Transient simulation of a pump-turbine with misaligned guide vanes during turbine model start-up

Experimental studies of a model pump-turbine S-curve characteristics and its improvement by misaligned guide vanes （MGV） were extended to prototype pump turbine through 3-D transient flow simulations. The unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the SST turbulence model were used to model the transient flow within the entire flow passage of a reversible pump-turbine with and without misaligned guide vanes during turbine model start-up. The unstable S-curve and its improvement by using misaligned guide vane were verified by model test and simulation. The transient flow calculations were used to clarify the variations of pressure pulse and internal flow behavior in the entire flow passage. The use of misaligned guide vanes can eliminate the S-curve characteristics of a pump-turbine, and can significantly increase the pressure pulse amplitude in the entire flow passage and the runner radial forces during start-up. The MGV only decreased the pulse amplitude on the guide vane suction side when the rotating speed was less than 50% rated speed. The hydraulic reason is that the MGV dramatically changed the flow patterns inside the entire flow passage, and destroyed the symmetry of the flow distribution inside the guide vane and runner.

Thermodynamic Performance Analysis of E/F/H-Class Gas Turbine Combined Cycle with Exhaust Gas Recirculation and Inlet/Variable Guide Vane Adjustment under Part-Load Conditions

Exhaust gas recirculation control(EGRC),an inlet air heating technology,can be utilized in combination with inlet/variable guide vane control(IGV/VGVC) and fuel flow control(FFC) to regulate the load,thereby effectively improving the part-load(i.e.,off-design) performance of the gas turbine combined cycle(GTCC).In this study,the E-,F-,and H-Class EGR-GTCC design and off-design system models were established and validated to perform a comparative analysis of the part-load performance under the EGR-IGV-FFC and conventional IGV-FFC strategies in the E/F/H-Class GTCC.Results show that EGR-IGV-FFC has considerable potential for the part-load performance enhancement and can show a higher combined cycle efficiency than IGV-FFC in the E-,F-,and H-Class GTCCs.However,the part-load performance improvement in the corresponding GTCC was weakened for the higher class of the gas turbine because of the narrower load range of EGR action and the deterioration of the gas turbine performance.Furthermore,EGR-IGV-FFC was inferior to IGV-FFC in improving the performance at loads below 50% for the H-Class GTCC.The results obtained in this paper could help guide the application of EGR-IGV-FFC to enhance the part-load performance of various classes of GTCC systems.

导叶几何参数对液力透平压力脉动的影响

为提高导叶式液力透平的运行稳定性,研究导叶几何参数对液力透平压力脉动的影响。在IS80-50-315型低比转速离心泵反转作液力透平叶轮进口前添加径向导叶,对导叶出口角、叶片数和径向高度采用正交试验设计的方法匹配相同叶轮形成新的液力透平模型,利用CFX软件在蜗壳内、导叶与叶轮间隙和叶轮上沿周向设置监测点进行定常和非定常数值计算,对定常计算结果进行极差分析,得出导叶几何参数对液力透平性能影响的主次因素,形成最优方案组合,并对非定常数值计算压力脉动结果进行时域和频域分析。结果表明:径向导叶几何参数组合对水力效率和水头的影响均为叶片数>径向高度>出口角;导叶式液力透平的压力系数在导叶与叶轮间隙上最大,其次在叶轮上,蜗壳内部压力系数最小;当叶轮叶片数相同时,径向导叶出口角和径向高度的值在合理范围内选取较小值时,有利于降低导叶式液力透平的压力脉动幅值和提高运行稳定性。

燃气轮机可转导叶执行机构延迟特性分析

针对燃气轮机可转导叶执行机构延迟特性的问题,本文基于所搭建的物理试验台进行了可转导叶执行机构仿真和试验研究,给定可转导叶执行机构不同的位移控制信号,观测其反馈的实际位移,得出了可转导叶执行机构的延迟特性,并基于试验数据验证可转导叶执行机构仿真模型。试验结果及仿真模型机可用于提高燃气轮机考虑可转到叶影响时的动态仿真精度。

Investigation on reversible pump turbine flow structures and associated pressure field characteristics under different guide vane openings

The use of reversible pump turbines(RPT) within pumped storage power plants goes with prolonged periods of off-design operating conditions, which leads to the onset of operating mode-dependent instabilities. In order to decrease the gravity of RPT flow instabilities and associated damages or even completely eliminate them, a deep understanding of its onset and development mechanism is needed. In line with this, the present study seeks to numerically investigate the onset and development mechanism of RPT unsteady flow structures as well as the evolutional characteristics of associated pressure pulsations throughout the RPT complete flow passage, under off-design conditions for three GVOs namely 17, 21, and 25 mm. The study results showed that low torque operating conditions and associated vaneless space back flow structures were the trigger of flow unsteadiness onset within the RPT vaneless space, the instabilities which grew to cause the S-shape characteristics appearance. Moreover, the runner flow unsteadiness was found to decrease with the GVO increase. On the other hand, the GVO increase worsened the pressure pulsation levels within RPT flow zones, where pressure pulsations within the vaneless space and flow zones in its vicinities were found to be the most sensitive to GVO changes.

不同开度可调涡轮导叶前缘气膜冷却效果研究

针对变循环发动机的可调低压涡轮导叶开展了不同开度下的前缘气膜冷却效果研究。采用数值仿真的方法,研究了5种典型导叶开度下的导叶表面压力系数分布规律,探究了开度与冷气吹风比对叶片前缘气膜出流特性和覆盖特性的影响规律。结果表明:导叶开度的减小导致前缘的气动驻点位置向压力面方向移动,造成前缘冷气射流更多地流向吸力面侧,使吸力面气膜冷却效率提高;此外,导叶开度的减小导致吸力面与压力面的冷气贴壁效果都有提高,但两者的具体机理不同。导叶开度的变化对前缘气膜孔最佳吹风比影响较小,不同开度下的最佳吹风比都在1.0附近。由于导叶开度为0°时滞止线位于气膜孔排4之上,堵塞效应显著,与开度为5°、−5°条件相比,面平均气膜冷却效率降低了13.6%。

水泵水轮机非同步导叶启动工况三维模拟研究

水泵水轮机低水头启动时,空载工况附近S特性明显,工况点进入后,机组宏观参数易发生振荡。为研究低水头启动工况机组快速稳定的内流机理,设置非同步导叶,引入调速器参数,通过三维模拟分析启动全过程宏观参数、压力脉动与流态的演变规律。结果表明,启动过程初期导叶同步开启,转速较小,转轮叶道内产生大范围失速涡,压力呈低频高幅值波动;转速上升过程中,流态逐渐平顺,压力脉动逐渐降低;进入调速器调节阶段后,工况点进入S区,压力脉动呈高频高幅值,而非同步导叶破坏了无叶区产生的高速水环,促使机组快速稳定。

前缘开槽对可调导叶气动性能的影响

为减少大攻角时可调导叶产生的流动损失,本文基于平面叶栅试验和数值模拟方法,在前缘设置不同槽道结构,将叶片压力面的流体引导至吸力面,吹走低能流体,降低总压损失。研究结果表明:设置槽道引导气流产生射流动量至吸力面侧分离区域能够一定程度上降低不同开度下导叶的出口总压损失。在进口速度为45 m/s、攻角为25°时,射流能够有效削弱吸力面的分离涡,可降低65%的出口总压损失和2.4°气流落后角,当来流速度达到98 m/s时出口总压损失最大可降低70%。对比不同的槽道形式的射流动量、角度对流场的影响,发现合理的槽道形式可以降低大攻角时的损失基础上,控制小攻角时射流对流场的负面影响。

基于高导流量特性的发动机性能评估方法

在发动机性能分析中,高压涡轮导向器的冷却用气流量与压气机进口流量的比值为固定值。而实际涡轮冷却用气流量会受到冷气流路进出口压差、流通面积、流阻等因素的影响而发生变化,使发动机性能仿真精度与实际性能存在偏差。为进一步提高发动机的性能仿真精度,提出了一种基于高压涡轮导向器流量特性的建模方法,并以此完善了核心机性能计算模型,利用该模型对某型核心机性能参数进行计算。计算结果表明:对某型核心机,在考虑高导流量特性后,实际高导冷气量减少,且冷气量对冷气流路总压恢复系数的变化较为敏感。在核心机性能计算中采用高导冷气流量修正后,燃烧室出口总温下降1%~2%,核心机温比上升0.2%~0.45%,单位循环功增大0.24%~0.48%,核心机压比和单位循环功耗油率变化较小。

Numerical predictions of pressure pulses in a Francis pump turbine with misaligned guide vanes

Previous experimental and numerical analyses of the pressure pulse characteristics in a Francis turbine are extended here by using the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the shear stress transport （SST） turbulence model to model the unsteady flow within the entire flow passage of a large Francis pump turbine with misaligned guide vanes at the rated rotational speed. The S-curve characteristics are analyzed by a combined use of the model test and the steady state simulation with the aligned guide vane firstly. Four misaligned guide vanes with two different openings are chosen to analyze the influence of pressure pulses in the turbine. The characteristics of the dominant unsteady flow frequencies in different parts of the pump turbine for various misaligned guide vane openings are investigated in detail. The predicted hydraulic performance and the pressure fluctuations show that the misaligned guide vanes reduce the relative pressure fluctuation amplitudes in the stationary part of the flow passage, but not the runner blades. The misaligned guide vanes have changed the low frequencies in the entire flow passage with the change of the pulse amplitudes mainly due to changes in the rotor-stator interaction and the low frequency vortex rope flow behavior.

Effect of Guide Vanes on the Performance of a VariableChord Self-Rectifying Air Turbine

Wells turbine is a self rectifying air flow turbine capable of converting pneumatic power of the periodically reversing air stream in Oscillating Water Column into mechanical energy. One of the principal reasons for the low efficiency of the Wells turbine is its lower tangential force compared to its axial force. Guide vanes before and after the rotor suggest a means to improve the tangential force, hence its efficiency. Experimental investigations are carried out on the Wells turbine with a variable chord (VACR) blade rotor fitted with inlet and outlet guide vanes to understand the aerodynamics especiallyimprovement in efficiency and starting characteristics. Numerical simulation has been made to clarify the unsteady characteristics of the turbine with guide vanes. Studies are done at various flow coefficients covering the entire range of flow coefficients over which the turbine is operable. The efficiency,starting characteristics of the Wells turbine has improved when compared with the turbine without guide vanes.

Aero-thermal redesign of a high pressure turbine nozzle guide vane

The current article presents conceptual,preliminary and detailed aero-thermal redesign of a typical high pressure turbine nozzle guide vane.Design targets are lower coolant consumption,reduced manufacturing costs and improved durability.These goals are sought by 25%reduction in vane count number and lower number of airfoils per segment.Design challenges such as higher airfoil loading,associate aerodynamic losses and higher thermal loads are discussed.In order to maximize coolant flow reduction and avoid higher aerodynamic losses,airfoil Mach distribution is carefully controlled.There has been an effort to limit design changes so that the proven design features of the original vane are used as much as possible.Accordingly,the same cooling concept is used with minor modifications of the internal structures in order to achieve desired coolant flow and internal heat transfer distribution.Platforms of the new design are quite similar to the original one except for cooling holes and application of thermal barrier coating(TBC).Detailed aerodynamics/heat transfer simulations reveals that the reduced trailing edge(T.E.)blockage and skin friction dominated the negative effect of increased secondary losses.As a result the reduced design performs acceptable in terms of total pressure loss and improving stage efficiency for a wide range of varying pressure ratio.Moreover,more than 20%cooling mass flow can be saved;while maximum and average metal temperatures as well as cross sectional temperature gradients have not been changed much.

大规模风电并网下抽水蓄能参与电网调频的模型预测控制策略

变速抽水蓄能机组在高比例风电并网的电力系统中具有深度参与频率调节的能力。针对短时风电功率波动引起电力系统频率扰动的问题,根据抽水蓄能机组不同的运行工况,提出抽水蓄能参与频率调节的模型预测控制策略。在发电运行时,利用风机的减载备用改善抽蓄机组因水锤效应引起的调频效果不佳的问题;在电动运行时,利用抽蓄机组快速响应的特点,有效平抑风电功率波动,提高风电机组的风能利用率。该策略在考虑抽蓄机组和风电机组各自约束条件的前提下,通过求解滚动时域内最优控制问题,协调各机组之间的有功出力分配,提高电网的调频性能。最后在Matlab/Simulink仿真平台对所提策略进行仿真验证,结果表明该策略能够有效改善抽水蓄能机组平抑风电功率波动时的调频效果。

长短叶片水泵水轮机双机同时甩负荷过程中空化发展与影响

水泵水轮机甩负荷是抽水蓄能电站最危险的过渡过程之一,现有电站设计标准中保证机组过渡过程中尾水管最低压强高于空化压强,但在转轮内部和尾水管进口依然有局部空化产生。因此,采用一维输水系统和三维水轮机组耦合的CFD方法,模拟了某抽水蓄能电站双机同时甩负荷导叶关闭过渡过程,重点分析了机组内部空化发展演变规律及其影响。结果表明,在甩负荷转速上升过程中,机组尾水管进口中心区域产生了螺旋状空化腔,在机组到达最大转速时刻,机组转轮长叶片流道出口产生了楔形空化腔;尾水管螺旋状空化腔溃灭瞬间对机组内部压强、转轮受力均产生了瞬时脉冲冲击,转轮内部楔形空化腔溃灭瞬间并未产生明显的冲击。

不同活动导叶对水泵水轮机飞逸特性的影响

以水泵水轮机活动导叶翼型为主要研究对象,选取活动导叶开度11、33、41 mm,分析不同活动导叶翼型对水泵水轮机飞逸特性的影响,为水泵水轮机活动导叶翼型的设计及优化提供方法和理论指导。结果表明:在3种导叶开度下,改进的活动导叶翼型对机组的“S”特性存在较佳的改善效果;改进导叶翼型后机组在飞逸工况运行时其内部流动状态有所改善,活动导叶-转轮区域速度流线分布均匀,涡核集中分布区域减少;改进导叶翼型后不同开度下无叶区监测点的压力脉动振幅相对值有不同程度的减小,速度脉动曲线比改进前平缓,速度峰值较小;改进导叶翼型后尾水管内涡核集中分布区域减少,机组可以在较为稳定的状态下运行。

混流式水轮机尾水管涡带及改善措施研究

水电机组长期运行在偏离最优运行区域的低负荷区会产生机组振动大、水流流态不良等情况,从而导致转轮叶片出现裂纹、机组汽蚀严重等不良后果。针对尾水管内复杂的流动状况,提出了两种型式的导流装置改进方案,基于雷诺时均N-S方程,采用标准SSTκ-ω湍流模型,对0.45Pr(Pr为额定出力)、0.60Pr、0.75Pr三种工况进行定常和非定常求解计算。结果表明,安装导流装置可有效削减尾水管的偏心涡带,且大幅降低压力脉动振幅,从而减小机组的振动。综合尾水管流线、尾水管涡带、水轮机效率及压力脉动幅值,尤其是压力脉动的强弱对水轮机稳定运行的重要性,最终认为两种方案中,在尾水管进口处对称布置两块导流板对该混流式水轮机改善效果更好。研究结果为混流式水轮机组低负荷安全运行提供一定的理论基础。

低压涡轮导向器开度对变循环发动机的影响

建立了变循环发动机整机模型并对可变几何低压涡轮特性进行修正,研究了低压涡轮导叶开度从-6°~6°时对各部件以及发动机整体性能的影响。结果表明:随低压涡轮导向器角度变大,低压涡轮进口折合流量增大,不论低压涡轮导向器开大或关小,高、低涡轮效率均下降;随导叶开度增大,高压涡轮膨胀比增大,高压轴功率增大,高压压气机(High pressure compressor,HPC)与核心机驱动风扇级(Core driven fan stage,CDFS)压比增大;双外涵模式下涡轮导叶角度为0°时单位推力最大,单外涵模式下涡轮角度为-1°时单位推力最大。

不同导叶开度下混流式水轮机尾水管内部流动及压力脉动分析

为探究活动导叶开度对混流式水轮机尾水管内部流动及压力脉动的影响,通过建立西南某电站混流式水轮机三维全流道模型进行定常和非定常条件的数值模拟,研究混流式水轮机在额定水头不同导叶开度下的尾水管流动特性及压力脉动。结果表明:随着导叶开度的增加,尾水管直锥段出现明显的交替旋涡并引起尾水管低频压力脉动,尾水管内压力及速度分布的均匀性逐渐变差,尾水管弯肘段监测点压力脉动主频幅值先增大后减小。尾水管涡带是引起尾水管产生低频高幅特征压力脉动的原因。

变几何涡轮与可调喷管发动机总体性能研究

为更加全面地展现变几何涡轮和可变喷管对发动机性能的影响情况,使用部件法对发动机进行建模,然后分别在改变高压涡轮第1级导向器喉道面积、改变低压涡轮第1级导向器喉道面积和改变喷管出口面积的情况下,系统地分析了发动机性能的变化情况,对总体性能参数进行了定量的研究。结果表明:增加高压涡轮流通能力或低压涡轮流通能力,尾喷管进口总温与总压均升高,推力和燃油消耗率均增加;当高压涡轮流通能力增加10%时,推力仅增加1.69%,燃油消耗率增加2.52%,而当低压涡轮流通能力增加10%时,推力增加13.16%,耗油率也增加12.42%;扩大尾喷管出口面积,尾喷管进口总温与总压均降低,推力和燃油消耗率均减小,当尾喷管出口面积增加10%时,推力有16.19%的大幅降低,燃油消耗率减小4.02%。

Pressure fluctuation propagation of a pump turbine at pump mode under low head condition

Pressure fluctuation at the vaneless space and vanes passages is one of the most important problems for the stable operation of a pump turbine. The fluctuation appears in any operating condition. Much research has been done on the pressure fluctuation of hydraulic machinery. However, the details of pressure fluctuation propagation of the pump turbine at the pump mode have not been revealed. The modem pump turbine with high water head requires the runner to be ＂flat＂, which would induce pressure fluctuation more easily than the low head pump turbine. In this article, a high head pump turbine model is used as the re- search object. As the pressure fluctuation at off-design point is more serious than at the design point, the low head condition is chosen as the research condition. Pressure fluctuation at the vaneless space and vanes passages is predicted by the computa- tional fluid dynamics method based on k-co shear stress transport model. The experiment conducted on the test rig of the Har- bin Institute of Large Electrical Machinery is used to verify the simulation method. It proves that the numerical method is a feasible way to research the fluctuation under this operating condition. The pressure fluctuation along the passage direction is analyzed at time and frequency domains. It is affected mainly by the interaction between the runner and vanes. In the circumferential direction, the influence of the special stay vane on the pressure fluctuation is got. The amplitude in the high-pressure side passage of that vane is lower than that in the other side. The study provides a basic understanding of the pressure fluctua- tion of a pump turbine and could be used as a reference to improve the operation stability of it.