation. Physicists have interpreted the positive cosmological constant in terms of vacuum energy which would be 10120 times higher than the dark energy density deduced from the astronomical measurements. However, the high theoretical value of the vacuum energy (and the cosmological constant) has no observable pending in the cosmos. In §13 we suggest that these several orders of magnitude difference problem are solved by the theory of relation, which indicates a deceleration of the expansion. Finally, in § 14, we close by speaking of a model of cyclic universe and about the object of this paper, a dynamic equation that allows to build a quantum cosmology.
文摘In this study we have proposed a modified ratio type estimator for population variance of the study variable y under simple random sampling without replacement making use of coefficient of kurtosis and median of an auxiliary variable x. The estimator’s properties have been derived up to first order of Taylor’s series expansion. The efficiency conditions derived theoretically under which the proposed estimator performs better than existing estimators. Empirical studies have been done using real populations to demonstrate the performance of the developed estimator in comparison with the existing estimators. The proposed estimator as illustrated by the empirical studies performs better than the existing estimators under some specified conditions i.e. it has the smallest Mean Squared Error and the highest Percentage Relative Efficiency. The developed estimator therefore is suitable to be applied to situations in which the variable of interest has a positive correlation with the auxiliary variable.
文摘By analyzing a set of dynamic variables of culture, this paper reaches the conclusion that there is a link between successful global business and cultural awareness and sensitivity.